expert group meeting on strategies for creating urban ... · for creating urban youth employment:...

Expert Group Meeting on Strategies Expert Group Meeting on Strategies for Creating Urban Youth Employment: for Creating Urban Youth Employment:

Solutions for Urban Youth in AfricaSolutions for Urban Youth in Africa

Gora MboupGora MboupGlobal Urban Observatory (GUO) Global Urban Observatory (GUO)

UNUN--HABITATHABITAT

Nairobi, June 22Nairobi, June 22--24, 200424, 2004

Measurement/indicators of youth employment

TOPICS

•HABITAT Agenda and MDG

•Employment and Unemployment indicators•Slum indicators

•Intra-city differentials: Gender, slum and education •Family responsibilities and employment

•Youth homelessness: case of Addis Abba, UIS 2003

•Youth indicators : comprehensive approach

The UNThe UN--HABITAT Agenda, paragraph 118HABITAT Agenda, paragraph 118emphasizes the need to promote and strengthen productive emphasizes the need to promote and strengthen productive enterprises, including microenterprises, including micro--enterprises and other employment and enterprises and other employment and training opportunities for youth at the international, regional training opportunities for youth at the international, regional and and national levelsnational levels

and MDG8and MDG8

Develop a global partnership for developmentDevelop a global partnership for developmentTarget 16: In co-operation with developing countries, develop and implement strategies for decent and productive work for Youth

Employment IndicatorsEmployment Indicators

indicator 17: informal employment (HA)indicator 19: unemployment (HA)

Indicator 45 Unemployment rate of 15-24 year-olds by gender (MDG)

UnemployedUnemployed peoplepeople• Not employed during a specified reference • Available for work •Have taken concrete steps to seek employment.

In situations where the conventional means of seeking work are of limited relevance, a relaxed definition of unemployment can be applied, based on only the first two criteria (without work and currently available for work, see ILO, 2004).

TheThe youthyouth unemploymentunemployment rate rate andandnonnon--employmentemployment raterate

The youth unemployment rate gives the percentage of persons aged 15 to 24 years who are actively seeking, but unable to findemployment.

The youth non-employment rate is a measure of the youth who are neither in education nor in employment as a proportion of the total youth population.

The non-employment rate takes into consideration those discouraged youth who have dropped out of the labour market –and sometimes out of society in general (see ILO, 2004).

Youth age groupYouth age group

Youth age group varies across country from 15 up 35 years old

International youth age group: 15-24 years old

YouthYouth indicatorsindicators

Youth employment indicators is part of a youth Youth employment indicators is part of a youth indicators project initiated in UNindicators project initiated in UN--HABITAT by the HABITAT by the Partners and Youth section in collaboration with the Partners and Youth section in collaboration with the Global Urban Observatory (GUO) Global Urban Observatory (GUO)

Youth indicators

Youth indicators (education, employment, living conditions, health, etc.) aim at increasing knowledge on urban inequities and assisting the formation of youth pro-poor policies on the ground. While the global aggregates are needed to shape the global development priorities, youth indicators will provide instrumental guidance on improving the lives of the youth

EDUCATION

EMPLOYMENT

Literacy ratesLevel of education

Non-employment ratesType of employment

Youth indicatorsYouth indicators

Maternal and child healthAntenatal and delivery caresChild immunizationChild morbidityMaternal and child nutrition

LIVING CONDITIONSHOUSEHOLDHEADED BYYOUTH

Access to waterAccess to sanitationAccess to housingAccess to informationAccess to energy

HIV/AIDSknowledgeprevalenceorphanhood

HEALTHSTATUS

INFORMATION/COMMUNICATION

Access mediaAccess to key info

DECISION MAKINGUse of resourcesUse of health services

SOCIAL CAPITALNetworkingMicro-finances

MIDDLE AND WESTERN AFRICA

ANGOLABENINBURKINA FASOCAMEROONCARCHADCOTE D’IVOIRE

Preliminary list of Countries of youth indicators project

Preliminary list of Countries of youth indicators project

GHANAGUINEAMALINIGERIASENEGALTOGO

EASTERN AND SOUTHERNAFRICA

ETHIOPIAERYTHEREAKENYALESOTHOMADAGASCARMALAWIMOZAMBIQUE

NAMIBIARDCRWANDASOUTH AFRICATANZANIAUGANDAZAMBIAZIMBABWE

INDONESIAINDIAPHILIPPINESJORDANPAKISTANUZBEKISTANKAZAKHSTAN

ASIA LATIN AMERICA

BRAZILCOLOMBIAPERUPARAGUAYNICARAGUAGUATEMALAMEXICO

Data collection and source

Country data are available from Labour Force Surveys, Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), Living Standard Measurement Surveys (LSMS), censuses, administrative records, and official national estimates .

