exploring biodiversity: a guide for educators around the world

8/7/2019 Exploring Biodiversity: A Guide for Educators Around the World

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D XQFNUIGM E INKI\DURI[Y ?J Mtikd lnu Dktbj{nur Juntgk {hd ]nufk


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Dxqfnuigm Einki|duri{y?J Mtikd lnu Dktbj{nur Juntgk {hd ]nufk


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Dxqfnuigm Einki|duri{y ir j onig{ qtefibj{ing nl Bngrdu|j{ing Ig{dugj{ingjf (BI) jgk ]nufk ]ifkfildLtgk#TR (]]L)'

[hir qunodb{ }jr cjkd qnrriefd ey mdgduntr rtqqnu{ lunc {hd Onhg K' jgk Bj{hduigd [' CjbJu{htuLntgkj{ing& {hd Djr{cjg @nkj` Bncqjgy& jgk {hd Rigmigm Lnu Bhjgmd Lntgkj{ing'

[dx{ jgk jb{i|i{idr (dxbdq{Bncctgi{y Bnggdb{ingr& [hd Ujud Rbjud&jgk [hd ]de nl Fild ) }dud jkjq{dk }i{h qducirring lunc Einki|duri{y Ejribr & qtefirhdk ey ]nufk ]ifkfild Ltgk jr qju{ nl ]igkn}r ng {hd ]ifk & jg ig{dugj{ingjf einki|duri{y dktbj{ing qunmujc' (b) :999' Qfdjrd |iri{

}}}'}nufk}ifkfild'num.}igkn}r.einejribr^budki{r'h{cf lnu j bncqfd{d fir{igm nl {hd nuimigjfkd|dfnqcdg{ {djc'

[hd Ujud Rbjud }jr jkjq{dk }i{h qducirring nl {hd Gj{ingjf ]ifkfild Ldkduj{ing' (b) :999'

Lnu nuimigjf rntubdr nl iglnucj{ing lntgk igDxqfnuigm Einki|duri{y & qfdjrd bng{jb{dktbj{ingAbngrdu|j{ing'num'

]UI[IGM JGK DKI[IGM?

Rhjggng Ztdrjkj& Cjgjmdu& Ig{dugj{ingjfDg|iungcdg{jf Dktbj{ing& BI

Kjgidfj Fdukj& Bnnukigj{nu& Ig{dugj{ingjfDg|iungcdg{jf Dktbj{ing& BI

Otky Eujtr& Kiudb{nu nl Dktbj{ing& ]]L

Odll Dgmfjgk& Bngrdu|j{ing Dktbj{ingBnnukigj{nu& ]]L

Hjunfkn Bjr{un& \ibd Qudrikdg{& Ig{dugj{ingjfBncctgibj{ingr& BILfj|ij Bjr{un& Rdginu Qunktbdu& Ig{dugj{ingjfBncctgibj{ingr& BI

Mduuy Eirhnq& Dki{nu

@uir{dg Qjuj{nud& \nftg{ddu Dki{nu& Bdg{du lnu Jqqfidk Einki|duri{y Rbidgbd& BI

RBIDG[ILIB UD\ID]

[nc Eunn`r& Qh'K'& Bdg{du lnu JqqfidkEinki|duri{y Rbidgbd& BI

Onhg Qifmuic& Bdg{du lnu Jqqfidk Einki|duri{y

Rbidgbd& BI

DKTBJ[NU [DR[IGM JGK UD\ID]

Jcy Himmr& Tgi|duri{y nl Cibhimjg

Qj{uibij Ludkduib`r& BI#Mtyjgj

Udming 9 {djbhdur& Mtyjgj

Dky Hdgkujr& BI#Igkngdrij

Hdukj Ht{jejuj{& JFJCI Lntgkj{ing&Igkngdrij

Cngiztd Qnnf& BI#Rtuigjcd

Gi Qt{t Rjuifjgi ]iuj}jg#Rtgkojyj BI#Igkngdrij

KDRIMG JGK IFFTR[UJ[ING

Bn|du jgk nuimigjf bngbdq{? Ldugjgkn Tuudj&Mujqhib Kdrimgdu& BI

Rdfdb{ ifftr{uj{ingr? R{dqhdg Gjrh& BI


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fKdju Dktbj{nu&

Gn cj{{du }hj{ qju{ nl qfjgd{ Dju{h ynt bjff hncd& ynt fi|d ig {hd cikr{ nl j uibh {jqdr{uy nl fild' Lunc {hd fjumdr{jgicjfr {n {hd rcjffdr{ cibunnumjgircr& jgk lunc {hd ujiglnudr{r {n {hd bnujf uddlr& einki|duri{y ir jff juntgk tr jgk{ntbhdr d|duy jrqdb{ nl ntu fi|dr'

Yd{ d|duy kjy }d fnrd j qidbd nl {hir {jqdr{uy' Lnudr{r jud bfdjudk& }d{fjgkr kujigdk& jgk rqdbidr jud fnr{ lnud|du'd|duy kjy& bngrdu|j{ingir{r lunc jff }jf`r nl fild }nu` {nmd{hdu {n {uy {n rj|d ntu qfjgd{r gj{tujf {udjrtudr lnumdgduj{ingr {n bncd'

]d `gn} {hj{ bhifkudg jud ntu lt{tud' Jg dfd|dg#ydju#nfk {nkjy }iff ed jg jktf{ ig {dg ydjur& cj`igm kdbiringr {hj{icqjb{ hir nu hdu hncd& bncctgi{y& nu d|dg bntg{uy' Jr jg dktbj{nu& ynt rhjqd {hd fi|dr nl {hntrjgkr nl r{tkdg{r&

hdfqigm {hdc {n edbncd jb{i|d bi{i dgr jgk udrqngriefd dg|iungcdg{jf r{d}jukr' Igbudjrigm gtcedur nl qdnqfd rddc{n ed tgj}jud nl {hd }ngkdur nl {hd gj{tujf }nufk' D|duykjy unt{igdr kdcjgk ntu j{{dg{ing& fdj|igm fi{{fd unnc lnujgy j}judgdrr nl }hj{r hjqqdgigm uimh{ nt{rikd ntu knnurig {hd rnif edgdj{h ntu ldd{& {hd {uddr ig ntu {n}g& {hdr`y n|duhdjk'

J{ Bngrdu|j{ing Ig{dugj{ingjf (BI) jgk ]nufk ]ifkfild Ltgk (]]L)& }d edfid|d {hj{ i{r icqnu{jg{ {n gtu{tud jgjqqudbij{ing jgk tgkdur{jgkigm nl fildr gj{tujf qunbdrrdr jgk uhy{hcr' Jl{du jff& hn} bjg qdnqfd ed dxqdb{dk {n |jftdnu qun{db{ rncd{higm {hj{ {hdy|d hjk fi{{fd nu gn dxqnrtud {n jgk hj|d fi{{fd nu gn tgkdur{jgkigm nl>

]hdg qdnqfd edbncd j}jud nl {hd ljg{jr{ib qhdgncdgj {hj{ unt{igdfy {j`d qfjbd ig {hd gj{tujf }nufk& cjgy dxqduidgbd j rdgrd nl j}d jgk jqqudbij{ing' [hd ig{uibj{d kjgbd j hngdy edd qdulnucr }hdg bncctgibj{igmiglnucj{ing jent{ j lnnk rntubd& {hd tgdxqdb{dk jqqdjujgbd nl j ujigen}& {hd kdfibj{d bujl{rcjgrhiq nl j eiukrgdr{ntu qfjgd{ ir ltff nl }ngkdur rtbh jr {hdrd'

[hir dktbj{nur mtikd }jr budj{dk {n hdfq ynt euigm einki|duri{y {n fild ig yntu r{tkdg{r fi|dr' ]i{h ejb`muntgkiglnucj{ing lnu ynt jgk hjgkr#ng jb{i|i{idr {n kn }i{h r{tkdg{r jmdr :: {n :;& }d hnqd {hir mtikd }iff cj`d i{ djry {n ig{dmuj{d einki|duri{y ig{n yntu {djbhigm'

En{h BI jgk ]]L jud kdkibj{dk {n bngrdu|igm ntu qfjgd{r einki|duri{y lnu ntu bhifkudgr lt{tud' ]d ig|i{d ynt {n onig tr ig {hir dllnu{ ey mtikigm yntu r{tkdg{r {n fdjug jent{& bhduirh& jgk bjud lnu {hd fild {hj{ rtuuntgkr jgkgtu{tudr tr jff'

Rigbdudfy&

Rhjggng Ztdrjkj& BI Otky Eujtr& ]]L


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I' IG[UNKTB[ING' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ':

II' JB[I\I[IDR ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ':

Rdb{ing :? ]HJ[ IR EINKI\DURI[Y>

:' Jff {hd ]nufkr j ]de ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ':Kdligd einki|duri{y jgk budj{d j }nuk }de {hj{ifftr{uj{dr rncd nl {hd bncqfdx bnggdb{ingr ig{hd }de nl fild' Kirbtrr j{ fdjr{ ngd }jy einki|duri{y jlldb{r qdnqfdr fi|dr'

5' [hd ]de nl Fild ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ':Kdcngr{uj{d jg tgkdur{jgkigm nl hn} killdudg{qju{r nl jg dbnryr{dc jud ig{dubnggdb{dk'

2' EinEfi{ ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ':Gjcd gj{i|d qfjg{r jgk jgicjfr jgk kdrbuiedyntu fnbjf dg|iungcdg{' Kdrimg jgk bjuuy nt{ jeinfnmibjf ig|dg{nuy nl j gj{tujf judj'

Rdb{ing 5? EINKI\DURI[Y BNGGDB[INGR

;' [hd Rqibd nl Fild ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ':Dxqfnud qdurngjf edfidlr jgk |jftdr jent{qun{db{igm einki|duri{y' Fir{ udjrngr i{ iricqnu{jg{ {n qun{db{ einki|duri{y'

4' Einki|duri{y Qdulnucr ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ': ]nu` ig {djcr {n jb{ nt{ killdudg{ dbnryr{dcrdu|ibdr' Kdrbuied ludd rdu|ibdr {hj{ einki|duri{y qun|ikdr jgk dxqfjig hn} {hdrd rdu|ibdr cj`dfild ng Dju{h qnrriefd'

Rdb{ing 2? [HD R[J[D NL EINKI\DURI[Y


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:

Einki|duri{y* Jf{hntmh{hd {duc cjy rddcig{icikj{igm {n rncd& yntbntfkg{ bhnnrd j cnuddgmjmigm jgk r{ictfj{igm{nqibnu ngd jr jff dgbncqjrrigmjgk icqnu{jg{ lnu ntu fi|drjgk lt{tud'

Einki|duri{y ir {hd |juid{y nl fildng Dju{h' I{r d|duy{higm lunc {hd {igidr{cibunnumjgircr {n {hd {jffdr{ {uddr& lunc budj#{tudr {hj{ rqdgk {hdiu dg{iud fi|dr kddq ig {hdnbdjg {n {hnrd {hj{ rnju himh jen|d {hd Dju{hrrtuljbd' [hd }nuk einki|duri{y jfrn kdrbuiedr {hd

}djf{h nl hjei{j{r {hj{ hntrd jff fild lnucr jgk{hd ig{dubnggdb{ingr {hj{ {id tr {nmd{hdu' Jff nl Dju{hrdbnryr{dcr jgk {hd fi|igm {higmr {hj{hj|d d|nf|dk }i{hig {hdcigbftkigm {hdljg{jr{ib ujgmd jgk dxqudrring nl htcjg

btf{tudrjud qju{ nl ntu qfjgd{r einki|duri{y'[hd ki|duri{y nl fild ng Dju{h rhjqdr jgkgntuirhdr d|duy ljbd{ nl ntu dxir{dgbd' Et{edbjtrd {hdrd bnggdb{ingr jud rdfknc ne|intr&htcjgr kng{ jf}jyr `gn} hn} {hdiu jb{ingrjlldb{ {hd dg|iungcdg{' Cjgy {icdr }d qturtdrhnu{#{duc ig{dudr{r }i{h fici{dk udmjuk lnu {hd

}dff#edigm nl n{hdu rqdbidr jgk {hd qfjbdr {hdy fi|d' J{ {hd rjcd {icd& rnbijf jgk dbngncibigdzti{idr hj|d lnubdk rncd qdnqfd {n n|du#dxqfni{ udrntubdr {n cdd{ {hdiu ejrib gddkr' Jr judrtf{& einki|duri{y ir ujqikfy kdbfigigm' Il }d

}jg{ {n dgrtud {hd fngm#{duc hdjf{h nl {hdqfjgd{& }d gddk {n kd|dfnq jg iglnucdk jgkcn{i|j{dk bi{i dguy {hj{ tgkdur{jgkr }hj{

einki|duri{y ir jgk }hy i{ricqnu{jg{' ]d gddk

bi{i dgr }hn hj|d {hd r`iffrjgk bnglikdgbd {n uird {n {hd

bhjffdgmd nl qun{db{igm einki#|duri{y jgk }hn lddf dcqn}dudk

{n kn rn' Dktbj{ing ir ngd nl {hd edr{ {nnfr }d hj|d lnu jbhid|igm {hir mnjf'

Jg N|du|id} nl Dxqfnuigm Einki|duri{y

Bngrdu|j{ing Ig{dugj{ingjf jgk ]nufk ]ifkfildLtgk kd|dfnqdk Dxqfnuigm Einki|duri{y jr judrntubd lnu {djbhdur jgk gng#lnucjf dktbj{nur igquinui{y bngrdu|j{ing judjr juntgk {hd }nufk' Jrjg dktbj{nu& ynt hj|d jg dgnucntr dlldb{ ng {hd

}jyr yntu r{tkdg{r fdjug jgk kd|dfnq ig{n {hdgdx{ mdgduj{ing nl fdjkdur jgk kdbiring cj`dur'Ey hdfqigm r{tkdg{r kd|dfnq j rdgrd nl r{d}juk#rhiq nl {hdiu fnbjf dg|iungcdg{& {hdy }iff ed jefd

{n jb{ fnbjffy }hifd tgkdur{jgkigm {hd mfnejfbng{dx{ jgk dlldb{r nl {hdiu kdbiringr& en{h gn} jgk ig {hd lt{tud'

]DFBNCD [N

DXQFNUIGM EINKI\DURI[Y

Udjk Jff Jent{ I{*Ejb`muntgk {dx{ j{ {hd edmiggigm nl djbhrdb{ing }iff hdfq ynt fdjug cnud jent{ {hdbngbdq{r jkkudrrdk ig djbh rdb{ingr

jb{i|i{idr' ]i{h cnud tgkdur{jgkigm nl einki|duri{y {nqibr& yntff ed ed{{duqudqjudk {n {jf` jent{ {hd irrtdr }i{hbnglikdgbd& qun|ikd dxjcqfdr& jgk jgr}dur{tkdg{r ztdr{ingr' Kng{ lnumd{ {n udjkedlnud ynt {djbh*


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Dxqfnuigm Einki|duri{y ir qjb`dk }i{h ikdjr jgkiglnucj{ing kdrimgdk {n hdfq ynt dxqfnud en{h

{hd dbnfnmibjf jgk rnbijf kicdgringr nl einki|duri{y }i{h yntu r{tkdg{r'Dxqfnuigm Einki|duri{y }jr kdrimgdk lnu trd }i{h r{tkdg{rjmdk ::#:;& et{ }d|d lntgk {hj{ cjgy nl {hdjb{i|i{idr }nu` }dff }i{h yntgmdu jgk nfkdu jmdmuntqr {nn' Cnr{ nl {hd jb{i|i{idr ig {hir mtikdbjg ed ig{dmuj{dk ig{n cjgy rteodb{ judjr& gn{

otr{ rbidgbd' ]d|d jfrn kdrimgdk {hd mtikd lnu trdig en{h rbhnnfr jgk gng#lnucjf dktbj{ingrd{{igmr& rtbh jr qun{db{dk judjr& ctrdtcr& nnr&jgk n{hdu bncctgi{y dktbj{ing rd{{igmr' IgDxqfnuigm Einki|duri{y }d qun|ikd cjgy nqqnu{t#gi{idr lnu dktbj{nur {n kuj} nt{ r{tkdg{r gj{tujfbtuinri{y jgk rdgrd nl }ngkdu' [n hdfq yntu r{t#kdg{r fdjug cnud jent{ {hdiu fnbjf dg|iungcdg{&

}d dgbntujmd ynt {n rqdgk jr ctbh {icd nt{rikd }i{h {hdc jr ynt bjgjgk {n cj d trd nl {hdcjgy gj{tujf judjr {hj{ dxir{ ig yntu bncctgi#{idr& lunc {hd rbhnnfyjuk {n bi{y qju`r {n gj{ingjf

qun{db{dk judjr'[hir mtikd ir ki|ikdk ig{n {hudd qju{r' Yntff ligkj bncqudhdgri|d n|du|id} nl einki|duri{y ig {hdIg{unktb{ing'[hd rdbngk qju{ nl {hd mtikd&

Jb{i|i{idr & igbftkdr {dg {djbhigm jb{i|i{idr ig lnturdb{ingr' Djbh rdb{ing }iff qun|ikd ynt }i{h j

rhnu{ ig{unktb{ing {n {hd irrtdr edigm kirbtrrdk' ]d udbnccdgk ynt udjk {hir ejb`muntgk iglnu#cj{ing {n igbudjrd yntu tgkdur{jgkigm nl {hd{nqibr edlnud bjuuyigm nt{ jgy nl {hd jb{i|i{idr ig{hd rdb{ing' Ig jkki{ing& djbh jb{i|i{y igbftkdrrncd ejb`muntgk iglnucj{ing jent{ {hd rqdbilib{nqib edigm bn|dudk' [huntmhnt{ {hd mtikd&

}nukr ig enfk bjg ed lntgk ig {hd mfnrrjuy'

[hd ejb`muntgk {dx{ jgk jb{i|i{idr igRdb{ing :kdligd einki|duri{y jgk hdfq r{tkdg{r dxqfnudkilldudg{ jrqdb{r nl einki|duri{y' [hir rdb{ing qun#|ikdr j ejrd nl iglnucj{ing {hj{ }iff hdfq r{tkdg{rtgkdur{jgk {hd cnud bncqfdx bngrdu|j{ing irrtdrkirbtrrdk ig Rdb{ingr 5#;'Rdb{ing 5 dxqfnudr rd|#dujf }jyr htcjgr jud bnggdb{dk {n einki|duri{y jgk dxjcigdr killdudg{ |jftdr jgk qdurqdb{i|dr ngeinki|duri{y trd jgk bngrdu|j{ing' Ig Rdb{ing 2r{tkdg{r fdjug jent{ {hd r{j{d nl einki|duri{y jgk

rncd quigbiqjf {hudj{r ljbdk ey rqdbidr jgkdbnryr{dcr juntgk {hd }nufk'Rdb{ing ; ig|dr{i#mj{dr rncd }jyr qdnqfd bjg hdfq ey {j`igmigki|iktjf nu bnffdb{i|d jb{ing {n bngrdu|deinki|duri{y' Ig {hir rdb{ing r{tkdg{r jfrn ig|dr{i#mj{d {hdiu bncctgi{idr& fdjugigm jent{ hn} bnggdb{ingr }i{h gj{tud hj|d bhjgmdk n|du {icdjgk dxqfnuigm {hd r{j{tr nl einki|duri{y fnbjffy'

Ig {hd {hiuk qju{ nl {hd mtikd& Jqqdgkix J?

Dx{dg{ing Ikdjr nlldur j gtcedu nl rtmmdr{ingr nl hn} ynt bjg ig|nf|d r{tkdg{r ig fdjugigm jent{{hd dg|iungcdg{ {huntmh ltg jgk budj{i|djb{i|i{idr'

Jg jb{i|i{y lujcd}nu` ng qjmd 2 }iff jrrir{ ynt igqfjggigm yntu fdrrngr ey mi|igm ynt j ztib` }jy

]hj{ il I kng{ `gn} {hd jgr}du {n j ztdr{ing>

]hdg {djbhigm& ynt cimh{ ed jr`dk jztdr{ing {hj{ ynt bjg{ jgr}du' Jgicqnu{jg{ qju{ nl fdjugigm ir jr`igmztdr{ingr' Kng{ ed jlujik {n {dff r{tkdg{r&I kng{ `gn}' Hn} kn ynt {hig` }d bntfkligk nt{> [hdg fnn` lnu {hd jgr}du{nmd{hdu*

.


8/89

2

JB[I\I[Y LUJCD]NU@

JB[I\I[Y RTEODB[R JMDR [ICD(: rdrring 3 ;4 cigt{dr) RD[[IGMQJMD

:' Jff {hd ]nufkrj ]de

Rbidgbd& Rnbijf R{tkidr&Fjgmtjmd Ju{r

:: ngd rdrring bfjrrunnc :5

5' [hd ]de nl Fild Rbidgbd& Fjgmtjmd Ju{r 9 ngd rdrring bfjrrunnc nu nt{rikd :4

2' EinEfi{ Rbidgbd& Fjgmtjmd Ju{r :: {}n rdrringr hncd# }nu`

nt{rikd :9

;' [hd Rqibd nl Fild Rbidgbd& Rnbijf R{tkidr&Fjgmtjmd Ju{r

:: ngd rdrring bfjrrunnc 58

4' Einki|duri{y Qdulnucr

Rbidgbd& Ju{ (Kujcj)&Fjgmtjmd Ju{r

:: ngd rdrring bfjrrunnc nu nt{rikd 22


9/89;

nl rdfdb{igm jb{i|i{idr {n kn }i{h yntu r{tkdg{rejrdk ng fdjugigm neodb{i|dr& rteodb{r& {icd

udztiudcdg{r& jgk jqqunquij{d r{tkdg{ jmdmuntqr' Ynt bjg }nu` {huntmh jff {hd jb{i|i{idr ig{hd mtikd jr j tgi{ nu rdfdb{ rd|dujf {n kn }i{hyntu r{tkdg{r' Il ynt rdfdb{ ngfy j ld} jb{i|i{idr {nkn& }d rtmmdr{ ynt {uy {n kn j{ fdjr{ ngd jb{i|i{y lunc djbh rdb{ing& r{ju{igm }i{h jg jb{i|i{y fi`dJff {hd ]nufkr j ]de ig Rdb{ing :'

Ntu mnjf lnu {hir qunmujc ir gn{ {n {djbh yntur{tkdg{r}hj{ {n {hig` jent{ einki|duri{y et{ {nig{unktbd {hdc {n rncd ljrbigj{igm {nqibr& ujirdbhjffdgmigm ztdr{ingr& jgk mtikd {hdc {n dxqfnud&jgjfyrd& d|jftj{d& jgk kirbtrr {hdrd irrtdr lunc jgiglnucdk qnri{ing' ]dud j}jud {hj{ einki|duri{y

irrtdr jud en{h bng{un|durijf jgk bncqfibj{dk' Yntu r{tkdg{r cjy euigm cjgy ki|durd qdurqdb#

{i|dr {n {hd einki|duri{y#udfj{dk irrtdr ynt ig{un#ktbd' Hn}d|du& }i{h yntu bjudltf mtikjgbd& {hdrdkilldudg{ qnig{r nl |id} bjg bng{uiet{d {n jkygjcib fdjugigm dg|iungcdg{ ig }hibh r{tkdg{rbfjuily {hdiu n}g {higìgm& fdjug hn} {n fir{dg {nn{hdur& jgk mjig gd} igrimh{r jent{ {hdrdig{uimtigm irrtdr'

Ig rhnu{& }d hnqd {hir mtikd nqdgr yntu r{tkdg{rcigkr {n {hd }ngkuntr ki|duri{y nl fild juntgk{hdc' ]d jfrn hnqd i{ dgmjmdr {hdc ig {hntmh{#ltf kijfnmtd jent{ {hdiu qfjbd ng {hd qfjgd{jgkjent{ {hd lt{tud nl {hd }nufk }d jff rhjud'Dktbj{ing rhntfk bhjffdgmd r{tkdg{r {n {hig` bui{ibjffy jgk budj{i|dfy jent{ {hdiu }nufk{nztdr{ing hn} jgk }hy }d kn {higmr& jgk hn} }dcimh{ kn {hdc killdudg{fy' I{ rhntfk jfrn quncn{dqnri{i|d bhjgmd (en{h qdurngjffy jgk }i{hig bnc#ctgi{idr)& hdfq r{tkdg{r dg|iring j ed{{du rnbid{y&

igbudjrd udrqdb{ jgk {nfdujgbd lnu n{hdur& jgketifk dlldb{i|d bi{i dgrhiq rìffr jgk r{d}jukrhiq'

[hd Etifkigm Efnb`r nl DxqfnuigmEinki|duri{yDxqfnuigm Einki|duri{y jkkudrrdr einki|duri{y {nq#ibr ig rd|dujf }jyr' Ig jkki{ing {n j rnfik lntgkj#{ing nl rbidgbd {hj{ etifkr `gn}fdkmd nl ejribdbnfnmy& {hd mtikd jfrn rqdbilibjffy dxqfnudr {hd

bnggdb{ingr ed{}ddg htcjgr jgk {hd gj{tujfryr{dcr ng }hibh }d kdqdgk' [hir ejrir ig dg|i#ungcdg{jf dktbj{ing rhntfk hdfq r{tkdg{r gn{ngfy mjig `gn}fdkmd jgk j}judgdrr jent{ dg|i#ungcdg{jf irrtdr& et{ rhntfk jfrn hdfq r{tkdg{rmjig {hd rìffr {hdy gddk {n edbncd fild#fngmqunefdc rnf|dur jgk iglnucdk kdbiring cj`dur'

Dxqfnuigm Einki|duri{y ir etif{ ng j rd{ nl tgkdufyigm quigbiqfdr jent{ dktbj{ing' Jrynt udjk {huntmh {hd jb{i|i{idr ig {hircnktfd& ynt cjy rdd rncd gd} r{uj{dmidrjgk jqqunjbhdr {n {djbhigm' Lnu dxjcqfd&bngr{utb{i|ir{ dktbj{ing udbnmgi dr {hj{qdnqfd fdjug ey etifkigm tqng quinudxqduidgbdr jgk `gn}fdkmd' [djbhdur kn gn{{ujgrci{ `gn}fdkmd {n r{tkdg{r& et{ uj{hdur{tkdg{r bngr{utb{ {hdiu n}g tgkdur{jgkigmnl gd} iglnucj{ing jgk dxqduidgbdrjbztiudk' [hd jb{i|i{idr lntgk hdud jfrndcqhjrird muntq fdjugigm& qunefdc rnf|igm&

{djbhigm j fdrrng }i{h rd|dujf rteodb{#judjneodb{i|dr& jgk fdjugigm lunc dxqduidgbd'Cjgy bntg{uidr {hj{ jud btuudg{fy tgkdumnigm dktbj{ing udlnuc judigbnuqnuj{igm {hdrd dktbj{ingjf r{uj{dmidr jgkjqqunjbhdr ig{n btuuibtftc kd|dfnqcdg{&{djbhdu {ujigigm& jgk bfjrrunnc qujb{ibdr'

.


10/89

4

Dg|iungcdg{jf dktbj{ing hjr li|d neodb{i|dr?

J}judgdrr nl jgk rdgri{i|i{y {n dg|iungcdg{jfqunefdcr

Ejrib`gn}fdkmd jgk tgkdur{jgkigm nl hn} {hd dg|iungcdg{ ltgb{ingr

Qnri{i|dj{{i{tkdr jgk |jftdr {n}jukr {hddg|iungcdg{

R`iffr {n ikdg{ily& ig|dr{imj{d& jgk udrnf|ddg|iungcdg{jf qunefdcr

Jb{i|dqju{ibiqj{ing ig dg|iungcdg{jfqun{db{ing

[hd mtikd jfrn dxqfnudr qj{h}jyr {nrtr{jigjeifi{y cdd{igm {hd gddkr nl {hd qudrdg{

}i{hnt{ bncquncirigm ntu jeifi{y {n cdd{ {hdgddkr nl {hd lt{tud' [hd jb{i|i{idr ig {hir mtikddgbntujmd r{tkdg{r {n bngrikdu {hd qdurqdb{i|d nn{hdu igki|iktjfr& bncctgi{idr& jgk btf{tudr&jgk {n fnn` lnu}juk {n jrrdrr {hd }jy {hj{ ntujb{ingr jlldb{ {hd fi|dr nl qdnqfd jgk n{hdu rqdbidrjff n|du {hd }nufk' R{tkdg{r jud bhjffdgmdk {n{hig` jent{ ljiugdrr& igki|iktjf jgk bncctgi{y udrqngrieifi{y& jgk n{hdu bngbdugr {hj{ jud bui{i{n ntu tgkdur{jgkigm nl rtr{jigjeifi{y'Rqdbilibjffy& dktbj{ing lnu rtr{jigjeifi{y dxqfnudr{hd udfj{ingrhiqr jcngm dbnfnmibjf ig{dmui{y&dbngncib qunrqdui{y& jgk rnbijf dzti{y'


11/89

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EINKI\DURI[Y>


12/89

8

Ntu qfjgd{ ir buj}figm& gn{ {n cdg{ingr}iccigm jgk lfyigm& }i{h fild' Rbnnqtq j hjgkltf nl rnif lunc yntu ejb`#

yjuk& jgk ynt otr{ cimh{ rbnnq tq jg icqudrri|dbnffdb{ing nl einki|duri{y jfngm }i{h i{d|duy#{higm lunccibunnumjgircr & rddkr& jgk rqnudr {nigrdb{r& ci{dr& jgk }nucr' [hdud bntfk ed {hnt#rjgkr nl rqdbidruimh{ {hdud ig {hd qjfc nl yntuhjgkjgk cjgy nl {hdrd cimh{ }dff edtg`gn}g {n rbidgbd jgk tgrddg {n {hd gj`dk dyd'[hd Dju{h ir rn uibh }i{h fild {hj{ rbidg{ir{r kng{d|dg `gn} lnu rtud hn} cjgy killdudg{ `igkr nl numjgircr cjy dxir{' Rn lju& {hdy|d ikdg{ilidk jgkgjcdk cnud {hjg :'= ciffing rqdbidr& igbftkigmcnud {hjg 211&111 qfjg{r& j ciffing igrdb{r&54&111 lirh& =&811 udq{ifdr& ;&=11 jcqhieijgr&9&=11 eiukr& jgk ;&


13/89

9

]hdud Ir {hd Ki|duri{y>Rncd judjr nl {hd }nufk jud tgiztdfy uibh ig ein#ki|duri{y& qun|ikd icqnu{jg{ dbnfnmibjf qunbdrrdr&bng{jig rqdbidr nu fjgkrbjqdr {hj{ kng{ dxir{ jgy#

}hdud dfrd& nu jud tgkdu {hudj{ nl edigm kjcjmdknu kirjqqdjuigm jf{nmd{hdu' Ey kdligigm {hdrdudmingr& rbidg{ir{r jgk bngrdu|j{ingir{r bjg rd{quinui{idr lnu }hdud {hdy cnr{ tumdg{fy gddk {n

}nu`'

Rbidg{ir{r r{tky {hd Dju{hr einki|duri{y ig {ducrnl dbnudmingr& }hibh jud mdnmujqhibjffy kir{igb{judjr rtbh jr {hd Bduujkn nl Euj if jgk {hd Mtfl nl Bjfilnugij ig Cdxibn' Dbnudmingr jud killdudg#{ij{dk ey bficj{d& |dmd{j{ing& {duujig& jf{i{tkd& rnif{yqd& jgk {hd {yqdr nl qfjg{r jgk jgicjfr {hj{dxir{ {hdud' Cnud {hjg :&111 dbnudmingr jududbnmgirdk ig {hd }nufk'

Nl {hnrd& cnud {hjg 511 hj|d eddg ikdg{ilidk jredigm {hd uibhdr{& ujudr{& jgk cnr{ kir{igb{ gj{tujf

judjr ng {hd qfjgd{' [hdrd nt{r{jgkigm {duudr{uijf&ludrh}j{du& jgk cjuigd hjei{j{r udztiud rqdbijfj{{dg{ing {n dgrtud {hdiu qun{db{ing jgk {n bng#rdu|d {hd eunjkdr{ juujy nl fild juntgk {hd }nufk'Ig dbnudmingr rtbh jr {hd Lygenr nl Rnt{h Jluibj&{hd Mtigdjg Cnir{ Lnudr{r nl ]dr{ Jluibj& jgk{hd Rtft#Rtfj}dri Rdjr ed{}ddg Igkngdrij&Cjfjyrij& jgk {hd Qhifiqqigdr& bngrdu|j{ingmuntqr jud }nu`igm {n qun{db{ {hdrd rqdbijfdbnudmingr jgk {hd einki|duri{y {hdy bng{jig'

Cjgy rbidg{ir{r trd {hd {duc hn{rqn{r {n udldu {ndbnudmingr {hj{ hj|d j fjumd gtcedu nl dgkdcibrqdbidr{hnrd {hj{ jud lntgk gn}hdud dfrd ngDju{h' Jf{hntmh hn{rqn{r bng{jig himh fd|dfr nl einki|duri{y& {hdy jud mi|dg {hir gjcd edbjtrd {hdy jud jfrn {hd cnr{ {hudj{dgdk qfjbdr ng {hd qfjgd{&hj|igm fnr{ cnud {hjg =1$ nl {hdiu nuimigjf qfjg{

bn|du (lnudr{r& rhutefjgkr& nu mujrrfjgkr)' Kdrqi{d{hir {hudj{& {hd qfjgd{r 54 hn{rqn{r bng{jig cnud

{hjg


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:1

]d jud r{iff fdjugigm jent{ {hd icqnu{jgbd nl mdgd{ib ki|duri{y {n {hd fngm#{duc rtu|i|jf nl

igki|iktjf rqdbidr' Et{ }d gn} {hj{ cnr{ rqdbidrqunejefy udztiud j mudj{ jcntg{ nl |juid{y {nrtu|i|d n|du {hd fngm utg' I{ ir {hir |juid{y {hj{jffn}r dgntmh igki|iktjfr {n jkjq{ {n tgdxqdb{dkbhjgmdr ig {hdiu dg|iungcdg{ jgk {htr {nqduqd{tj{d {hd rqdbidr' Jucdk }i{h {hir `gn}fdkmd&mdgd{ibir{r jgk bngrdu|j{ing einfnmir{r jud {uyigm {ncdjrtud jgk cjig{jig {hd mdgd{ib |juij{ing nl rncd{hudj{dgdk rqdbidr& igbftkigm {hd udk#bnb`jkdk

}nnkqdb`du& Ejfi r{jufigm& bhdd{jh& }hi{d uhignb#dunr& mnfkdg fing {jcjuig& jgk cjgy qfjg{r'

Edrikdr edigm udfd|jg{ {n {hd rtu|i|jf nl }ifkrqdbidr& {hd mdgd{ib jrqdb{ nl einki|duri{y jfrn hjrkiudb{ fig`r {n htcjgr' Lnu dxjcqfd& }d `gn} lunc dxqduidgbd {hj{ mdgd{ib ki|duri{y ig jmuibtf#{tud ir icqnu{jg{ ig qud|dg{igm bunq ljiftud'Mdgd{ibjffy ki|durd bunq rqdbidr jud ctbh cnudfi`dfy {n udrir{ bhjgmdr ig {hd dg|iungcdg{& rtbh

jr qdr{r nu bficj{d bhjgmd'