Limitation of publication on youth employment Lack of intra-city differentials figures

Figures of youth unemployment on urban slums encounters a critical problem. Existing data are rarely disaggregated according to intra-urban location

Data sets such as Labour Force, LSMS, DHS disaggregate by “urban”and “rural,” but go no further.

Few efforts have been made to reanalyze data sets where the geographic origins of the data can clearly be identified as “slum” and “non-slum.”

2002: EGM on slum definition2002: EGM on slum definition

2003: Review slum definition and country 2003: Review slum definition and country slum estimatesslum estimates

2003: Publication of Slums of the World: 2003: Publication of Slums of the World: The face of urban poverty in the new The face of urban poverty in the new millenniummillennium

UNUN--HABITAT Efforts to disaggregate city dataHABITAT Efforts to disaggregate city data

lack lack one or moreone or more of the below conditions:of the below conditions:

•• Access to improved waterAccess to improved water•• Access to improved sanitationAccess to improved sanitation•• Access to secure tenureAccess to secure tenure•• Durability of housingDurability of housing•• Sufficient living areaSufficient living area

Slum Household IndicatorsSlum Household Indicators

Youth employment: Country estimatesYouth employment: Country estimates

Youth nonYouth non--employmentemployment

1320202021

2223

2627

2830

3131

3637

3839

Togo

Cameroon

Burkina Faso

Guinea

CAR

Benin

Cote d'Ivoire

Ghana

Chad

Uganda

Mali

Nigeria

Zimbabwe

Zambia

Kenya

Tanzania

Mozambique

* Percentage of youth neither in school nor in

employment

Young women nonYoung women non--employementemployement

1524

262728282929

3032

3640404041

4445

4850

5664

TogoBenin

MadagascarGuinea

CameroonRwanda

Burkina FasoCote d'Ivoire

GhanaCAR

NigeriaKenya

NamibiaZimbabwe

MaliChad

UgandaZambiaMalawi

MozambiqueTanzania

* Percentage of young women neither in school nor

in employment

Young men nonYoung men non--employementemployement

10

11

1112

13

13

17

19

20

21

2222

23

26

34

Uganda

Cameroon

Burkina Faso

Togo

Guinea

Tanzania

Cote d'Ivoire

Mali

Benin

Zimbabwe

Mozambique

Ghana

Zambia

Nigeria

Kenya

* Percentage of young men neither in school nor in

employment

Gender differentials

Young women non-employment rates (neither in school nor in employment) are higher than young men non-employment rates. However, employment data do not adequately reflect the situation of women in the labour market, especially in African countries where women are engaged in subsistence work and, more often than men, work in the informal sector (ILO,2001).

Young women neither in school nor in Young women neither in school nor in employmentemployment

31

33

33

34

38

42

44

47

54

61

61

18

20

24

26

28

27

36

33

30

39

27

Rwanda

CAR

Cameroon

Cote d'Ivoire

Nigeria

Mali

Kenya

Uganda

Malawi

Zimbabwe

Mozambique

Non-slumSlum


in employment

Young men neither in school nor in Young men neither in school nor in employment by type of residenceemployment by type of residence

9

12

14

23

27

9

11

23

13

10

18

30

43

16

22

16

CAR

Cameroon

Cote d'Ivoire

Nigeria

Kenya

Uganda

Zimbabwe

Mozambique

Non-slumSlum


in employment

Gender differentialsGender differentials

While the proportion of women who are not working is higher in the slum than in the non-slum, the proportion of their counterparts men who are not working is lower in the slum

Possible explanationsPossible explanationsMen living in the slum need to be involved in early economic activity, they are less educated than their counterparts men living in non-slum who also have less urgent need to be involved in economic activity.

This can explain the high fertility in poor communities as it has been stated in several studies. In these communities the value of children in term of labourrationalizes high fertility rates.

Young women not working but in Young women not working but in schoolschool

101111

1313131314

1515

1717

1920

2224

252626

3234

1626

1928

4119

2035

3049

3730

5332

2238

2537

3936

49

BeninCote d'Ivoire

TanzaniaUgandaRwanda

ZimbabweKenyaChad

ZambiaMozambique

MaliGuinea

CARMadagascar

GhanaBurkina Faso

TogoMalawi

CameroonNamibiaNigeria

Non-slumSlum

* Percentage of young women not working but in

school

Young men not working but in school Young men not working but in school by type of residenceby type of residence

33

24

25

13

32

14

26

45

41

44

35

51

36

32

32

36

37

43

44

48

50

53

54

57

58

68

Uganda

Kenya

Tanzania

Benin

Ghana

Cote d'Ivoire

Zambia

Guinea

Chad

Cameroon

Burkina Faso

Nigeria

Mozambique

Non-slumSlum

* Percentage of young men not working but in school

Young women working in the Young women working in the ““informal sectorinformal sector””