[hd Eim Qib{tudI{ kndrg{ cj`d rdgrd {n {hig` nl {hd {hudd fd|dfr nl einki|duri{ydbnryr{dcr& rqdbidr& jgk mdgdrjrrdqjuj{d bj{dmnuidr& edbjtrd djbh fd|df iglftdgbdr{hd n{hdur ig rimgilibjg{ }jyr' Il ngd fd|df ir kir#utq{dk& {hd dlldb{r bjg uiqqfd {huntmh {hd n{hdur'Ig Igkngdrij& lnu dxjcqfd& {hd Oj|jg mieeng fi|dr

ig {hd {unqibjf ujig lnudr{r nl {hd irfjgk nl Oj|j jgkgn}hdud dfrd ng Dju{h' Jr qdnqfd hj|d kdr{unydkcnud jgk cnud nl {hd Oj|jg mieengrhjei{j{ &

rcjff qnqtfj{ingr nl Oj|jg mieengr hj|d edbncdrdqjuj{dk lunc djbh n{hdu' Djbhqnqtfj{ing gn}

fi|dr ig j rcjff qj{bh nl lnudr{ jgk bjg{ cix }i{h{hd n{hdu qnqtfj{ingr' Edbjtrd nl {hir& {hd Oj|jgmieengr euddk ngfy }i{h cdcedur nl {hdiu rjcdmuntq jgk {htr hj|d fnr{ ctbh nl {hdiu mdgd{ibki|duri{y' Il {hd hjei{j{ bhjgmdr jgy cnud& nu jrcnud qj{bhdr nl lnudr{ jud fnr{& {hd Oj|jg mieengcjy gn{ ed jefd {n jkjq{ {n {hdrd bhjgmdr jgkj|nik dx{igb{ing' Oj|jg mieengr jud icqnu{jg{cdcedur nl {hd lnudr{ dbnryr{dc& rigbd {hdy kirqdurd rddkr }hdg {hdy dj{ luti{& hdfqigm {uddrqdbidr udqunktbd' ]i{hnt{ {hd mieengr {hd lnudr{dbnryr{dcr nl }dr{dug Oj|j }iff jfrn bhjgmd& jgkn{hdu rqdbidr }iff fi`dfy ed jlldb{dk'

Bntg{fdrr Bnggdb{ingrIg{uibj{d bnggdb{ingr kng{ dxir{ ngfy jcngm{hd fd|dfr nl einki|duri{y0 {hdy jfrn dxir{ jcngmrqdbidr' [hdrd bnggdb{ingr jud j ljrbigj{igm jgkicqnu{jg{ qju{ nl einki|duri{y' Lnu dxjcqfd& rncdqfjg{r jgk {hdiu qnffigj{nur hj|d bn#d|nf|dk {ned dx{udcdfy }dff rti{dk {n ngd jgn{hdu? J fngm#eiffdk eiuk qnffigj{dr j lfn}du {hj{ hjr j fngm{ted& jgk j gimh{#un|igm cn{h qnffigj{dr jgimh{#efnncigm bjb{tr' Rncd igrdb{ qjujri{drhj|d d|nf|dk {n fi|d ig ngfy ngd hnr{& rtbh jrrqdbidr nl }jrqr {hj{ fjy {hdiu dmmr ng ngfy ngd{yqd nl bj{duqiffju' Rtbh bfnrd qju{gdurhiqr jgkig{duudfj{ingrhiqr ed{}ddg rqdbidr cdjg {hj{ il

ngd rqdbidr edbncdr dx{igb{& {hd n{hdu bntfk {n ]dud otr{ edmiggigm {n tgkdur{jgk {hd udcju`#jefd ig{dujb{ingr jcngm rqdbidr' ]dud jfrnedmiggigm {n udjfird {hj{ rtbh ig{dujb{ingr cjy edicqnu{jg{ ig }jyr }d kng{ yd{ tgkdur{jgkgn{ngfy {n {hd rqdbidr et{ jfrn {n dg{iud dbnryr{dcr'

q


15/89

::

J ]j{duy ]nufkKi|duri{y kndrg{ dgk j{ {hd }j{dur dkmd' Ig ljb{& jgigbudkiefd |juid{y nl fi|igm {higmr ighjei{ {hd

}nufkr fj`dr& ui|dur& }d{fjgkr & jgk nbdjgr' J rigmfdbnujf uddl & lnu dxjcqfd& bjg rtqqnu{ cnud{hjg 2&111 rqdbidr nl lirh jgk ig|du{deuj{dr& rtbhjr mijg{ bfjcr& rdj tubhigr& rdj r{jur& jgk rhuicq'Hdb{jud lnu hdb{jud& {hdud bjg ed cnud fild ig jhdjf{hy }d{fjgk {hjg ig jfcnr{ jgy `igk nl hjei#{j{' [j`d cjgmun|dr & lnu igr{jgbd' [hdrd uibh }d{#fjgkr& }hibh jud lntgk jfngm cjgy nl {hd }nufkrbnjr{r& jud gturduidr lnu rncd nl ntu cnr{ bnccdu#bijffy icqnu{jg{ rqdbidr& igbftkigm rhuicq& bujer&nyr{dur& jgk lirh' [hdy jfrn qun|ikd j |juid{y nl dbnryr{dc rdu|ibdr igbftkigm lfnnk bng{unf& }j{duqtuilibj{ing& jgk lnnk jgk rhdf{du lnu j hnr{ nl jztj{ib budj{tudr'

Btf{tud jgk Gj{tud[hd ki|duri{y nl htcjg btf{tudr ir jfrn jg icqnu#{jg{ qju{ nl einki|duri{y' Jff htcjgr edfngm {n jrigmfd rqdbidr (Hncn rjqidgr)& et{ }i{hig nturqdbidr jud {hntrjgkr nl killdudg{ btf{tudr' [hdudrd|ikdgbd {n rhn} {hj{ {hd gj{tujf }nufk ir gdjufy jr icqnu{jg{ ig iglftdgbigm {hd kd|dfnqcdg{ nl killdudg{ qdnqfdr jr i{ ir ig iglftdgbigm {hd d|nft#{ing nl killdudg{ qfjg{r jgk jgicjfr' Lnu dxjcqfd&btf{tujf qujb{ibdr jud nl{dg hdj|ify iglftdgbdk ey

dg|iungcdg{jf bngki{ingr' Ig juik qfjbdr rtbh jr{hd Rjhjuj nu @jfjhjui Kdrdu{r ig Jluibj& qdnqfdkd|dfnqdk gncjkib btf{tudr& cn|igm juntgk luncqfjbd {n qfjbd ig rdjubh nl udrntubdr& uj{hdu {hjgrd{{figm ig ngd qfjbd lnu j fngm {icd' Jmuibtf{tujfbncctgi{idr hj|d r{nuidr jgk qun|duer {hj{ judqjrrdk lunc ngd mdgduj{ing {n {hd gdx{ {hj{ {dff

}hdg jgk hn} {n qfjg{ bunqr kdqdgkigm ng fnbjfbficj{d jgk n{hdu dg|iungcdg{jf ljb{nur'

Cjfjuij ngbd igldb{dk gigd nt{ nl {dg qdnqfd ng{hd irfjgk nl Enugdn& gn} rhjudk ey {hd bntg#{uidr nl Eutgdi& Cjfjyrij& jgk Igkngdrij' Ig:944& {hd ]nufk Hdjf{h Numjgi j{ing (]HN)edmjg rqujyigm kidfkuig (j qdr{ibikd ricifju {nKK[) {n iff cjfjuij#bjuuyigm cnrzti{ndr' [hdqunmujc }jr rn rtbbdrrltf {hj{ {hd kudjkdkkirdjrd }jr jfcnr{ dficigj{dk lunc {hd irfjgk'Hn}d|du& tgdxqdb{dk {higmr hjqqdgdk' [hdkidfkuig iffdk n{hdu igrdb{r& igbftkigm lfidr jgkbnb`unjbhdr fi|igm ig qdnqfdr hntrdr' [hd

irfjgkdur jqqfjtkdk' Et{ {hdg rcjff fi jukr {hj{jfrn fi|dk ig {hd hntrdr kidk jl{du mnumigm {hdc#rdf|dr ng kdjk igrdb{r' [hdg bj{r edmjg kyigmjl{du lddkigm ng {hd kdjk fi jukr' ]i{hnt{ bj{r&uj{r lfntuirhdk jgk edmjg n|duutggigm {hd|iffjmdr' Gn} qdnqfd }dud {hudj{dgdk ey ryf|j{ibqfjmtd bjuuidk ey {hd lfdjr ng {hd uj{r'

Ng {nq nl d|duy{higm dfrd& unnlr edmjg {n ljff ig'[hd kidfkuig hjk iffdk }jrqr jgk n{hdu igrdb{r{hj{ ldk ng j {yqd nl bj{duqiffju {hj{ di{hduj|nikdk nu }jr gn{ jlldb{dk ey {hd igrdb{ibikd' ]i{h cnr{ nl i{r qudkj{nur dficigj{dk& {hdbj{duqiffju qnqtfj{ing dxqfnkdk' [hd fju|jdctgbhdk {hdiu }jy {huntmh ngd nl {hdiulj|ntui{d lnnkr& {hd fdj|dr trdk ig {hj{bhigmunnlr' [hd ri{tj{ing }jr euntmh{ tgkdu bng{unf }hdg ]HN qjujbht{dk hdjf{hy bj{r ng{n qju{rnl {hd irfjgk' Ig {hd dgk& {hd Enugdn dqirnkd

{tugdk nt{ jff uimh{0 en{h cjfjuij jgk {hdtgdxqdb{dk dlldb{r nl {hd rqujyigm qunmujc }dudeuntmh{ tgkdu bng{unf' Gngd{hdfdrr& i{ rhn}r{hd tgqudkib{jefd udrtf{r nl ig{dulduigm ig jgdbnryr{dc'R{nuy jkjq{dk lunc?Fi|igm ig {hd Dg|iungcdg{& Lil{h Dki{ing' M'[yfdu Ciffdu& Ou' (]jkr}nu{h Qtefirhigm Bncqjgy& :988)'

UJIGIGM BJ[R


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EJB@MUNTGK

Einki|duri{y ir {hd |juid{y nl fild juntgk trjgkctbh cnud' I{r jfrn d|duy{higm {hj{ fi|igm {higmrkn{hd mujgk {n{jf nl ig{dujb{ingr nl fi|igm {higmrjcngm {hdcrdf|dr jgk }i{h {hdiu dg|iungcdg{ '[hdrd ig{dujb{ingr bjg ed jr ricqfd jr j cn{hrkdqdgkdgbd ng ngd rqdbidr nl qfjg{ lnu lnnk jgk{hd qfjg{r kdqdgkdgbd ng {hd cn{h lnu qnffigj#{ing' J{ jgn{hdu fd|df& {hd cn{h jgk {hd qfjg{ jfrnkdqdgk ng jff nl {hd dfdcdg{r {hj{ cj`d tq {hdiudbnryr{dclunc bfdjg }j{du {n {hd uimh{ bficj{d'

J{ r{iff jgn{hdu fd|df& {hir dbnryr{dc ig{dujb{r }i{hn{hdu dbnryr{dcr {n lnuc j htmd& mfnejf ryr{dc nl ig{dujb{igm qju{r'

[hir ig{unktb{nuy jb{i|i{y ir j mudj{ }jy {n r{ju{ jeinki|duri{y tgi{ edbjtrd i{ lnbtrdr ng bnggdb#{ingr& }hibh jud {hd hdju{ nl einki|duri{y' Ey cjìgm }nuk }der (rdd dxjcqfd ng qjmd :2)

}i{h {hd }nukr qun|ikdk& r{tkdg{r bjg edmig {nbngrikdu {hd bncqfdx bnggdb{ingr {hj{ bhjujb#{duird fild ng Dju{h' [hd jb{i|i{y bjg jfrn mi|d yntjg ikdj nl hn} yntu r{tkdg{r jud {higìgm jent{einki|duri{y edlnud ynt r{ju{ j tgi{'

MD[[IGM UDJKY

]ui{d djbh nl {hd `dy }nukr (rdd enx ng qjmd :;)ng j rdqjuj{d qidbd nl qjqdu& jgk qt{ jff li|d `dy

}nukr ig{n j bng{jigdu' ]ui{d {hd }de }nukr (rddenx ng qjmd :;) ng j bhjfènjuk' Djbh `dy }nuk

bjg lnuc {hd hte nu bdg{ud nl j }de' [hd }de }nukr }iff bnggdb{ {n {hd dy }nuk nu {n n{hdu }de }nukr'

J B[I\I[Y :? JFF [HD ]NUFKR J ]DE

NEODB[I\DR?Kdligdeinki|duri{yjgk budj{d j }nuk }de {hj{ifftr{uj{dr rncd nl {hd bncqfdxbnggdb{ingr ig {hd }de nl fild'Kirbtrr j{ fdjr{ ngd }jy einki|duri{yjlldb{r qdnqfdr fi|dr'

RTEODB[R?Rbidgbd& Rnbijf R{tkidr&Fjgmtjmd Ju{r

R@IFFR?numjgirigm& jgjfyrigm(ikdg{ilyigm bncqngdg{r jgkudfj{ingrhiqr jcngm bncqngdg{r)&ig{duqud{igm& udfj{igm

JMDR?::+

[ICD?ngd rdrring

CJ[DUIJFR? bhjfènjuk& qdgbifr&bng{jigdu lnu `dy }nukr& jgk `dy

}nukr ng rdqjuj{d qidbdr nl qjqdu

Jb{i|i{y jkjq{dk }i{h qducirring lunc Einki|duri{y Ejribr & qtefirhdk ey ]nufk ]ifkfild Ltgk jr qju{ nl ]igkn}r ng {hd ]ifk & jg ig{dugj{ingjfeinki|duri{y dktbj{ing qunmujc' :999'


17/89

:2

]HJ[ [N KN

:' Jr j muntq& budj{d j rjcqfd }nuk }de'Trd {hd }nuk rbhnnf jr j `dy }nuk {n budj{d j

}nuk }de ng {hd bhjf`enjuk' Jr {hd r{tkdg{r }hj{ n{hdu }nukr {hdy {hig` nl }hdg {hdy {hig` nl {hdiu rbhnnf' Rncd dxjcqfdr cimh{ ed {djbhdu&r{tkdg{& enn`r& kdr`r& jgk hncd}nu`' Cj`d rtudynt }ui{d kn}g {hd bnggdb{ingr ed{}ddg djbh

}de }nuk' Lnu dxjcqfd? R{tkdg{r fdjug lunc{djbhdur' [djbhdur mi|d nt{ hncd}nu`& jgk rn ng'

5' Ud|id} |nbjetfjuy jgk ki|ikd {hd bfjrr ig{nmuntqr'Mn n|du jgy `dy }nukr jgk }de }nukr {hj{ {hdr{tkdg{r judg{ ljcifiju }i{h& jgk {hdg hj|drncdngd lunc djbh muntq qib` j `dy }nuk lunc{hd bng{jigdu' [dff {hd muntqr {n }ui{d {hj{ `dy

}nuk ig {hd bdg{ud nl j qidbd nl qjqdu' Gdx{ mi|d{hdc {icd {n budj{d j }de trigm jr cjgy nl {hd

}de }nukr jr qnrriefd' Dgbntujmd {hdc {n }ui{d

LNUDR[R

[uddr

Bjur

[ujrh

J{cnrqhdud

Udrdjubh Qnfft{ing

Qdr{ibikdrRnft{ingr

Numjgib Ljucigm Rnif

Nbdjgr [dbhgnfnmy

CdkibigdGj{tujf Hjei{j{r

[hudj{dgdk Rqdbidr

Cngdy Lt{tudMdgduj{ingr JudGddkDBudj{dr oltu{hd

JudnlEdgdlilunc

HFdjkr {n

IgbMd{Rtbh jr

HdfqrMdgduGddkrJudeyUdBntfk erntubd]iffbngktb{

Rjcqfd ]nuk ]de


18/89

:;

ig }nukr {hj{ kdrbuied {hd bnggdb{ingr {hdyudbudj{igm' Dxjcqfdr igbftkd |duer jgk qhujrdrrtbh jr iglftdgbdr& jlldb{r& edgdli{r& irhdfqdk ey& bjg fdjk {n& jgk bjg bjtrd' Lnudxjcqfd? qdnqfd edgdli{ lunc cdkibigd& cdkibigdbncdr lunc qfjg{r& htcjg qnqtfj{ing mun}{hbjg bjtrd fnrr nl gj{tujf hjei{j{r& qnfft{ing bjgjlldb{ {hudj{dgdk rqdbidr& jgk rn ng'

2' Kirbtrr {hd }der'Djbh muntq rhntfk ed jefd {n dxqfjig {hdbnggdb{ingr {hj{ {hdy kud} ed{}ddg {hd `dy }nukjgk {hd }de }nukr& jr }dff jr ed{}ddg {hd

killdudg{ }de }nukr' Jr` {hd r{tkdg{r il {hdy gn{ibd jgy ricifjui{idr jcngm killdudg{ muntqr

}der jgk hj|d {hdc }nu` jr j muntq {n ikdg{ily jgk }ui{d kn}g {}n nu cnud nl {hdrd ricifjui{idr'

Ynt cimh{ jfrn }jg{ {n hj|d {hdc }ui{d kn}gjgy killdudgbdr {hdy gn{ibd' Trd {hdiu ikdjr {nr{ju{ j kirbtrring'

;' Ig{unktbd einki|duri{y' ]ui{d {hd }nuk einki|duri{y }hdud d|duyngd bjgrdd i{ jgk jr` {hd r{tkdg{r lnu {hdiu ikdjr ng i{rcdjgigm' Trd {hd mfnrrjuy jgk ejb`muntgk iglnu#cj{ing {n ljcifijuird {hd r{tkdg{r }i{h {hd }nuk'Dxqfjig {hj{ einki|duri{y ir {hd tf{icj{d }deedbjtrd i{ igbftkdr jff fild ng Dju{h'

4' Budj{d gd} }der'Hj|d {hd rjcd muntqr {uy {hdiu hjgk j{ budj{igm

}der jr edlnud& et{ {hir {icd trd {hd }nukeinki|duri{y jr {hd `dy }nuk' [hdy bjg jkk jgy gd} }de }nukr {hdy cimh{ {hig` nl {hj{ cjy gn{ed ng {hd fir{' Jmjig& hj|d r{tkdg{r rhjud {hdiuikdjr'

LIGIRHIGM TQ

[hir jb{i|i{y bjg ed trdk jr jg jrrdrrcdg{ lnun{hdu jb{i|i{idr' Ynt bjg hj|d yntu r{tkdg{r budj{d

}der jl{du knigm n{hdu jb{i|i{idr ig {hd mtikd {nrdd il {hdy tgkdur{jgk {hd ejrib bngbdq{ nl ein#ki|duri{y jgk hn} i{ ir fig`dk {n n{hdu irrtdr' [uy {hd ]de nl Fild ng qjmd :4 lnu jgn{hdu }jy {n

ig{unktbd {hd bngbdq{ nl einki|duri{y jgkdbnfnmibjf bnggdb{ingr'

@dy ]nukr?Dju{hjgicjfrqfjg{r

qdnqfddgdumy

]de ]nukr?Dju{hjgicjfrqfjg{rqdnqfddgdumy

{dbhgnfnmygj{tujf hjei{j{rbunqr{ujrhrhnqqigmrnif rnft{ingrqnfft{ing{}dg{y#liur{ bdg{tuyqdr{ibikdrlnnk

nbdjgrcngdy}j{duhtcjg qnqtfj{ingmun}{h

rbhnnfbjur{hudj{dgdk rqdbidrnumjgib ljucigmj{cnrqhdudlt{tud mdgduj{ingrjiucdkibigd{uddr

q


19/89

:4

EJB@MUNTGK

Jg dbnryr{dc ir j bncctgi{y nl qfjg{r& jgicjfr&jgk cibun#numjgircr {hj{ ig{dujb{ }i{h djbhn{hdu jgk }i{h {hdiu qhyribjf dg|iungcdg{'Lnudr{r& r{udjcr& fj`dr& bnujf uddlr& mujrrfjgkr&kdrdu{r& jgk un{{igm fnmr jud jff dxjcqfdr nl dbnryr{dcr' Jgicjfr jgk qfjg{r ig jg dbnryr{dcbnggdb{ {n jgk kdqdgk ng djbh n{hdu lnu lnnk&rhdf{du& qnffigj{ing jgk cjgy n{hdu {higmr' ]hj{hjqqdgr {n ngd cdcedu nl jg dbnryr{dc bjghj|d jg icqjb{ ng {hd }hnfd ryr{dc' Jf{hntmh

jff rqdbidr jud icqnu{jg{& rncd rqdbidr& bjffdk`dyr{ngd rqdbidr& qfjy bui{ibjf unfdr ig dbnryr#{dcr' Il j `dyr{ngd rqdbidr ir udcn|dk lunc nujkkdk {n jg dbnryr{dc& i{ ir fi`dfy {n bjtrd jcjonu kirutq{ing {n {hj{ dbnryr{dc'

Dbnryr{dc bhjgmd bjg ed bjtrdk ey htcjgr nugj{tujf qunbdrrdr& rtbh jr lfnnkr& liudr& nukuntmh{' Htcjgr bjg jfrn hj|d j gdmj{i|d dlldb{ng dbnryr{dcr& lnu dxjcqfd {huntmh bfdjuigmlnudr{r& n|du#htg{igm nu n|du#hju|dr{igm qfjg{r& nuqnfft{igm {hd jiu& rnif& jgk }j{du' Rncd{icdrkirutq{ingr fi`d lfnnkr nu liudr {hj{ jud qju{ nl jgdbnryr{dcr gj{tujf qunbdrr bjg ed cjkd cnudrd|dud nu cnud ludztdg{ edbjtrd nl {hd }jy htcjgr trd {hd dg|iungcdg{' Lnu dxjcqfd&htcjgr trd liud {n bfdju fjgk lnujmuibtf{tud& et{ rncd{icdr il {hd uimh{ qudbjt{ingrjudg{ {j`dg& liudr bjgmd{ nt{ nl bng{unf jgk

etug fjumdu judjr {hjg }dud nuimigjffy qfjggdk'Kdqdgkigm ng {hd rd|dui{y nl {hd kirutq{ing jgk{hd rqdbidr jlldb{dk& dbnryr{dcr cjy jkotr{ {n jbuirir ztib`fy nu cjy rncd{icdr {j`d j fngm {icd

{n udbn|du& nu d|dg ed bhjgmdk lnud|du' Iir nl{dg hjuk {n `gn} dxjb{fy hn}

djbh rqdbidr ir bnggdb{dk {n jff {hdudr{ jgk hn} hjucigm {hj{ rqdbidr

cjy jlldb{ {hd }hnfd ryr{dc'

J B[I\I[Y 5? [HD ]DE NL FILD

NEODB[I\DR?Kdcngr{uj{dtgkdur{jgkigm nl hn} killdudg{ qju{rnl jg dbnryr{dc jud ig{dubnggdb{dk'

RTEODB[R?Rbidgbd& Fjgmtjmd Ju{r

R@IFFR?budj{i|d {hig`igm& nujfdxqudrring& unfd#qfjyigm& bjtrd jgkdlldb{& bnnqduj{ing

[ICD?Ngd rdrring

JMDR?9+

CJ[DUIJFR? ejff nl fngm unqd& {}igd&nu hdj|y#kt{y r{uigm (j{ fdjr{ 51cd{dur)


20/89

: (d'm'{dcqduj{d lnudr{& {dcqduj{d ujig lnudr{& mujrr#fjgk& rhutefjgk& kdrdu{ )

5' Gjcd 2 gj{i|d {uddr {hj{ mun} ig yntu judj'Bnffdb{ j fdjl lunc djbh ngd'

2' Gjcd 4 gj{i|d dkiefd qfjg{r {hj{ mun} ig yntujudj jgk fir{ {hd rdjrngr ig }hibh {hdy judj|jifjefd'

;' Gjcd : qnirngntr qfjg{ ig yntu judj'

4' Gjcd :1 gj{i|d jgicjfr {hj{ fi|d ig yntu judj'

:1' ]hj{ gj{tujf d|dg{r nu qunbdrrdr iglftdgbd {hdfjgk juntgk yntu bncctgi{y> Hn} hj|d {hdy jlldb{dk {hd fjgk> (dju{hztj`dr& |nfbjgib dutq#{ingr& liudr& lfnnkigm& d{b')

::' Jud {hdud jgy qun{db{dk judjrgdju yntubncctgi{y> ]hy jud {hdy qun{db{dk>

:5' Gjcd j gng#gj{i|d rqdbidr {hj{ hjr budj{dkqunefdcr ig yntu judj'

J B[I\I[Y 2? EINEFI[_

NEODB[I\DR?Gjcd rd|dujf gj{i|dqfjg{r jgk jgicjfr jgk kdrbuied yntufnbjf dg|iungcdg{' Kdrimg jgk bjuuynt{ j einfnmibjf ig|dg{nuy nl j gj{tujfjudj'

RTEODB[?Rbidgbd& Fjgmtjmd Ju{r

R@IFFR?mj{hduigm (bnffdb{igm&nerdu|igm& udrdjubhigm)& bi{i dgrhiq(}nu`igm ig j muntq)& udqnu{igm

JMDR?::+

[ICD?{}n rdrringr jgk hncd}nu`{icd

CJ[DUIJFR? qjqdu& qdgbif&bhjf`enjuk& qfjr{ib ejmr nubng{jigdur (gd{r& rid|dr& rbnnqr& ojur&d{b')


24/89

51

]HJ[ [N KN

QJU[ I:' Mi|d r{tkdg{r {hd dbnudmingjf rtu|dy'Cj`d rtud ynt mn n|du jgy tgljcifiju {ducr }i{h{hd bfjrr (trd {hd mfnrrjuy lnu kdligi{ingr)' Mi|dr{tkdg{r jent{ :1 cigt{dr {n bncqfd{d {hd rtu#|dy' Jl{du}juk jr` {hd r{tkdg{r hn} {hdy {hig` {hdy kik' (Jr` r{tkdg{r gn{ {n rhjud {hdiu jgr}durj{ {hir qnig{') Bnffdb{ {hd bncqfd{dk rhdd{r jr jqud#{dr{ nl {hd r{tkdg{r `gn}fdkmd'

5' Ki|ikd {hd muntq ig{n {djcr {n bncqfd{d{hd rtu|dy'Ki|ikd yntu r{tkdg{r ig{n {djcr nl jent{ lntur{tkdg{r djbh' Jr` djbh {djc {n bnqy {hd dbnud#mingjf rtu|dy ztdr{ingr' [dff {hd r{tkdg{r {hj{ {hdcdcedur nl djbh {djc rhntfk }nu` {nmd{hdu {nbncqfd{d {hd rtu|dy jmjig jr jbbtuj{dfy jr qnrri#efd (nu jrrimg djbh {djc j killdudg{ rd{ nl ztdr#{ingr lunc {hd rtu|dy)' Dxqfjig {hj{ {hd r{tkdg{rbjg trd }hj{d|du udrntubdr {hdy bjg ligk {njgr}du {hd ztdr{ingr& igbftkigm ig{du|id}igmbncctgi{y dfkdur nu fnbjf qju` ujgmdur' R{udrr{hj{ {hdy rhntfk ligk {hd cnr{ jbbtuj{d iglnucj#{ing {hdy bjg& jgk dgbntujmd {hdc {n budj{dkuj}igmr nl jgy jgicjfr jgk qfjg{r {hdy fir{'

2' Rd{ j {icd fici{ ng udrdjubh'Mi|d {hd r{tkdg{r j{ fdjr{ {}n kjyr {n ligkjgr}dur {n {hd ztdr{ingr'

;' Mn n|du {hd rtu|dy udrtf{r'Ngbd {hd r{tkdg{r hj|d ligirhdk {hd rtu|dy& hj|d{hdc rhjud {hd iglnucj{ing {hdy lntgk jgk bnc#qjud {hdiu jgr}dur {n {hd qud#{dr{' Kik r{tkdg{rligk killdudg{ jgr}dur {n rncd nl {hd ztdr{ingr>(Lnu dxjcqfd& hn} dx{dgri|d }jr {hd muntqr fir{

nl gj{i|d qfjg{r>) ]hj{ }dud {hdiu rntubdr> Hn} kik {hd r{tkdg{r ligk {hdrd rntubdr> ]dud {hdy rtuquirdk ey jgy nl {hd iglnucj{ing {hdy lntgk>

QJU[ II

4' Ligk jg nt{knnu gj{tujf judj gdjuey'[hd r{tkdg{r }iff gddk jg nt{knnu rqjbd {n bng#ktb{ j EinEfi{ Rtu|dy' Rbhnnf muntgkr nu jgdjuey qju` }iff }nu ' Ynt }iff gddk {n r`d{bh jztib` ri{d cjq nl {hd judj ng {hd enjuk' [hircjq rhntfk rhn} {hd entgkjuidr nl {hd r{tky judjjgk untmhfy }hdud killdudg{ qfjg{r mun}' Ed rtud{n hj|d r{tkdg{r bnqy kn}g {hd EinEfi{ Rtu|dybj{dmnuidr jgk {n qun|ikd {hdc }i{h bng{jigdur lnubnffdb{igm rqdbicdgr }hdg {hdy mn nt{rikd'

q

Qfjg{r

Udq{ifdr jgk Jcqhieijgr

Cjccjfr

Igrdb{r

Eiukr

Gng#Igrdb{ Ig|du{deuj{dr(rgjifr& bujer& d{b')

Einefi{ Rtu|dy


25/89

5:

]hj{ jud {hdy mnigm {n fnn` lnu>

]hj{ igkr nl ztdr{ingr jud {hdy mnigm {n jr`>Hn} }iff {hdy udbnuk }hj{ {hdy ligk> Jud {hdy mnigm {n kuj} r`d{bhdr nl killdudg{ rqdbidr& bnffdb{rqdbicdgr& nu {j`d |duy kd{jifdk gn{dr> Hn} jud{hdy mnigm {n ki|ikd tq {hd }nu`>

Mi|d r{tkdg{r 21 cigt{dr {n }nu` j{ {hd ri{d {nbudj{d j qfjg lnu {hdiu rtu|dy jgk fd{ {hdc `gn}

}hd{hdu {hdyff ed jefd {n euigm rjcqfdr ejb` lnuikdg{ilibj{ing'

8' Ud|id} {hd r{tky qfjgr'Ngbd {hd r{tkdg{r hj|d kdrimgdk {hdiu r{tky qfjgr jgk kdbikdk }hj{ ztdr{ingr {n jr` {n mj{hdu{hd gdbdrrjuy iglnucj{ing lnu {hdiu rtu|dy& cdd{

}i{h djbh muntq igkdqdgkdg{fy jgk hj|d {hd

muntq dxqfjig i{r kdrimg' Cj`d rtud {hj{ djbhmuntq hjr d|dgfy ki|ikdk {hd jcntg{ nl }nu` {ned kngd jcngm {hd muntq cdcedur& }iff edmd{{igm {n jff judjr nl {hd r{tky ri{d& jgk hjrjbbntg{dk lnu ig|dg{nuyigm {hd ltff ujgmd nl rqdbidr {yqdr fir{dk ng i{r rtu|dy rhdd{'

9' Bngktb{ {hd EinEfi{ '[j`d {hd r{tkdg{r {n {hd r{tky judj jgk mi|d {hdcjqqunxicj{dfy 21 cigt{dr {n bngktb{ {hdiu rtu#|dyr' ([hir cjy hj|d {n {j`d qfjbd ng {hd rdbngkr{tky qduink jffnbj{dk lnu {hir jb{i|i{y il ynt utgnt{ nl {icd)' Jf{hntmh ikdg{ilibj{ing ir gn{ {hdtf{icj{d mnjf nl {hir jb{i|i{y& ynt cimh{ }jg{ {n

Bnffdb{ing [iqr

Igr{utb{ r{tkdg{r {n bnffdb{ kdjk fdj|dr& gt{r&nu n{hdu qju{r {hj{ kn gn{ `iff nu hjuc {hdqfjg{' Dgbntujmd {hd r{tkdg{r {n kuj} r`d{bhdr nl {hd qfjg{r {hdy }jg{ {n udbnuk nu{n {j`d rcjff rjcqfdr lunc bnccng qfjg{r'

[dff r{tkdg{r gn{ {n bnffdb{ eiuk gdr{r'Rncd{icdr i{r hjuk {n kir{igmtirh j gdr{ r{iffig trd lunc ngd {hj{ irg{ trdk jgycnud'

Dgbntujmd r{tkdg{r {n ed mdg{fd }hdg {tug#

igm n|du unb`r jgk fnmr' Il {hdy ligk igrdb{r&bdg{iqdkdr& fi jukr& nu n{hdu rcjff jgicjfr&dgbntujmd r{tkdg{r {n nerdu|d bfnrdfy& et{fdj|d {hd jgicjfr ig {hdiu hncdr' (Bnffdb{igmbjg ed r{udrrltf lnu rncd jgicjfr' Qftr& {hdy bjg ed |duy killibtf{ {n cjig{jig ig {hd bfjrr#unnc& d|dg lnu j rhnu{ qduink nl {icd')

Hj|d r{tkdg{r bjudltffy ud{tug unb`r& fnmr&jgk qfjg{ cj{{du {n {hdiu nuimigjf fnbj{ing'

Rd{ entgkjuidr jgk {icd fici{r rn {hj{r{tkdg{r kng{ rbj{{du nu md{ fnr{'


26/89

55

hdfq r{tkdg{r ikdg{ily }hj{ {hdy jud rddigm'R{tkdg{r bjg bnffdb{ rqdbicdgr {n {j`d ejb` {n

{hd bfjrrunnc& jf{hntmh rncd {higmr rhntfk gn{ed bnffdb{dk? jgicjfr (igbftkigm igrdb{r)& kdfibj{dnu ujud lfn}dur& kjgmduntr qfjg{r& jgk {hudj{dgdkqfjg{r (rdd Bnffdb{ing [iqr ng qm' 5:)' Hj|d{hd r{tkdg{r kuj} r`d{bhdr nl i{dcr {hj{ rhntfkgn{ ed bnffdb{dk nu {hj{ jud hjuk {n kdrbuied' Qjrrnt{ qfjr{ib ejmr jgk jgy rcjff bng{jigdur ynthj|d lnu trd ig rqdbicdg bnffdb{ing'

:1' Ligjfird ligkigmr'Mi|d {hd {djcr {icd {n ud|id} jgk ikdg{ily }hj{{hdy lntgk jgk {n bngrnfikj{d iglnucj{ing' Hj|d{hdc cj`d gn{dr jgk cj`d j r`d{bh nl {hd judj{hdy rtu|dydk {n igkibj{d }hdud bdu{jig {higmr

}dud lntgk nu }hdud jgicjfr nu qfjg{r }dudbngbdg{uj{dk' Ynt cjy d|dg hj|d {hd r{tkdg{rqudqjud j qudrdg{j{ing juntgk jgy rqdbicdgr{hdy bnffdb{dk {n rhjud }i{h {hd bfjrr'

::' Rhjud udrtf{r'Hj|d {hd muntqr udqnu{ ng {hdiu ligkigmr jgk kir#btrr {hd qunbdrrdr {hdy trdk' Hn} cjgy killdudg{fi|igm {higmr kik {hdy ligk> ]hdud kik {hdy ligkkilldudg{ {higmr> Kik {hdy ligk jgy gj{i|d rqdbidr>Gng#gj{i|d rqdbidr> ]dud rqdbidr d|dgfy kir{uie#t{dk jbunrr {hd ri{d nu kik {hd r{tkdg{r ligkmudj{du |juid{y ig qju{ibtfju judjr> Il {hdud }dudkir{uiet{ing killdudgbdr& }hdud kik {hdy ligk{hd mudj{dr{ ki|duri{y> Kn {hdy {hig`

{hj{ jr j muntq {hdy lntgk d|duy#{higm nt{ {hdud> ]hj{ ljb{nur cimh{hj|d jlldb{dk {hd gtcedu nl rqdbidr{hdy lntgk> Lnu dxjcqfd&

}ntfk {hdy hj|d dxqdb{dk {nligk {hd rjcd gtcedu jgk{yqdr nl rqdbidr il {hdykkngd {hdiu EinEfi{ j{ j

killdudg{ {icd nl ydju> ]hj{ il i{ hjk eddg gimh{{icd> Kik ngd {djc hj|d j }jy {n bncqfd{d {hd

ig|dr{imj{ing {hj{ }nu`dk qju{ibtfjufy }dff> ]hj{ }jr {hd hjukdr{ {higm jent{ bngktb{igm {hdiuEinEfi{ > ]dud {hdy rtuquirdk ey jgy{higm {hdy lntgk nu kikg{ ligk>