1616

1819

212425

313232

34343435

394141

464748

5052

58

2614

3013

168

2150

2838

163031

3325

1717

3328

5236

4240

MalawiNamibia

ZimbabweNigeria

MozambiqueTanzaniaSenegal*Ethiopia*

UgandaKenya

ZambiaCameroon

GhanaMali

GuineaBurkina Faso

ChadMadagascar

CARTogo

RwandaCote d'Ivoire

Benin

Non-slumSlum

* Percentage of young women working in the

informal sector

Young men working Young men working workingworking in the in the ““informal sectorinformal sector””

101516

262728

3031

3233333435

3842

4460

61

8

24

21

27

14

7

32

17

8

24

21

27

25

25

27

25

17

27

NigeriaSenegal*

GuineaTogo

Cote d'IvoireMozambique

UgandaGhana

MaliKenya

Burkina FasoCameroon

ZambiaChad

TanzaniaCAR

BeninZimbabwe

Non-slumSlum

* Percentage of young men working in the informal

sector

Percentage of youth working in the Percentage of youth working in the ““informal sectorinformal sector”” living in slum arealiving in slum area

464849

5354

6366

7171

7677

8486

8890

939595959798

Cote d'IvoireGhana

CameroonKenya

GuineaZambia

TogoBenin

SenegalMalawiNigeria

RwandaUganda

MadagascarMozambique

EthiopiaMali

TanzaniaChad

Burkina FasoCAR

* Percentage of youth working in the informal

sector living in slum area

InformalInformal sectorsector as expression as expression ofofslumslum conditionsconditions

Youth employment in informal sector is the expression of slums conditions in African cities. In most African countries, the majority of young people working in the informal sector are slum in-habitants. Per example in Benin they are 75 % and more than 90 % in Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, CAR, Chad, etc.

YouthYouth in in nonnon--slumslum are are attendingattendingschoolschool whilewhile youthyouth in in slumslum are are struglingstrugling in in informalinformal sectorssectors

While youth living in non-slum areas are still attending school, youth in non-slum are either working in informal sector or looking for job

EmploymentEmployment andand educationeducation

In most countries youth who are working in the informal sectors are low educated or with no education at all. In fact educated people with complete secondary education or higher prefer formal job or are still attending school

Reasons for stopping to attend schoolReasons for stopping to attend school

27

1016

74

85

43

125

46

1217

6

2

3

8

3

28

2

11

4

10

11

10

18

9

2

2

4

4

Benin

Burkina Faso

Cameroon

CAR

Chad

Cote d'Ivoire

Guinea

Kenya

Madagascar

Mali

Mozambique

Nigeria

Tanzania

Togo

Uganda

Zambia"

Zimbabwe

Got marriedGot pregnant


informal sector


111

65

02

111

21

12

10

6

3

1

1

2

8

2

4

11

10

5

3

1

3

1

0

4

Benin

Burkina Faso

Cameroon

CAR

Chad

Cote d'Ivoire

Guinea

Kenya

Madagascar

Mali

Mozambique

Nigeria

Tanzania

Togo

Uganda

Zambia"

Zimbabwe

Family need helpTake care of childrn


informal sector


1126

4621

1127

843

254

3828

1526

7426

5130

BeninBurkina Faso

CameroonCAR

ChadCote d'Ivoire

GuineaKenya

MadagascarMali

MozambiqueNigeria

TanzaniaTogo

UgandaZambia"

Zimbabwe

Need to earn moneyCould not pay school


informal sector


3324

210

235

223

1318

124

126

228

2315

BeninBurkina Faso

CameroonCAR

ChadCote d'Ivoire

GuineaKenya

MadagascarMali

MozambiqueNigeria

TanzaniaTogo

UgandaZambia"

Zimbabwe

Did not like schoolDid not pass exams


informal sector


13

511

24

3422

219

231

311

98

BeninBurkina Faso

CameroonCAR

ChadCote d'Ivoire

GuineaKenya

MadagascarMali

MozambiqueNigeria

TanzaniaTogo

UgandaZambia"

Zimbabwe

Graduated, enough


informal sector

PromotePromote schoolschool retentionretention

An important element of governments’ promotional efforts may beto convince more young people to complete school. Despitethe efforts of countries to improve the employability of youth through the education system, many still leave school with very limited skills (ILO, 2001). DHS data show that exclusion from education, training and employment is often systemic: early school leavers and other at-risk young people are often drawn disproportionately from slum communities.