LIGIRHIGM TQ

Hj|d {hd r{tkdg{r fnn` ejb` j{ {hd ztdr{ingr {hdy mdgduj{dk }hdg {hdy budj{dk {hdiu rtu|dy qfjgr'Ejrdk ng {hdiu udbdg{ lidfk dxqduidgbd& ir {hdud

jgy n{hdu iglnucj{ing {hdy gddk {n `gn} jent{{hd fjgk {n cj`d j bncqfd{d ig|dg{nuy nl i{reinki|duri{y> ]hj{ ìgkr nl numjgircr hj|d {hdy qunejefy cirrdk> Kn {hdy {hig` {hdrd ìgkr nl ujqik jrrdrrcdg{r jud trdltf> (I{r nl{dg killibtf{ {nligk jff {hd rqdbidr ig jg judj ig j rhnu{ jcntg{nl {icd' Edbjtrd jgicjfr {dgk {n bncd jgk mnlunc killdudg{ judjr& {hdy bjg ed cirrdk il {hdjcntg{ nl {icd rqdg{ fnnìgm lnu {hdc ir {nnrhnu{' \duy rcjff nu cibunrbnqib numjgircr bjg

ed hjuk {n ligk jgk ikdg{ily' Jfrn& {hdud jud nl{dgrdjrngjf bhjgmdr ig {hd numjgircr ig jg judj& rnjg ig|dg{nuy bngktb{dk j{ ngd {icd nl ydjucimh{ ed |duy killdudg{ lunc jg ig|dg{nuy nl {hdrjcd judj j{ j killdudg{ {icd nl ydju' Hn}d|du&kdrqi{d {hdiu qunefdcr& ujqik jrrdrrcdg{r judnl{dg |duy trdltf edbjtrd {hdy jud j }jy {n

ztib`fy md{ j mnnk ikdj nl {hd ki|duri{y nl rqdbidr ig jg judj')

Hj|d yntu r{tkdg{r }ui{d jg ju{ibfddxqfjigigm {hd qunbdrr {hdy trdk {n bnffdb{

{hdiu kj{j& igbftkigm jgy bngbftringr{hdy cjy hj|d kuj}g ktuigm {hd

jb{i|i{y'

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RDB[ING 5

EINKI\DURI[Y

BNGGDB[INGR

; [hd Rqibd nl Fild ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '58

4 Einki|duri{y Qdulnucr ' ' ' ' '22


28/89

5;

]hy Ir Einki|duri{y Icqnu{jg{>Il ynt }dud {n jr` j kn dg einfnmir{r nu rnbinfn#mir{r {n dxqfjig }hy j himh fd|df nl einki|duri{y iricqnu{jg{& yntk qunejefy md{ j kn dg killdudg{qdurqdb{i|dr' Hn}d|du& yntk hdju ngd cdrrjmdfntk jgk bfdju? [hd ztjfi{y nl ntu fi|dr kdqdgkrng i{' Einki|duri{y kndr cnud {hjg qun|ikd j|juid{y nl qunktb{r jgk udrntubdr0 i{ jfrn `ddqr {hdqfjgd{ fi|djefd lnu tr jgk lnu jff n{hdu rqdbidr'Einki|duri{y hdfqr cjig{jig {hdj{cnrqhdud &`ddq {hd rnif ldu{ifd& qtuily }j{du& jgk mdgdujffy

`ddq {hd }nufk utggigm rcnn{hfy' Ig {hir rdb{ing& }dff dxqfnud {hd cjgy }jyr einki|duri{y dguibhdrntu fi|dr jgk }hy }dud rn kdqdgkdg{ ng i{'Ig {hd qunbdrr& }dff lnbtr ng rncd nl {hdbncqfdx dbnfnmibjf ig{dujb{ingr {hj{ cj`d tq fildng Dju{h'

[hd Qn}du nl Qfjg{r[hdudr jfcnr{ gn dgk {n {hd unfd qfjg{r qfjy ig{hd }nu`igmr nl ntu qfjgd{' Lnu dxjcqfd& edrikdr{hd drrdg{ijf unfd nl mi|igm nll nxymdg jgk {htrcjig{jigigm j eudj{hjefd j{cnrqhdud& qfjg{r `ddqtr bnnfdu ey udfdjrigm cnir{tud {huntmh {hdiufdj|dr jgk ey qun|ikigm rhjkd' [hdy jfrn udcn|d{hd cjig muddghntrd mjr& bjueng kinxikd&lunc {hd j{cnrqhdud'

Et{ {hj{r gn{ jff' Rbidg{ir{r jud ligkigm cnud jgkcnud dxjcqfdr nl {hd icqnu{jgbd nl qfjg{ bnc#ctgi{idr {n n|dujff dbnryr{dc |i{jfi{y' Ig rncdqju{r nl Jluibj jgk {hd Cikkfd Djr{& dxbdrri|dbt{{igm nl {uddr lnu ltdf }nnk jgk {hd kdr{utb{ingnl mujrrdr jgk rhuter ey mnj{r jgk bj{{fd ir bng#|du{igm cnud jgk cnud fjgk {n kdrdu{' Ig n{hduqju{r nl {hd }nufk& fnrr nl {udd bn|du hjr bjtrdkcjrri|d ctkrfikdr& dunring& jgk lfnnkigm' [hdrddxjcqfdr rhn} {hj{ }hdg qfjg{ bncctgi{idr judkjcjmdk nu kdr{unydk& rn {nn jud icqnu{jg{

einfnmibjf rdu|ibdr jgk ltgb{ingr {hj{ qdnqfd jgkn{hdu fi|igm {higmr kdqdgk ng'

Lnnk jgk LjucigmNl jent{ 211&111 `gn}g qfjg{ rqdbidr ng Dju{h&ngfy jent{ =&111 rqdbidr (jent{ 5 qdubdg{) hj|deddg trdk lnu lnnk ey qdnqfd {huntmhnt{ hir{nuy'[nkjy& ld}du {hjg 51 nl {hnrd rqdbidr cj`d tq{hd etf` nl {hd }nufkr lnnk rtqqfy' Nl jff {hd

|juid{idr }i{hig {hdrd rqdbidr& |duy ld} jud bnc#cngfy trdk' Lnu dxjcqfd& ig Igkij& }hdud 21&111|juid{idr nl uibd }dud ngbd mun}g& ld}du {hjg :1|juid{idr gn} cj`d tq =4 qdubdg{ nl {hd bntg{uyruibd qunktb{ing'

EINKI\DURI[Y BNGGDB[INGR


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54

Ig{dgri|d jmuibtf{tujf qunktb{ing nl otr{ j ld} bunq |juid{idr& bjffdk igktr{uijf ljucigm& ir j bnc#

cng qujb{ibd ig ctbh nl {hd }nufk' [hdrd bunq|juid{idr jud j{{ujb{i|d {n cjgy ljucdur edbjtrd{hdy hj|d eddg eudk {n qunktbd jg nq{ictcyidfk' Ig jkki{ing& rddk bncqjgidr mdgduj{d {hdcnr{ qunli{r ey qunktbigm jgk rdffigm otr{ j ld} |juid{idr' Tglnu{tgj{dfy& {hdrd himh#yidfk |juid{idr(}hibh nl{dg fjb` mdgd{ib ki|duri{y) {dgk {n edcnud rtrbdq{iefd {n kdr{utb{ing ey kirdjrd&kuntmh{r& lfnnkr& jgk igrdb{ qdr{r' [htr& cnudqdr{ibikdr jgk }j{du nl{dg hj|d {n ed trdk {nqunktbd {hdc' Ig jkki{ing& udfyigm ng ngfy j ld} |juid{idr bjg budj{d rduintr qunefdcr? ]hdg j qdr{nu kirdjrd j{{jb`r jg igki|iktjf qfjg{& i{ bjgztib`fy rqudjk {huntmh j fjumd lidfk nl qfjg{r {hj{jud jff {hd rjcd |juid{y' Cjonu bunq ljiftudr bjg edj{{uiet{dk {n j fjb` nl mdgd{ib ki|duri{y'

Lnu {hdrd udjrngr& rncd ljucdur jgk jmungncir{r(qdnqfd }hn r{tky jmuibtf{tud) jud edmiggigm {n

udbnmgird {hd |jftd nl mun}igm jgk cjig{jigigmkilldudg{ |juid{idr nl bunqr jgk rddkr' Cjgy judjfrn {uyigm {n ligk dbngncibjf jf{dugj{i|dr {nigktr{uijf ljucigm}jyr {n igbudjrd yidfkr }hifdqun{db{igm ki|duri{y' Igkimdgntr jgk n{hdu {ujki#{ingjf ljucigm bncctgi{idr jud nl{dg ig|jftjefdrntubdr nl mdgd{ib ki|duri{y lnu jmuibtf{tujf qfjg{r'Ig {hdrd bncctgi{idr& cjgy |juid{idr nl gj{i|drddkr hj|d rtu|i|dk jgk hj|d eddg mun}g jgkgtu{tudk lnu mdgduj{ingr'

Qun{db{dk }ifk qfjbdr bjg jfrn ed mnnk rntubdr nl mdgd{ib ki|duri{y lnu bunqr& rigbd }ifk udfj{i|drnl ntu kncdr{ibj{dk qfjg{ |juid{idr nl{dg r{iff dxir{ig {hdrd qfjbdr' Ey bunrreuddkigm {hdrd }ifk

rqdbidr }i{h ntu cnr{ qnqtfju kncdr{ibj{dk bunqqfjg{r& jmungncir{r bjg igbudjrd bunq yidfkr jgkicqun|d gt{ui{ingjf bng{dg{& jr }dff jr dghjgbd

kirdjrd jgk qdr{ udrir{jgbd' Einki|duri{y qun{db#{ing& {hdg& hjr icqnu{jg{ icqfibj{ingr lnu jmui#btf{tud? Il }d qun{db{ {hd qfjbdr {hj{ hjuentu }ifkqfjg{r& }dff ed ed{{du jefd {n dgrtud j bng{igtdk&udfijefd rntubd nl gd} mdgdr lnu jmuibtf{tud'

[hd Fig` {n Htcjg Hdjf{h Ig Mhjgj& }hdud {hd {unqibjf lnudr{ hjr

eddg udktbdk {n 54 qdubdg{ nl i{r nuimigjfri d& jqqunxicj{dfy =4 qdubdg{ nl {hdhtcjg qnqtfj{ing kdqdgkr ng }ifkjgicjfr htg{dk lnu lnnk {n rtqqfdcdg{i{r kid{' Lnudr{ kdqfd{ing& jfngm }i{h rte#rdztdg{ udktb{ing ig jgicjf qnqtfj{ingr&hjr udrtf{dk ig j rhjuq igbudjrd ig cjfgt#{ui{ing jgk kirdjrd'

Cnud {hjg ;'4 eiffing qdnqfdrncd 81qdubdg{ nl {hd }nufkr qnqtfj{ingr{iffudfy ng {ujki{ingjf qfjg{ jgk jgicjf#kdui|dk cdkibigdr jr {hdiu quicjuy rntubd nl hdjf{h bjud'

Rncd qdnqfd hj|d {hdnuirdk {hj{ {hd fnrrnl {unqibjf lnudr{r ig Jluibj& jfngm }i{hn{hdu hjei{j{ kirutq{ingr& ir j bng{uiet{igmljb{nu ig {hd dcdumdgbd nl rduintr |iutrdrjgk n{hdu bng{jmintr kirdjrd jmdg{r igudbdg{ ydjur'

Jkjq{dk lunc Einki|duri{y& Rbidgbd& jgk {hd Htcjg Qunrqdb{ ey {hd Bdg{du lnu Einki|duri{y jgk Bngrdu|j{ing j{ {hd

Jcduibjg Ctrdtc nl Gj{tujf Hir{nuy& :99='


30/89

5 Kn qdnqfd jb{tjffy gddk }ifk qfjg{r jgk jgi#

cjfr lnu di{hdu cdkibigjf nu dbngncib udjrngr> Bjg qdnqfd cj`d {hd cdkibigdr {hdy gddk ig

j fjenuj{nuy> Il j qfjg{ nu jgicjf rqdbidr ir gn{ gn}g {n

hj|d jgy cdkibjf nu dbngncib edgdli{ {nqdnqfd& ir i{ {hdg n`jy {n fd{ {hd rqdbidr kid nt{>

5' Kndr einki|duri{y hdfq cjig{jig icqnu{jg{dbnfnmibjf qunbdrrdr {hj{ hdfq rtqqnu{ fildng Dju{h> ]hj{ rnu{r nl dbnfnmibjf qunbdrrdr kndr einki#

|duri{y hdfq cjig{jig> Qdnqfd hj|d kd|dfnqdk jg jcj igm juujy nl

{dbhgnfnmidr {n kdjf }i{h qju{ibtfju qunefdcrd|duy{higm lunc }j{du {udj{cdg{ qfjg{r {hj{qtuily rd}jmd }j{du {n rbuteedur {hj{ bjg {j`dqnfft{jg{r nt{ nl {hd jiu lunc ljb{nuy rcn`d#

r{jb`r' Irg{ i{ ljiu {n jrrtcd {hj{ qdnqfd }iff edjefd {n kd|dfnq {dbhgnfnmidr {hj{ bjg qdulnucdrrdg{ijf dbnfnmibjf qunbdrrdr ig qfjbd nl einki|duri{y> Jud {hdud jgy kn}g rikdr {n {dbhgnfnmibjf

rnft{ingr>

2' ]ntfk yntu fild ed jlldb{dk ig jgy }jy il }dfnr{ rqdbidr rtbh jr jg{r> Ir {hdud jgy{higm jent{ {hdrd rqdbidr {hj{

cj`dr {hdc rqdbijf> Hn} }ntfk ynt lddf il qnirngntr rgj`dr&

ei{igm igrdb{r& jgk n{hdu hjucltf rqdbidredbjcd dx{igb{>

Jud {hdud rqdbidr {hj{ ynt {hig` jud cnudicqnu{jg{ {n qun{db{ {hjg n{hdur> ]hibhngdr> ]hy>

;' Kn jff rqdbidr hj|d j uimh{ {n dxir{> Kn qdnqfd hj|d {hd uimh{ {n trd jgy nl {hd

}nufkr udrntubdr hn}d|du {hdy }jg{> ]hy nu }hy gn{>

Kndr {hd uimh{ {n dxir{ jqqfy {n tmfy rqdbidr{hj{ jud nl gn trd {n qdnqfd>

Rncd rqdbidr hj|d eddg juntgk lnu ciffingrnl ydjurjgk hj|d rtu|i|dk igbudkiefdqduinkr nl kdr{utb{ing jgk bhjgmd ng {hdqfjgd{' Rhntfk {hj{ iglftdgbd }hd{hdu }dkdbikd {n qun{db{ j rqdbidr>

4' Rncd qdnqfd jumtd {hj{ gn mdgduj{ing hjr {hd uimh{ {n kdr{uny {hd dg|iungcdg{ jgkudrntubdr {hj{ lt{tud mdgduj{ingr }iffkdqdgk ng' Kn ynt jmudd nu kirjmudd }i{h {hir ikdj> ]hy rhntfk qdnqfd {nkjy kn }i{hnt{

{higmr {hdy }jg{ }hdg }d kng{ d|dg `gn} }hj{ lt{tud mdgduj{ingr }iff gddk nu }jg{>

Kn ynt lddf {hj{ qjr{ mdgduj{ingr hj|d fdl{ynt }i{h {hd dg|iungcdg{ jgk udrntubdrynt gddk {n fi|d>

Cjgy rqdbidr hj|d jfudjky edbncd dx{igb{'Hjr yntu fild eddg jlldb{dk ig jgy }jy ey {hd jerdgbd nl {hdrd rqdbidr> ]iff lt{tudmdgduj{ingr udjffy bjud jent{ rqdbidr {hj{kirjqqdjudk edlnud {hdy }dud enug>


35/89

2:

{hd r{j{dcdg{r jgk {hdg mn jgk r{jgk gdju i{'Dxqfjig {hj{ {hd r{j{dcdg{ {hd r{tkdg{r bhnnrdrhntfk ed ngd {hj{ {hdy lddf r{ungmfy jent{di{hdu edbjtrd {hdy {hig` i{ ir jg icqnu{jg{udjrng {n qun{db{ einki|duri{y nu edbjtrd {hdy kirjmudd }i{h i{' Il {hdy kng{ rdd j rimg {hj{udlfdb{r {hdiu |id}qnig{& {hdy bjg r{jgk j{ {hd rimgcju`dk N{hdu' Dxqfjig {hj{ {hdud ir gn bnuudb{

jgr}du jgk {hj{ i{r n`jy {n r{jgk di{hdu jfngd nu }i{h j muntq'

4' Kirbtrr {hd bhnibdr {hj{ r{tkdg{r cjkd' Jl{du d|duyngd hjr cjkd j rdfdb{ing& hj|d {hdr{tkdg{r j{ djbh r{j{dcdg{ kirbtrr jcngm {hdc#rdf|dr }hy {hdy bhnrd {hj{ qju{ibtfju r{j{dcdg{'

Jl{du jent{ li|d cigt{dr nl kirbtrring& jr` ngdqdurng lunc djbh muntq {n rtccjuird {hd kirbtr#ring' Ynt cimh{ }jg{ {n udbnuk djbh muntqr

qnig{r ng j bhjfènjuk& drqdbijffy jgy ikdjr {hj{bjcd lunc {hd muntq }hn r{nnk tgkdu N{hdu'

=' Ir {hd ki|duri{y nl fild icqnu{jg{ lnuudbudj{ingjf jb{i|i{idr> ]hj{ ìgkr nl udbudj{ingjf jb{i|i{idr udfy ng

}ifk qfjbdr nu rqdbidr> Ir i{ uimh{ {n rj|d jg judj rn qdnqfd bjg hi`d

jgk lirh il i{ cdjgr {hj{ n{hdu qdnqfd fnrd{hdiu oner> ]hj{ {yqdr nl oner bntfk ed{hudj{dgdk ey jqun{db{dk judj >

Kndr {hd ljb{ {hj{ rncdngd hjr kngd jqju{ibtfju one jff hir nu hdu fildjgk qduhjqr ngdnu cnud nl hir nu hdu qjudg{r nu mujgkqjudg{r jfrnkik {hd rjcd onemi|d {hd qdurng j uimh{ {n `ddqknigm {hj{ one d|dg il i{ cdjgr }iqigm nt{ jrqdbidr nu hjucigm {hd dg|iungcdg{> ]hj{ ìgknl oner bntfk {hir udfj{d {n> Rhntfk qdnqfd ed jffn}dk {n {j`d qju{ ig

jgy udbudj{ingjf jb{i|i{y d|dg il i{ hjucr {hddg|iungcdg{> Hn} kn }d ejfjgbd {hd uimh{rnl igki|iktjfr jgk {hd uimh{r nl rnbid{y jr j }hnfd>


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kn gn{ gddk {n jr` {hd bfjrr jff {hd mtikigmztdr{ingr& jgk {hd r{tkdg{r kn gn{ gddk {n

kirbtrr djbh nl {hd gtcedudk ztdr{ingr ig {tug'

Ktuigm {hd bnturd nl {hd kirbtrring& cj`d rtud{hj{ {hd r{tkdg{r bnglung{ {hd irrtdr himhfimh{dkey djbh gtcedudk ztdr{ing jgk {hj{ {hdy dxqfjig

}hy {hdy lddf {hd }jy {hdy kn' Hj|d {hdc mi|ddxjcqfdr }hdgd|du {hdy bjg& jgk ed rtud {n bhjf#fdgmd {hdiu ikdjrdrqdbijffy }hdg {hd r{tkdg{rudjbh jgr}dur ztib`fy nu jff nl {hdc rddc {n edjmuddigm }i{h djbh n{hdu' Jffn} dgntmh {icd lnu{hd r{tkdg{r {n ltffy kirbtrr {hdiu qnig{r nl |id}'

Jfrn mi|d {hdc jg nqqnu{tgi{y {n udrdjubh irrtdr{hj{ bncd tq'

LIGIRHIGM TQ

Fd{ {hd r{tkdg{r bhnnrd ed{}ddg {hd lnffn}igm{}n }ui{igm jb{i|i{idr?

:' Hj|d {hd r{tkdg{r }ui{d j qdurngjf r{j{dcdg{jent{ {hd icqnu{jgbd nl qun{db{igm einki|du#ri{y' Dxqfjig {hj{ {hdud ir gn uimh{ nu }ungmjgr}du {n {hir jrrimgcdg{jgk {hj{ {hdy kng{ d|dg hj|d {n {hig` qun{db{igm einki|du#ri{y ir icqnu{jg{ j{ jff' Hn}d|du& {hdy rhntfk

bjudltffy bngrikdu d|duy{higm {hdy|d fdjugdkjent{ einki|duri{y jr }dff jr jff nl {hd qnig{r

cjkd ktuigm {hdiu kirbtrring {n cj`d j }dff#udjrngdk jgk }dff#rtqqnu{dk r{j{dcdg{'Dgbntujmd {hd r{tkdg{r {n bngrikdu cdkibjf&dbngncib& jgk dbnfnmibjf icqfibj{ingr nl einki|duri{y qun{db{ing& jr }dff jr udbudj{ingjfjb{i|i{idr& ju{ir{ib igrqiuj{ing& jgk jgy nefimj#{ingr nl qudrdg{ mdgduj{ingr {n lt{tud ngdr'[dff {hdc {n trd dxjcqfdr {n ifftr{uj{d {hdiuqnig{r'

5' Hj|d {hd r{tkdg{r }ui{d j kijfnmtd ed{}ddg{}n qdnqfd }hn hj|d killdudg{ |id}qnig{r ngqun{db{igm einki|duri{y'

D|duy Rdq{dcedu ig Qjqtj Gd} Mtigdj& r{tkdg{r jgk bncctgi{y cdcedur bdfdeuj{d

Ig{dugj{ingjf Bnjr{jf Bfdjgtq kjy ey qib`igm tq {ujrh jfngm {hd edjbhdr nl Cifgd Ejy'Cifgd Ejy hjr rncd nl {hd }nufkr uibhdr{ bnujf uddlr& et{ {ujrh jgk qnfft{ing }jrhigmng{n edjbhdr& uddlr& jgk }j{du}jyr jud hjucigm einki|duri{y' Ey bfdjgigm tq {hdiu edjbhdr& `ikr rhn} quikd ig {hdiu dg|iungcdg{ jgk bncctgi{y jr {hdy }nu` {n icqun|d hjei{j{ lnu cjuigd fild'


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EJB@MUNTGK

]hd{hdu ynt udjfird i{ nu gn{& dbnryr{dcr jgk {hdrqdbidr }i{hig {hdc qdulnuc cjgy oner {hj{ hdfqcj`d htcjg fild qnrriefd jgk cnud fi|djefd'Ctbh nl }hj{ dbnryr{dcr kn ir killibtf{ {n }j{bhnu rdd& rn i{r djry {n {j`d {hdrd rdbud{ rdu|ibdr lnumujg{dk' Otr{ udcdcedu& }hifd yntud dj{igm&rfddqigm& }nu`igm& r{tkyigm& nu qfjyigm& lnudr{rjud hdfqigm {n bfdjg {hd jiu& nbdjgr jud udmtfj{igm

{hd bficj{d& jgk }d{fjgkr jud hdfqigm {n qtuily }j{du& cigicird r{nuc kjcjmd& jgk qdulnuclfnnk bng{unf' Ig {hir jb{i|i{y& yntu r{tkdg{r bjgfdjug jent{ rncd nl {hd rdbud{ rdu|ibdr {hj{dbnryr{dcr jgk {hd rqdbidr }i{hig {hdc qun|ikdey budj{igm bhjujkd#fi`d qdulnucjgbdr lnu{hdiu qddur'

J B[I\I[Y 4?EINKI\DURI[Y QDULNUCR

NEODB[I\DR?]nu` ig {djcr {n jb{nt{ killdudg{dbnryr{dc rdu|ibdr'Kdrbuied rd|dujf ludd rdu|ibdr {hj{einki|duri{y qun|ikdr {n htcjgr jgkdxqfjig hn} {hdrd rdu|ibdr cj`d fildng Dju{h qnrriefd'

RTEODB[R?Rbidgbd& Ju{ (Kujcj)&Fjgmtjmd Ju{r

R@IFFR?mj{hduigm (udjkigmbncqudhdgring)& jgjfyrigm(ikdg{ilyigm qj{{dugr)& jqqfyigm(budj{igm)& qudrdg{igm (jb{igm)

JMDR?::+

[ICD?ngd rdrring

CJ[DUIJFR? qjqdu jgk qdg {n cj`d

Einki|duri{y Qdulnucr* bjukr

Jb{i|i{y jkjq{dk }i{h qducirring lunc Einki|duri{y Ejribr & qtefirhdk ey ]nufk ]ifkfild Ltgk jr qju{ nl ]igkn}r ng {hd ]ifk &jg ig{dugj{ingjfeinki|duri{y dktbj{ing qunmujc' :999'


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MD[[IGM UDJKY

Bnqy kn}g nu bnqy jgk bt{ nt{ {hd lnffn}igm r{j{dcdg{r jr bjukr'

Igrdb{r& eiukr& jgk ej{r hdfq qnffigj{d'Ig {hdiu kjify rdjubh lnu lnnk& eddr jgk n{hduigrdb{r& jr }dff jr rncd eiukr jgk ej{r& dgk tqcn|igm qnffdg lunc qfjg{ {n qfjg{' ]hifd r{nq#qigm j{ j lfn}du lnu j riq nl r}dd{ gdb{ju& {hd jgi#cjfr md{ ktr{dk }i{h qnffdg' ]hdg {hdy lfy {njgn{hdu lfn}du& rncd nl {hj{ qnffdg eutrhdr nll jgk {hd qnffigj{dk lfn}dur jud {hdg jefd {n cj`d

rddkr' Qnffigj{ing gn{ ngfy hdfqr }ifk qfjg{r et{jfrn ir icqnu{jg{ lnu bunq qfjg{r' Cnr{ `igkr nl bunqr kdqdgk ng {hdrd gj{tujf qnffigj{nur'

Rncd rqdbidr hdfq bng{unf qn{dg{ijfqdr{r'Qudkj{nur nl{dg hdfq `ddq qnqtfj{ingr nl qn{dg#{ijf qdr{r ig bhdb`' Lnu dxjcqfd& eiukr& ej{r& }jrqr& jgk kujmnglfidr jud udrqngriefd lnu dj{igmciffingr nl igrdb{r {hj{ cimh{ n{hdu}ird mneefdtq bunqr& mi|d tr i{bhy ei{dr& nu rqudjk kirdjrdr'

Rncd numjgircr kdbncqnrd numjgibcj{{du'Rncd fi|igm {higmr& bjffdkkdbncqnrdur & md{ {hdlnnk {hdy gddk ey lddkigm ng kdjk {higmr'Kdbncqnrdur gn{ ngfy ddq kdjk numjgircr luncqifigm tq& {hdy jfrn cj`d {hd gt{uidg{r ig {hd kdjknumjgircr j|jifjefd {n fi|igm qfjg{r jgk jgicjfr' Jgy gt{uidg{r {hdy trd {n etifk {hdiu n}g enkidredbncd j|jifjefd {n n{hdu jgicjfr {hj{ dj{ {hdc' Jfrn& {hd gt{uidg{r {hj{ qjrr {huntmh {hd kdbnc#qnrdur jr }jr{d dgk tq ig {hd rnif ig ricqfdu lnucr{hj{ qfjg{r bjg jernue }i{h {hdiu unn{r' Icjmigd }hj{ fild }ntfk ed fi d }i{hnt{ kdbncqnrdur*

]d{fjgkr hdfq bfdjg }j{duIl ynt qntudk kiu{y }j{du {huntmh j lif{du& ynt }ntfk dxqdb{ bfdjgdu }j{du {n bncd nt{' J ricifju {higm hjqqdgr ig gj{tud }hdg }j{duqjrrdr {huntmh j }d{fjgk ' Ey rfn}igm {hd lfn} nl kiu{y }j{du jr i{ mndr ey& {hd |dmd{j{ingmun}igm ig j }d{fjgk {ujqr rncd nl {hd qnfft#{jg{r jgk rdkicdg{r' R{iff& qfjg{r judg{ {hd ngfy

fi|igm {higmr {hj{ bfdjg }j{du' Jztj{ib jgicjfr&rtbh jr nyr{dur& }hibh qtcq }j{du {huntmh{hdiu enkidr {n lif{du nt{ lnnk lnu {hdcrdf|dr&jfrn dgk tq bfdjgigm {hd }j{du {hdy fi|d ig' ]d{fjgkr jud judjr {hj{ hj|d }j{dufnmmdk rnifrnu jud bn|dudk }i{h rhjffn} }j{du di{hdu jff {hd{icd nu nll jgk ng' Ludrh}j{du jgk rjf{ cjurhdrjgk r}jcqr& jr }dff jr enmr& jud jff }d{fjgkr'[hjg`r {n }d{fjgkr& ntu one nl lif{duigm }j{duir rn ctbh djridu jgk igdxqdgri|d' Icjmigd

hn} cjgy }j{du lif{dur i{ }ntfk {j`d {n lif{dujff {hd }j{du {hj{ }d trd d|duy kjy*

Qfjg{r hdfq bng{unf dunring jgk lfnnkigm'Hj|d ynt d|du rddg ujig}j{du utrhigm kn}g jhiffrikd {hj{ hjr fi{{fd qfjg{ bn|du> ]i{h fi{{fd|dmd{j{ing (qfjg{ bn|du) {n rfn} i{ kn}g jgkjernue i{& }j{du r}ddqr j}jy rnif j{ j ujqikuj{d' Qfjg{r rfn} kn}g }j{du& jffn}igm {hd rnif{n rnj` i{ tq' Rn qfjg{r hdfq qud|dg{ en{hdunring jgk lfnnkigm'


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24

]HJ[ [N KN

:' Ig{unktbd dbnryr{dc rdu|ibdr' Jr` r{tkdg{r {n mi|d dxjcqfdr nl dbnryr{dcr(rtbh jr kdrdu{r&{dcqduj{d lnudr{r& }d{fjgkr &bnujf uddlr& jgk rn ng)' Il yntu r{tkdg{r judg{ljcifiju }i{h {hd }nuk dbnryr{dc& ynt bjg fdjkj kirbtrring {hj{ hdfqr {hdc tgkdur{jgk {hj{ jgdbnryr{dc ir j bncctgi{y nl qfjg{r& jgicjfr& jgkn{hdunumjgircr {hj{ ig{dujb{ }i{h djbh n{hdujgk {hd qhyribjf dg|iungcdg{' [hd rnif edgdj{h jljffdg fnm& j rjf{ cjurh ig jg dr{tjuy& jgk j

Euj ifijg ujig lnudr{ jud jff dxjcqfdr nl killdudg{#ri dk dbnryr{dcr'

Dxqfjig {hj{ dbnryr{dcr jr j }hnfd jgk {hdigki|iktjf rqdbidr {hj{ fi|d }i{hig {hdc qdulnuccjgy ltgb{ingr' [huntmh {hdiu kjy#{n#kjy jb{i|i{idr jicdk j{ {hdiu n}g rtu|i|jf& igki|iktjfnumjgircr dgk tq qdulnucigm oner {hj{ hdfqcj`d fild djridu lnu tr' [hd bnceigdk dllnu{r nl cjgy rqdbidr ig jg dbnryr{dc jfrn hdfq cj`d ntufi|dr cnud fi|djefd' [n hdfq ifftr{uj{d {hir ikdj& jr` yntu r{tkdg{r {n dxqfjig hn} qfjg{r hdfq {hddg|iungcdg{ (qunktbd nxymdg& jernue bjuengkinxikd& udktbd dunring& jgk rn ng)' [hd r{tkdg{rjgr}dur }iff edmig {n tgkdurbnud {hd icqnu{jg{rdu|ibdr {hj{ dbnryr{dcr jgk {hd rqdbidr }i{hig{hdc qun|ikd' Ed rtud {n dcqhjrird {hj{ rqdbidrkng{ qdulnuc bdu{jig jb{i|i{idr ng qtuqnrd {ncj`d {hd qfjgd{ j ed{{du qfjbd {n fi|d lnu htcjgr'Uj{hdu& {hd jb{ingr {hj{ numjgircr {j`d ig nukdu{n rtu|i|d bjg hj|d edgdlibijf rikd dlldb{r lnun{hdu fi|igm {higmr'

5' Rd{ {hd r{jmd'Ki|ikd {hd bfjrr ig{n rd|dg muntqr& }i{h jent{lntu r{tkdg{r qdu muntq& jgk mi|d djbh muntq jbjuk {hj{ kdrbuiedr ngd nl {hd ludd rdu|ibdr {hj{

Qfjg{r bng|du{ {hd rtgr dgdumy ig{n

dgdumy }d bjg trd' Jf{hntmh {hd liur{ }juc kjyr nl rquigm cjy cj`d ynt lddf dgdumd{ib& }d htcjgr (jgk n{hdujgicjfr) bjg{ md{ {hd dgdumy }d gddk kiudb{fy lunc {hd rtg' Igr{djk }d udfy kiudb{fy nu igki#udb{fy ng qfjg{r' Muddg qfjg{r bjq{tud {hd rtgrdgdumy jgk bng|du{ i{ {n r{jubh jgk rtmju{huntmh j qunbdrr bjffdk qhn{nryg{hdrir' [hdy r{nud rncd nl {hd dgdumy ig {hdiu fdj|dr jgkr{dcr' ]hdg jgicjfr dj{ qfjg{r& {hd jgicjfr md{

{hd dgdumy {hj{ {hd qfjg{r r{nudk jgk trd i{ nur{nud i{' ]hdg jgicjfr dj{ jgicjfr {hj{ j{dqfjg{r& {hdy {hdg md{ {hd dgdumy {hj{r qjrrdkjfngm' ]i{hnt{ muddg qfjg{r }dk jff mn htgmuy*

Qfjg{r jgk jgicjfr }nu` {nmd{hdu {nhdfq cjig{jig {hd ejfjgbd nl mjrdr ig

{hd jiu'Qfjg{r jgk jgicjfr bng{igtntrfy bybfd mjrdrjcngm {hdcrdf|dr& {hd rnif& jgk {hd jiu' Lnudxjcqfd& qfjg{r {j`d ig bjueng kinxikd lunc{hd jiu jgk {hdg udfdjrd nxymdg ig{n {hd jiuktuigm qhn{nryg{hdrir' Jgicjfr& igbftkigmhtcjgr& trd nxymdg ig udrqiuj{ing jgk udfdjrdbjueng kinxikd ig{n {hd jiu'


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2Cjgy rbidg{ir{r {hig` {hj{ }d jud gn} edmiggigm{n }i{gdrr j rqjrc& nu }j|d& nl dx{igb{ing{hdmudj{dr{ rigbd {hd kignrjtur jgk cjgy n{hdunumjgircr kidk nt{ rncd


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29

icqnu{jg{ killdudgbdr&hn}d|du& ed{}ddg

{hdrd dx{igb{ingr jgk{hd ngd cjgy rbidg{ir{r

rjy }dud ljbigm {nkjy'Ngd killdudgbd& jbbnukigm

{n bngrdu|j{ing einfn#mir{r& ir {hj{ {nkjyr

dx{igb{ing rqjrc irnbbtuuigm cnud

ujqikfy {hjg {hnrd nl {hd qjr{drqdbijffy lnu qfjg{

rqdbidr' Jgn{hdu killdu#dgbd rbidg{ir{r qnig{ {nir {hj{ {hd qn{dg{ijf lnu

rqdbidr jgk dbnryr{dcr {n udbn|du lunc {hir dqirnkdnl dx{igb{ing ir qunejefy lju fn}du {hjg }i{h qjr{dqirnkdr' [hj{r edbjtrd& ig {hd qjr{& bdu{jig rqdbidrhj|d drbjqdk dx{igb{ing ey rtu|i|igm ig qnb`d{r nl hjei{j{ {hj{ hjqqdgdk {n ed udfj{i|dfy tgjlldb{dkey gj{tujf bj{jr{unqhib d|dg{r' Rqdbidr {hj{ rtu#

|i|dk j mfnejf dx{igb{ing dqirnkd ig {hdrd udltmdr }dud jefd {n mujktjffy udbnfngird rtuuntgkigm judjr }hdg bngki{ingr edbjcd cnud lj|ntujefd' Et{{nkjy& cjgy qn{dg{ijf udltmdr jud edigm kdr{unydknu kdmujkdk ey htcjg jb{i|i{y' Cjgy rbidg{ir{r

}nuuy {hj{ d|dg il bngki{ingr kn d|dg{tjffy icqun|d& }d hj|d jfudjky fnr{ {nn ctbh hjei{j{jgk mdgd{ib ki|duri{y {n jffn} dbnryr{dcr {nudbn|du' Gd|du edlnud ng ntu qfjgd{ hjr ngd rqdbidreddg udrqngriefd lnu rtbh j cjrri|d kdbfigd nl mfnejf einki|duri{y'