RemedialRemedial educationeducation isis particularlyparticularlyimportant for important for illeterateilleterate youngyoung peoplepeople

Remedial education is also important, particularly for illiterate young unemployed people and those with poor competencies in the prevailing national or regional language. Attracting premature school leavers back into education and training is a vital element of remedial education (ILO, 2001).

Percentage of women living in slum area Percentage of women living in slum area who have family responsibilitieswho have family responsibilities

5040

5164

6158

2829

5855

4665

5860

5239

3333

5330

5960

BeninBurkina Faso

CameroonCAR

ChadCote d'Ivoire

EthiopiaGhanaGuineaKenya

MadagascarMalawi

MaliMozambique

NamibiaNigeria

RwandaSenegal

TanzaniaTogo

UgandaZambia

Have child or marriedHead of household

* Percentage women living in slum area who have family responsibilities

Percentage of women living in nonPercentage of women living in non--slum slum area who have family responsibilitiesarea who have family responsibilities

267

4037

6233

1928

4228

252831

2844

2110

2730

2131

42

BeninBurkina Faso

CameroonCAR

ChadCote d'Ivoire


MadagascarMalawi

MaliMozambique

NamibiaNigeria

RwandaSenegal

TanzaniaTogo

UgandaZambia


* Percentage of women living in non-slum area who have family responsibilities

Percentage of men living in slum area who Percentage of men living in slum area who have family responsibilitieshave family responsibilities

21

9

9

14

16

16

15

21

5

27

6

3

8

4

14

16

34

15

BeninBurkina Faso

CameroonCAR

ChadCote d'Ivoire


MaliMozambique

NigeriaSenegal

TanzaniaTogo

UgandaZambia


* Percentage men living in slum area who have family

responsibilities

Percentage of men living in nonPercentage of men living in non--slum area slum area who have family responsibilitieswho have family responsibilities

13

7

11

11

9

2

17

5

14

8

3

4

2

5

6

5

4

Benin

Burkina Faso

Cameroon

CAR

Chad

Cote d'Ivoire

Ghana

Guinea

Kenya

Mali

Mozambique

Nigeria

Senegal

Tanzania

Togo

Uganda

Zambia


* Percentage men living in slum area who have family

responsibilities

YouthYouth familyfamily responsibilitiesresponsibilities

Youth residing in slum areas are more likely to have a child, or be married or to head an household than their counterparts living in non-slum areas. As family responsibilities increase, needs of job evolve. However due to the lack of performance of African economies and their low level of education these young people could find only jobs in the informal sector. With a low salary and insecure job, these young people will remain raising their family in slum communities. This is the poverty trap

Percentage of women who are Percentage of women who are working by family responsibilitiesworking by family responsibilities

242830

3536363840

42434547

51555656575859

6671

7579

MalawiMozambique

TanzaniaNigeria

NamibiaSenegalZambia"

ChadZimbabwe

UgandaMali

CameroonKenya

Cote d'IvoireCAR

EthiopiaBurkina Faso

GuineaRwanda

MadagascarGhana

TogoBenin

No FamilyresponsibilitiesFamilyresponsibilities



Percentage of men who are working Percentage of men who are working by family responsibilitiesby family responsibilities

555557

6062

676868

7274

797980818282

859091

CameroonNigeriaGuinea

TogoMali

MozambiqueEthiopia

ChadCAR

GhanaKenya

SenegalZambia"

Burkina FasoCote d'Ivoire

UgandaBenin

ZimbabweTanzania

No familyresponsibilitiesFamily responsibilies



FamilyFamily responsibilitiesresponsibilities createcreate thetheneedsneeds ofof job job amongamong youthyouth

Youth who have family responsibilities are more likely to hold a job than their counterparts. However there is considerable number of youth with family responsibilities who are still looking for a job or are unskilled workers.

Consequences of Youth non-employment: Homelessness:

Addis Abba Urban Inequities Survey 2003Key findings

HomelessHomeless peoplepeople by age group, by age group, AddisAddis AbabaAbaba UrbanUrban InequitiesInequities SurveySurvey, 2003, 2003

25

30

2

2730 30

13

13-19 20-29 30+ Don't Know

Male Female

Âge

Pourcentage47

HomelessHomeless peoplepeople levellevel ofof educationeducation, , AddisAddis AbabaAbaba UrbanUrban InequitiesInequities SurveySurvey, 2003, 2003

2825

33

10

None Primary Secondary orhigher

Male Female

Pourcentage5747

HomelessHomeless peoplepeople by migration by migration reasonsreasonsAddisAddis AbabaAbaba UrbanUrban InequitiesInequities SurveySurvey, 2003, 2003

8

19

9

33

20

6

Work-Cashincome

Family Abused athome

other

Male FemalePourcentage

64 41

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