Fnrigm Muntgk[hd fnrr nl hjei{j{r{hd qfjbdr }hdud numjgircrfi|d jgk md{ {hd gt{uidg{r& }j{du& fi|igm rqjbd& jgkn{hdu drrdg{ijfr {hdy gddk {n rtu|i|dir {hdquicjuy udjrng einki|duri{y ir ig kdbfigd' ]hdg

qdnqfd bt{ kn}g j lnudr{& liff ig j }d{fjgk & {uj}fj rdjedk& nu qfntmh j mujrrfjgk& {hdy bhjgmd {hd

gj{tujf hjei{j{ nl {hd rqdbidr {hj{ fi|d {hdud' Gn{ngfy bjg rtbh bhjgmdr ìff nu lnubd nt{ cjgy jgi#cjfr&cibunnumjgircr & jgk qfjg{r& et{ {hdy jfrnbjg kirutq{ bncqfdx ig{dujb{ingr jcngm rqdbidr'

Nl{dg& hjei{j{r judg{ rn ctbh kdr{unydk nt{uimhjr {hdy jud bhirdffdk j}jy fi{{fd ey fi{{fd' ]hdggn{ bjudltffy qfjggdk& jmuibtf{tujf lidfkr& unjkr&hntrdr& cigigm nqduj{ingr& jgk n{hducnkilibj{ingr lujmcdg{ gj{tujf judjr& lnucigm jqj{bh}nu` nl hjei{j{ irfjgkr ig j rdj nl kd|dfnqcdg{' Lnu rncd rqdbidr& {hir rdj ir jejuuidu {hj{ irnfj{dr {hdc lunc rntubdr nl lnnk nu

}j{du' I{ bjg jfrn irnfj{d rqdbidr lunc n{hdur nl {hdiu ìgk& udrtf{igm ig igeuddkigm jgk j fnrr nl mdgd{ib ki|duri{y'

Hjei{j{ lujmcdg{j{ing bjg bjtrdn{hdu qunefdcr {nn' Lnu dxjcqfd&

}hdg j unjk ir etif{ {huntmh j lnu#dr{& judjr {hj{ }dud ngbd ig {hdlnudr{r ig{duinu edbncd dxqnrdk{n cnud fimh{& }igk& jgk {dcqduj{tud lftb{t#j{ingr' Jgicjfr {hj{ jud jkjq{dk {n bngki{ingrigrikd lnudr{r nl{dg bjg{ {nfduj{d {hdrd bhjgmdrjgk jud lnubdk {n cn|d dfrd}hdud& il {hdy bjg'Qfjg{r& }hibh bjg{ otr{ qib` tq jgk cn|d& cjy kid nt{'

Ig {hd fngm utg& hjei{j{ kdr{utb{ing bjg kirutq{htcjg bncctgi{idr jr }dff jr {hnrd nl qfjg{r jgkjgicjfr' Lnu dxjcqfd& j ld} qdnqfd ig j bncct#gi{y }iff cj`d cngdy ey bt{{igm {uddr lnu {icedu'Hn}d|du& ngbd {hnrd {uddr jud mngd& {hd bncct#gi{y cimh{ ljbd cnud qunefdcr }i{h dunring jgklfnnkigm& cjìgm i{ cnud jgk cnud killibtf{ {nmun} lnnk lnu {hdiu ljcifidr nu {n rdff j{ cju`d{r'


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\jgirhigm Jfngm }i{h {hdiu Hjei{j{r ]hifd }d hj|d j qud{{y mnnk ikdj jent{ hn} cjgy cjccjfr& eiukr& jgk n{hdu |du{deuj{dr jud{hudj{dgdk nu hj|d jfudjky edbncd dx{igb{& }dhj|d gn ikdj hn} cjgy rqdbidr nl ig|du{deuj{drjgk cibunnumjgircr hj|d eddg nu jud edigm fnr{'

]hj{ }d kn `gn}& cjigfy {huntmh udbdg{ r{tkidrig {hd {unqibr& ir {hj{ |jr{ gtcedur nl tgikdg{ilidkrqdbidr nl ig|du{deuj{dr jgk cibunnumjgircr judjkjq{dk {n jgk {hdudlnud kdqdgkdg{ ng fnbjfirdkhjei{j{r' Rigbd {hdrd hjei{j{r jud edigm }iqdk nt{

ey fnmmigm& ljucigm& cigigm& jgk n{hdu htcjgjb{i|i{idr& cjgy rbidg{ir{r edfid|d {hj{ rbnudr nl rqdbidr& tg`gn}g {n rbidgbd& jud edigm dx{ig#mtirhdk ig {hd qunbdrr'

J Mun}igm BngbdugIg 5115& {hd gtcedu nl qdnqfd ng Dju{h irdr{icj{dk j{ n|du rix eiffingcnud {hjg {}ibd jrcjgy jr ig :9


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Bybfd nl Kdr{utb{ing[hd kdr{utb{ing nl {unqibjf ujig lnudr{r ir ngddxjcqfd nl hn} qn|du{y jgk n|duqnqtfj{ing bjgfdjk {n einki|duri{y kdbfigd' Lnu kdbjkdr& qnnuljucdur hj|d eddg bhiqqigm j}jy j{ {hdiu lnudr{rey bfdjuigm fjgk {n mun} bunqr' Hn}d|du& ujiglnudr{ rnif ir {yqibjffy rhjffn} jgk gt{uidg{ qnnu'I{ kndrg{ hnfk gt{uidg{r lnu fngm0 {hnrd {hj{ judgn{ ztib`fy jernuedk ey {unqibjf |dmd{j{ing judfdjbhdk nt{ nl {hd rnif jgk ig{n r{udjcr ey {hdhdj|y ujigljff' [htr& ljucdur {uyigm {n mun} bunqr

ig ujig lnudr{ rnif bjg trd {hd judj lnu ngfy j ld} ydjur edlnud {hd rnif ir kdqfd{dk' ]hdg {hirhjqqdgr& {hd ljucdur ctr{ cn|d ng jgk bfdjujgn{hdu qj{bh nl lnudr{'

[hd fjgk bjg jbbnccnkj{d {hir `igk nl ljucigmtq {n j qnig{? Hir{nuibjffy& gdjuey rqdbidr }dud jefd{n udbnfngird rcjff qj{bhdr nl rqdg{ ljucfjgk ngbd{hd ljucdur cn|dk ng' Hn}d|du& {hd gtcedur nl qnnu ljucdur hjr mudj{fy igbudjrdk& jgk rn hjr {hd

gtcedu nl jbudr nl kdmujkdk fjgk' [unqibjf lnudr{rhj|d gn{ eddg jefd {n udmdgduj{d ig cjgy judjr

edbjtrd {hd kir{tuejgbd hjr eddg {nn rd|dud jgk }ikdrqudjk' Jr j udrtf{& fjumd judjr {hj{ ngbdrtqqnu{dk ftrh ujig lnudr{r jud gn} igbjqjefd nl rtqqnu{igm ctbh cnud {hjg j ld} hjuky mujrrdr'

]ifkfild lnu Rjfd[ujkd ig }ifk jgicjfr jgk qfjg{r ir jfrn j cjonu{hudj{ {n einki|duri{y }nufk}ikd' Jggtjffy& rtbh{ujkd}hibh dgbncqjrrdr gn{ ngfy }ifk rqdbidr

{hdcrdf|dr& et{ jfrn qunktb{r cjkd lunc {hdcir }nu{h cnud {hjg +:1 eiffing' Jf{hntmh cnr{

}ifkfild jgk }ifkfild qunktb{r jud fdmjf icqnu{r&jent{ ngd#ztju{du nl {hir {ujkd ir iffdmjf' Kui|dgey bngrtcdu kdcjgk& qdnqfd tgfj}ltffy {j`d{hntrjgkr nl ujud jgk {hudj{dgdk qfjg{r jgkjgicjfr lunc {hdiu gj{i|d hjei{j{r djbh kjy'

]ifkfild {ujkd {hudj{dgr qnqtfj{ingr nl qfjg{rjgk jgicjfr juntgk {hd }nufk jgk ir drqdbijffy kd|jr{j{igm {n {hnrd rqdbidrrtbh jr {imdur&qjuun{r& jgk qjgkjr{hj{ jud jfudjky |tfgdujefdedbjtrd nl hjei{j{ fnrr& qnfft{ing& jgk n{hduqunefdcr jlldb{igm {hdiu dg|iungcdg{'

BN5? Jg Iggnbdg{ Mjr Mndr Ejk J{ liur{ mfjgbd& bjueng kinxikd (BN5) rddcrhjucfdrr dgntmh' Jl{du jff& i{r gng#{nxib {nqdnqfd jgk n{hdu fi|igm {higmr dxbdq{ igdx{udcdfy himh bngbdg{uj{ingr' Gngd{hdfdrr&BN5 bntfk {tug nt{ {n ed ngd nl {hd cnr{kjgmduntr qnfft{jg{r nl ntu {icd' [hj{r edbjtrdi{r ngd nl {hdmuddghntrd mjrdrmjrdr {hj{ jb{jr {hd mfjrr ig j muddghntrd {n `ddq hdj{ {ujqqdkgdju {hd Dju{hr rtuljbd'

z


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;2

Iungibjffy& {hirmuddghntrd dlldb{ir& ig cnkdu#j{d knrdr& drrdg{ijf {n fild' Bjueng kinxikd nbbtur

gj{tujffy ig ntu j{cnrqhdudjgk }i{hnt{ jbdu{jig jcntg{ nl {hir jgk n{hdu muddghntrdmjrdr& Dju{h }ntfk ed j luimik jgk qn{dg{ijffy fildfdrr unb`' Et{ qdnqfd hj|d bhjgmdk {hd fd|dfrnl j{cnrqhduib muddghntrd mjrdr& qju{ibtfjufy BN5' ]d dci{ {hdrd mjrdr ig{n {hd j{cnrqhdud

}hdgd|du }d etug nif& bnjf& jgk n{hdu lnrrif ltdfr&jr }dff jr }hdg }d etug lnudr{r {n cj`d }jy lnujmuibtf{tujf fjgk' Jff nl {hdrd jb{i|i{idr hj|digbudjrdk rigbd {hd edmiggigm nl {hd igktr{uijfduj& jgk rn hj|d j{cnrqhduib bngbdg{uj{ingrnl BN5'

Rbidg{ir{r kng{ yd{ `gn} dxjb{fy }hj{ dlldb{r {hdmun}igm fd|dfr nl j{cnrqhduib BN5 }iff hj|d' Et{cjgy bncqt{du cnkdfr gn} qudkib{ {hj{igbudjrdk bngbdg{uj{ingr nl BN5 jgk n{hdumuddghntrd mjrdr }iff bjtrd jg igbudjrd ig {hdn|dujff mfnejf {dcqduj{tud& j uird ig {hd rdj fd|df&

jgk j bhjgmd ig bficj{d qj{{dugr' Cnr{ kj{j rhn} {hj{ rtbh bhjgmdr jud jfudjky tgkdu }jy'

D|dg j rcjff igbudjrd ig {hd n|dujff mfnejf{dcqduj{tud bntfk jk|durdfy jlldb{ einki|duri{ydrqdbijffy rigbd {hd bhjgmd }iff qunejefy hjqqdg{nn ztib`fy lnu cjgy rqdbidr {n jkjq{ {n {hd gd} bngki{ingr nu cimuj{d {n cnud rti{jefd hjei{j{r'Lnu dxjcqfd& j uird ig rdj fd|df jgk bnjr{jflfnnkigm bntfk kdr{uny drrdg{ijf lddkigm muntgkr

lnu cimuj{nuy eiukr' [hd cdf{igm nl ibd jgkqducjlunr{ ig {hd jub{ib {tgkuj }ntfk bhjgmd {hdhjei{j{ nl qnfju edjur& }jfutrdr& jgk n{hdu jub{ibrqdbidr' Ig qju{r nl Jg{jub{ibj& uirigm {dcqduj{tudrjud jfudjky cdf{igm rdj ibd& {htr fici{igm {hd judjr

}hdud Jkdfid qdgmtigr bjg euddk'

[hd HIQQN Kifdccj[n tgkdur{jgk {hd unfd qdnqfd jud qfjyigmig einki|duri{y fnrr& i{ hdfqr {n {hig` nl rncd{higm bjffdk {hd HIQQN kifdccj'[hir {duc kndrg{ udldu {n hiqqnqn{j#ctrdr0 uj{hdu& i{r jg jbungyc lnu {hdcjig {hudj{r {n einki|duri{y' Qudrdg{igm{hd HIQQN kifdccj {n yntu r{tkdg{rcjy hdfq {hdc udcdcedu {hd cjig{hudj{r {n einki|duri{y'

H jei{j{ fnrr

Ig{unktbdk rqdbidr

Qnqtfj{ing mun}{h

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Mfnejf }jucigm ir fi`dfy {n cnr{ rd|dudfy jlldb{{hudj{dgdk rqdbidrjgk dbnryr{dcr& }hibh

jfudjky hj|d j {dgtntr hnfk ng dxir{dgbd'Hn}d|du& i{ bntfk edgdli{ bdu{jig n{hdu rqdbidrjgk dbnryr{dcr' Lnu dxjcqfd& rncd rqdbidr cimh{ed jefd {n {j`d jk|jg{jmd nl {hd }jucigm{dcqduj{tudr ey rqudjkigm ig{n judjr {hj{ }dudqud|intrfy {nn bnnf lnu {hdc' Nl bnturd& }hj{rmnnk lnu ngd rqdbidr irg{ gdbdrrjuify jk|jg{j#mdntr {n n{hdur& nu {n {hd dbnryr{dcr ig|nf|dk'Lnu dxjcqfd& {unqibjf cnrzti{ndr bntfk ed ngd nl {hd edgdlibijuidr nl mfnejf }jucigm' Jr {hdrdigrdb{r rqudjk ig{n gd} judjr& {hdyk cnr{ fi`dfy euigm }i{h {hdc {hd cjfjuij& ydffn} ld|du& jgkn{hdu {unqibjf kirdjrdr {hj{ {hdy unt{igdfy bjuuy'

Jf{hntmh cnr{ rbidg{ir{r r{tkyigm {hd irrtd jmudd{hj{ mfnejf }jucigm ir nbbtuuigm& qdnqfd judhj|igm j hjukdu {icd jmuddigm ng }hj{ {n knjent{ i{' [hd cjonui{y rjy }d

rhntfk bt{ BN 5 dcirringr gn}& jbunrr {hd mfned'N{hdur rjy }d rhntfk kn cnud udrdjubh edlnud

icqfdcdg{igm BN5#bt{{igm qnfibidr {hj{ bntfk odnqjukird {hd dbngncib hdjf{h nl rncd gj{ingrjgk euigm hjukrhiq nu j{ fdjr{ igbng|dgidgbd {nciffingr nl qdnqfd' Hn}d|du& cjgy edfid|d {hj{ il

}d bt{ BN 5 gn}& }d }ng{ gdbdrrjuify ljbd dbn#gncib hjukrhiqr' Ig ljb{& rncd rjy }d bntfk udjqcjgy dbngncib jgk hdjf{h edgdli{r' [hd kdej{dir fi`dfy {n bng{igtd lnu rncd {icd {n bncdet{ig {hd cdjg{icd& cnud jgk cnud rbidg{ir{r& dbng#ncir{r& igrtujgbd bncqjgidr& jgk n{hdur }jug{hj{ {hdud }iff ed rd|dud bngrdztdgbdr il }d fd{btuudg{ qujb{ibdr bng{igtd ctbh fngmdu'

Nif ig {hd Nbdjg& Mjrdr ig {hd Jiu ]hd{hdu {hdyud udgd}jefd nu gng#udgd}jefd& i{rjld {n rjy {hj{ {hd cnud udrntubdr ntu mun}igmqnqtfj{ing bngrtcdr& {hd cnud qnfft{ing }dud

fi`dfy {n budj{d' Qnfft{ingr dlldb{r ng einki#|duri{y bjg ed ne|intr& rtbh jr jg nif rqiff

{hj{ bjtrdr qnqtfj{ingr nl rdj fild {nqftccd{ ig {hd judj nl {hd rqiff' Et{qnfft{ing bjg jfrn bjtrd qunefdcr {hj{&{hntmh gn{ |iriefy kujcj{ib nu iccdki#j{dfy jqqjudg{& jud d|duy ei{ jr kdjkfy jr jg nif rqiff' Igrdb{ibikdr& lnu dxjc#

qfd& udktbd lnnk rtqqfidr lnu jgicjfrjgk bjg bjtrd udqunktb{i|d ljiftud ig lirh& eiukr&jgk cjccjfrjgk udrdjubh ir r{ju{igm {n rhn}

{hj{ {hdrd rter{jgbdr hj|d {hd qn{dg{ijf {n bjtrdqunefdcr ig qdnqfd' N{hdu kjgmduntr qnfft{jg{rigbftkd mjrdr udfdjrdk ig{n {hd j{cnrqhdud ey igktr{uy jgk ey d|duykjy jb{i|i{idr{hd cnr{kjcjmigm nl }hibh jud qunejefy kui|igm bjur jgktrigm dfdb{uibi{y'

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Jfidgr Jud Jcngm Tr* Jgn{hdu bng{uiet{nu {n ein#ki|duri{y kdbfigdjgk ngd{hj{ ir rncd{icdr jgigkiudb{ udrtf{ nl qnqtfj#{ing mun}{h jgk bngrtcq#{ingir ig{unktbdk rqdbidr'

]hdg qdnqfd ig{unktbd qfjg{r& jgi#cjfr& jgk n{hdu numjgircr ig{n gd} judjr& di{hdu ig{dg{ingjffy nu jbbikdg{jffy& {hdrdnumjgircr bjg {j`d j {nff nggj{i|d rqdbidr ' Jfrn

bjffdk jfidg nu dxn{ib rqdbidr& ig{unktbdk rqdbidrnl{dg hj|d gn gj{tujf qudkj{nur nu kirdjrdr ig{hdiu gd} hncdr' Gj{i|d rqdbidr nl{dg hj|d gnkdldgbdr jmjigr{ {hd ig{unktbdk rqdbidr nu {hdkirdjrdr {hdy bjuuy' Jr j udrtf{& ig{unktbdk rqdbidrcjy {hui|dnl{dg j{ {hd dxqdgrd nl gj{i|drqdbidr' ]hdg jfidg rqdbidr rqudjk jgk bncqd{d

}i{h gj{i|d rqdbidr& {hdy jud bjffdkig|jri|d '

Lnu dxjcqfd& {hd eun}g {udd rgj`d }jr euntmh{

ey jbbikdg{ {n {hd irfjgk nl Mtjc ig {hd Rnt{hQjbilib ig {hd djufy :941r' [hd rgj`dr& }hibh dj{eiukr jgk n{hdu gj{i|d rqdbidr& hj|d bjtrdk :5rqdbidr nl eiukr {n kirjqqdju lunc {hd irfjgk'Rigbd {hdy nl{dg trd qn}du figdr {n cn|d lunc{udd {n {udd& {hd rgj`dr hj|d jfrn bjtrdkcnud {hjg


50/89

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Yntff gddk jg nqdg qfjyigm judj jent{ 51 cd{durey :5 cd{dur (i{ cjy ed djridu {n kn {hir nt{#knnur)& }i{h qfdg{y nl dx{uj unnc lnu r{tkdg{r {n

}nu` ig muntqr nt{rikd {hd qfjyigm judj' Trd lntu|iriefd cju`dur (rtbh jr fjumd unb`r nu ju{ibfdr nl

J B[I\I[Y =? RQJBD LNU RQDBIDR

NEODB[I\DR?Kdrbuied ljb{nur {hj{jlldb{ {hd udfj{ingrhiq ed{}ddghjei{j{ lujmcdg{j{ing jgkeinki|duri{y fnrr' Kdrbuied r{uj{dmidrlnu kdrimgigmqun{db{dk judjr {hj{bntfk hdfq fdrrdg {hd dlldb{r nl lujmcdg{j{ing'

RTEODB[R?Rbidgbd& Cj{hdcj{ibr&Qhyribjf Dktbj{ing

R@IFFR?jgjfyrigm (bjfbtfj{igm&ikdg{ilyigm qj{{dugr)& ig{duqud{igm(iglduuigm)& jqqfyigm (qunqnrigmrnft{ingr)& bi{i dgrhiq (d|jftj{igm {hdgddk lnu bi{i dg jb{ing& qfjggigm jgk{j`igm jb{ing)

JMDR?9+

[ICD?{}n rdrringr

CJ[DUIJFR? lntu qidbdr nl unqd&fdj|dr jgk rcjff r{ngdr& j {icdu nu}j{bh

Jb{i|i{y jkjq{dk }i{h qducirring lunc Einki|duri{y Ejribr & qtefirhdk ey ]nufk ]ifkfild Ltgk jr qju{ nl ]igkn}r ng {hd ]ifk & jg ig{dugj{ingjfeinki|duri{y dktbj{ing qunmujc' :999'


55/894:

bfn{higm) {n cju` {hd entgkjuidr' Trd {}n 8#cd{ud unqdr {n cj`d {}n rcjff irfjgkr }i{h

kijcd{dur nl jent{ 5'4 cd{udr' Trd {}n :5#cd{udunqdr {n cj`d {}n fjumd irfjgkr }i{h kijcd{dur nl jent{ ; cd{udr' Juujgmd {hd irfjgkr ig {hd qfjyigmjudj jr {hdy jud juujgmdk ig {hd kijmujc qm ;9'

Gdx{& kuj} {hd Qun{db{dk Judj Kdrimg Bhnibdqjmd 4; ng {hd bhjfènjuk' Cj`d rtud ynt kn

gn{ igbftkd {hd jgr}dur ng {hd bhjf`#enjuk tg{if ynt mn n|du {hd kdrimgbhnibdr }i{h {hd bfjrr'

Hjei{j{ lujmcdg{j{ing ir ngd nl {hd cnr{ rduintr

{hudj{r {n einki|duri{y' Rcjff& lujmcdg{dk hjei{j{r&bjffdk hjei{j{ irfjgkr& trtjffy bjg{ hnfk jr cjgy rqdbidr jr fjumdu& cnud bng{igtntr ngdr'

Ftb` nl {hd kuj}? ]hdg j qidbd nl hjei{j{ irkdr{unydk& rncd rqdbidr bntfk ed }iqdk nt{ ey bhjgbd jfngd' Il j rqdbidr trdr ngfy j rcjff qju{nl j fjumdu judj& jgk {hj{ qju{ hjqqdgr {n edkdr{unydk& {hj{ rqdbidr jgk i{r hjei{j{ jud fnr{'Rqdbidr {hj{ jud |duy ujud nu {hj{ jud lntgk ngfy igrcjff qnqtfj{ingr jud drqdbijffy j{ uir` }hdg {hdiu

hjei{j{r jud eun`dg tq ig{n rcjffdu jgk rcjffdubhtg`r

Fdrr judj& fdrr rqdbidr? [n qdurir{& rqdbidr gddk{n fi|d ig qnqtfj{ingr nl j bdu{jig ri d' Il hjei{j{judjr jud udktbdk {n rcjff lujmcdg{r& {hdud cjy gn{ ed dgntmh unnc lnu j fjumd dgntmh qnqtfj#{ing nl {hd rqdbidr& cjìgm i{ cnud qungd {ndx{igb{ing' Rqjbd ir j qju{ibtfju qunefdc lnu fjumdjgicjfr {hj{ gddk fjumd judjr ig }hibh {n ligklnnk'

Unjk efnb`r? Rncd rqdbidr bjg fi|d ig hjei{j{lujmcdg{r il {hdy bjg cn|d lunc ngd judj {njgn{hdu {n md{ d|duy{higm {hdy gddk& rtbh jr lnnk&rhdf{du& jgk cj{dr' Tglnu{tgj{dfy& cjgy lujm#cdg{r jud rtuuntgkdk ey ejuuidur {hj{ qud|dg{rqdbidr lunc cn|igm ed{}ddg killdudg{ judjr'

Unjkr jud j bnccng ejuuidu {hj{ cjgy rqdbidr

bjg{ bunrr& et{ etifkigmr& lidfkr& jgk ldgbdr bjgjfrn `ddq rqdbidr lunc md{{igm }hdud {hdy gddk {nmn' ]hdg j rqdbidr ir irnfj{dk lunc n{hdur nl i{rìgk& igki|iktjfr cjy euddk }i{h udfj{i|dr&bjtrigm j fnrr nl mdgd{ib ki|duri{y'

Ng {hd dkmd? ]hdg }d kd|dfnq j hjei{j{ jgkeudj` i{ ig{n rcjff judjr& }d budj{d cnud entgk#juidr ed{}ddg {hd hjei{j{ jgk {hd nt{rikd }nufk'Bngki{ingr j{ {hdrd entgkjuidr& bjffdk dkmdr& jud|duy killdudg{ lunc {hd bngki{ingr ig {hd hjei{j{r

ig{duinu' [hdud cjy ed cnud rtgfimh{ jgk }igk j{{hd dkmd& jgk edbjtrd {hdudr gn bjgnqy n|duhdjk{n `ddq {hd cnir{tud ig& {hd dkmd ir nl{dg ctbheuimh{du jgk kuidu {hjg {hd ig{duinu' [hdrd killdu#dg{ bngki{ingr bjg bhjgmd {hd qfjg{ jgk jgicjfrqdbidr fi|igm ig {hd judj' [hdud bjg ed killdudg{qudkj{nur jgk qudy& cjìgm i{ hjukdu lnu jgicjfr{n ligk lnnk jgk {n j|nik edigm lnnk {hdcrdf|dr'Ig rcjff lujmcdg{r& dkmd bngki{ingr bjg {j`d tqcnr{ nl {hd hjei{j{' Rbidg{ir{r bjff {hir qunefdc

{hd dkmd dlldb{& jgk rqdbidr {hj{ bjg{ jkjq{ {n{hd dkmd nl{dg edbncd {hudj{dgdk'

Lujmcdg{j{ing kndrg{ jlldb{ jff rqdbidr ig {hdrjcd }jy' Rncd rqdbidr jud cnud rdgri{i|d {hjgn{hdur' Rncd bjg d|dg edgdli{ lunc lujmcdg{j{ingjgk {hd dkmd dlldb{& edbjtrd {hdy {hui|d ig {hdìgkr nl hjei{j{r lntgk ng {hd dkmd'

]hj{r {hd Qunefdc }i{h Qj{bhdr>


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[dff {hd {jmmdur {n rqudjk nt{ ig {hd qfjyigm lidfkjgk cj`d rtud {hdy `ddq cn|igm jff {hd {icd {hj{

r{tkdg{r jud iccimuj{igm' Dxqfjig {hj{ ig gj{tud&{hudj{r {n rqdbidr jud rqudjk jff juntgk {hd fjgk#rbjqd& rn {hd {jmmdur rhntfk jfrn ed rqudjk nt{'

2' Qfjy Untgk :? Iccimuj{d* Ydff Iccimuj{d* {n fd{ r{tkdg{r `gn} }hdg {nedmig' @ddq {icd jgk {dff {hd r{tkdg{r {n r{nqjl{du ngd cigt{d' Jr` jgy r{tkdg{r }hn edbncddx{igb{ {n hdfq ynt cngi{nu {hd mjcd'

;' D|jftj{d {hd udrtf{r'Hj|d {hd r{tkdg{r bntg{ {hd gtcedu nl jgicjfrqdbidr ng djbh irfjgk' @ddq {ujb` nl {hd udrtf{rng j qidbd nl qjqdu' Hj|d {hd r{tkdg{r mj{hdujuntgk {n mn n|du {hd udrtf{r nl Untgk : jgk {n{jf` jent{ }hj{ {hdyff kn ig Untgk 5' Hj|igm{hdc gdjuey }iff hdfq {hdc lnbtr ng ynt jgk gn{ng {hd cjgy kir{ujb{ingr {hdud bjg ed nt{rikd'Limtud nt{ {hd qdubdg{ nl r{tkdg{r }hn rtu|i|dk(ki|ikd {hd gtcedu nl r{tkdg{r }hn cjkd i{ {njg irfjgk ey {hd {n{jf gtcedu nl r{tkdg{r }hnr{ju{dk ng {hd cjigfjgk& {hdg ctf{iqfy ey :11)jgk udbnuk {hd qdubdg{jmd ng {hd qjqdu'

]HJ[ [N KN

:' Ig{unktbd {hd jb{i|i{y'Dxqfjig {n {hd r{tkdg{r {hj{ {hdy }iff ed knigmjg nt{knnu jb{i|i{y {n r{tky rqdbidr {hj{ {uj|dfed{}ddg irfjgkr jgk {hd cjigfjgk'

5' Dxqfjig {hd utfdr'Ljcifijuird r{tkdg{r }i{h {hd qfjyigmjudj' Rhn} {hdc {hd irfjgkr jgk{hdiu ri dr jgk kir{jgbdr lunc {hdcjigfjgk' Rdfdb{ {hudd#ztju{dur nl

{hd bfjrr {n ed rqdbidr iccimuj{igm {n{hd irfjgkr jgk {hd udr{ nl {hd bfjrr {nudqudrdg{ {hudj{r {hj{ bjg bjtrd icci#muj{igm rqdbidr {n edbncd dx{igb{'

Dxqfjig {hj{ iccimuj{igm rqdbidr }iff hj|d ngdcigt{d {n utg lunc {hd cjigfjgk {n jg irfjgk&et{ }hdg {hdy jud ed{}ddg irfjgkr {hdy }iff hj|d{n j|nik edigm {jmmdk ey {hd r{tkdg{r ig {hdqfjyigm judj' Il {hdy hjqqdg {n ed {jmmdk {hdy

}iff edbncd dx{igb{ ng {hd irfjgkr jgk ed dfici#gj{dk lunc {hd mjcd' Jr ynt rdfdb{ r{tkdg{r {n ed{hd {jmmdur& ynt bjg hj|d {hdc {hig` nl (jgkd|dg jb{ nt{) rncd nl {hd bjtrdr nl dx{igb{ing(qudkj{nur& kirdjrdr& qnfft{ing& rd|dud }dj{hdu&jgk rn ng) {hdy cimh{ udqudrdg{ {n rqdbidr icci#muj{igm jbunrr {hd nbdjg'

Dxqfjig {hj{ ngbd ynt mi|d {hd rimgjf& rqdbidr ng{hd cjigfjgk rhntfk edmig utggigm {n {hdirfjgkr' [hd n{hdu r{tkdg{r rhntfk utg jl{du {hdcjgk {uy {n {jm {hdc' Rqdbidr bjg ed {jmmdk nt{ nl {hd mjcd ngfy }hdg {hdy jud nt{ ig {hd nqdgnbdjg' Il {hdy jud ng jg irfjgk nu {hd cjigfjgk&{hdy bjg{ ed {jmmdk' Jf{hntmh {hdy jud rjld ng{hd cjigfjgk& {dff r{tkdg{r {hj{ j{ {hd dgk nl {hdmjcd yntff ngfy bntg{ {hd rqdbidr {hj{ rtbbdrr#ltffy hj|d cjkd i{ {n jg irfjgk'


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[dff {hd r{tkdg{r {hj{ {hd fjumd irfjgk bfnrd {n {hdcjigfjgk rhntfk hj|d {hd cnr{ rqdbidr' Jr` {hdr{tkdg{r }hy {hir ir {utd' ([hnrd }hn {uidk {n utg{n {hd lju{hdr{ irfjgkr ljbdk cjgy cnud {hudj{rng {hdiu ontugdy {hjg {hnrd }hn {uj|dffdk ngfy {n j gdjuey irfjgk') Udmjukfdrr nl hn} cjgy r{tkdg{r cjkd i{ {n irfjgkr j{ killdudg{ kir{jgbdr&cnud r{tkdg{r rhntfk ed ng irfjgkr {hj{ jud fjumd{hjg ng irfjgkr {hj{ jud rcjff' Jr` r{tkdg{r }hy {hir ir {utd jgk }hy {hd rjcd ir {utd }i{h killdu#dg{ rqdbidr ig gj{tud' (Rcjff irfjgkr kng{ hj|d{hd rqjbd nu |juid{y nl killdudg{ hjei{j{ {yqdr {nrtqqnu{ cjgy killdudg{ rqdbidr& otr{ jr {hd rcjffirfjgkr ig {hd mjcd }dud gn{ eim dgntmh {n hnfkcjgy r{tkdg{r')

Jr` {hd r{tkdg{r }hn kikg{ rtu|i|d }hy {hdy {hig` {hdy }dud {jmmdk' ]dud {hd dx{igb{ing {jm#mdur ljr{du {hjg {hdy }dud> Kik {hdy hj|d {n mn {nrd|dujf irfjgkr& fdj|igm {hdcrdf|dr nqdg {n {jmmdurdjbh {icd> ]dud {hdy lnubdk nt{ nl j rcjff irfjgk{hj{ }jr {nn bun}kdk> Jr` {hdc il {hd rjcd

{higmr jfrn jlldb{ udjf rqdbidr' Rqdbidr jud rncd#{icdr lnubdk {n {uj|df ed{}ddg cjgy hjei{j{irfjgkr {n ligk jff {hd udrntubdr {hdy gddk jgk jud{hdudey nqdg {n {hudj{r }hdg {hdy fdj|d {hdiuhjei{j{& jgk cjgy rqdbidr bjg ed qtrhdk nt{ nl n|dubun}kdk hjei{j{ irfjgkr jgk lnubdk {n cn|d{n n{hdu hjei{j{r'

Jr` {hd r{tkdg{r }hy jgicjfr gddk {n cn|ded{}ddg hjei{j{ irfjgkr' Dxqfjig {hj{ cjgy

irfjgkr jud {nn rcjff lnu jff {hd rqdbidr fi|igm ig{hdc& jgk {hdy bjg edbncd bun}kdk'Bncqd{i{ing lnu lnnk& }j{du& jgk fi|igm rqjbdcjy lnubd jgicjfr {n cn|d {n ligk cnud lnnk nurhdf{du' Rncd jgicjfr gddk {n cimuj{d' N{hdurcjy ed fnn`igm lnu cj{dr'

4' Qfjy Untgk 5? Hjei{j{ irfjgk hnqqigm'Untgk 5 }iff kdcngr{uj{d }hj{ i{r fi`d lnurqdbidr {uyigm {n cn|d ed{}ddg hjei{j{ irfjgkr'[dff r{tkdg{r {hj{ {hd qfjyigm judj gn} udqudrdg{rhjei{j{ irfjgkr ig j rdj nl kd|dfnqcdg{ uj{hdu{hjg ig jg nbdjg' Hj|d {hd r{tkdg{r {hig` jent{hn} {hd dx{igb{ing ljb{nur cimh{ ed killdudg{ ighjei{j{ irfjgkr jr nqqnrdk {n nbdjgib irfjgkr'(Cjgy jgicjfr jfrn edbncd djry {jumd{r lnu qudk#j{nur }hdg {hdy fdj|d {hdiu hjei{j{' [hdud cjy gn{ ed dgntmh lnnk ig {hd rqjbded{}ddg hjei{j{ irfjgkr'

Jgicjfr jud nl{dg iffdk{uyigm {n bunrr unjkr')

[dff r{tkdg{r {hj{ {hdr{ngdr jgk fdj|drudqudrdg{ rncd nl {hd{higmr {hj{ rqdbidr gddk' [hdfdj|dr cjy ed lnnk jgk }j{du& jgk {hd r{ngdr cjy ed rqjbd& rhdf{du& jgk cj{dr' [dff {hd r{tkdg{r {hj{hdyff ed bncqd{igm lnu {hdrd udrntubdr ig {hd

hjei{j{ irfjgkr' Bntg{ nt{ dgntmh r{ngdr jgkfdj|dr rn {hj{ {hdud ir ngd nl djbh lnu d|duy r{t#kdg{ ig {hd hjei{j{ irfjgkr' Rbj{{du {hd r{ngdr jgkfdj|dr {huntmhnt{ {hd lntu irfjgkr rn {hj{ fjumduirfjgkr& }hibh bjg hnfk cnud udrntubdr& hj|dcnud r{ngdr jgk fdj|dr' R{j{d {hd lnffn}igm utfdr?


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exploring biodiversity: a guide for educators around the world

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