EXPERIMENTS WITH GREEN CHAIN GRATE STOKERS

BY

Harry Haughey Barber Alexander Hunter Gunn

THESIS FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE

IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

IN THECOLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

OF THEUNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

PRESENTED JUNE, 1907 i

\ m

TAELE OF CONTENTSPag©

I. Preliminary Remarks. . . . .................. ......................... . 1-7

(a) Reasons for the development of chain grates................ . 1(b) Brief history of stokers................ ....................... 1

(c) Descriptions of stokers......................................... 2

(d) Limitations placed on experiment................................ 7

(e) Former tests of a similar nature....*................. ......... 7

II. Purpose and plan of tests.... ........................................ 8

III. Descriptions of apparatus used in tests............................ 9IV. Method of conducting test............................................ 11

V. Methods of calculating results........ .............................. 12

VI. Conclusions........................................................... 14VII. Data and results ............... .................................. 15-22

(,a) Test No. 1............. 15

(b) " No. 2........................... 16

(c) w No. 3 ....................... 17

(d) " No. 4.... 18

(e) " No. 5.... 19

(f) M No. 6.... ...20

(g) M No. 7.......................... 21(h) " Mo. 8..... 22

VIII. Summary sheet......... .............. ..................... ..........23

IX. Graphical logs.......... ......24-31(a) Test No. 1....................................................... 24

(b) " No. 2....................................................... 25

(c) " Mo. 3 ....................................................... 26(d) ”No. 4..............................................27

(e) " No. 5....................................................... 28

tf) " No. 6....................................................... 29

(g) " No. 7....................................................... 30

(h) " No. 8....................................................... 31

X. Boiler performance curves... ................. ............. .32

XI. Photographs , drawings , otc..........................................33~37

1.

EXPERIMENTS WITH GREEN CHAIN-GRATE STOKERS.

-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-

I. PRELIMINARY REMARKS.(a.) Reasons for the development of chain-grates.

The rapid and fairly recent development of large central stations all

through the Middle West, together with the growth of manufacturing interests,

has made an imperative call for improved and more economical methods of burn-

ing the bituminous coal forming the fuel of this region. To meet this^oall

various arrangements of furnaces have been suggested and put upon the market

to meet with varying success. Of these devices, the chain—grate has pretty

thoroughly demonstrated its superior capabilities for coping with the prob­

lems presented by this fuel.

(b.) History of stokers.

Mr. William Wallace Christie, in an artiole on "Economy of Mechanical

Stoking", in the Engineering Magazine for July and August, 1903, gives a

disoussion to whioh the writers are indebted for a large part of the follow­

ing information on the history and present status of mechanical stokers.

A mechanical stoker may be defined as "a system of grate bars, dump­

ing bars, coal feeders, and automatic devioes to feed fuel and control its

combustion, and subsequently drop the ashes and unburnt coal."

The first apparatus which could be called an attempt at a mechanical

stoker dates baok about a century and a quarter. In 1785 James Watt, in

England, patented a device for smoke prevention, whioh consisted of a coni­

cal hopper built into the briok-work of a furnace just behind the furnace-

front. The coal, after being coked at the front in the hopper mentioned,

was automatically pushed back toward the bridge-wall by long rods with push-

plates on the ends. The theory of this appliance was good but mechanical

difficulties interfered and prevented its success.

About 1820, iti England, a new type of furnaoe came out, the inven­

tion of John Walker, having a coking oven attached,in which coal was fed

by allowing it to pass onto two inolined grates forming a sort of "V" on

2 .

which the coal burned and was eventually cleaned out from the trough in the

center. "Nathen Waddington's Coking Furnace'’ appeared at about the same

time and was of very similar design. These two are the fore-runners of the present "Murphy Smokeless Furnace".

Some time later, John Juckes, another Englishman, invented an arrange­

ment for burning small coal which has continued in use until the present day

in modified form as the ohain-grate. Juckos's invention consisted of a

crude frame-work supporting an endless chain, which was composed of very

short links or grate-bars strung on round rods. Although many improvements

have been added to the chain-grate during its course of development, the

original idea has never been improved upon. It obtains what is sought in

all designs of meohaniaal stokers, viz.:- progressive combustion; the ooking

of the coal upon its entrance into the furnace; its combustion; and the final

dumping of the ash.

(c.) Description of stokers, especially chain-grates.

The mechanical stokers of the present day may be divided into five

classes:- Overfeed.

Underfeed.

Coking.

Sprinkler.

Chain-grate.

The Roney, Wilkinson, Erightman, and Meissner stokers are the principal

examples of overfeed stokers on the market today, of which the Roney is the

best known. In this stoker the ooal is fed into a hopper at the front and

pushed across a dead-plate, on which it is coked, onto a system of step-grates.

It is gradually urged down these by a reciprocating motion imparted by a cam­

shaft at the front, until it reaches the dumping grate at the bottom and rear,

from whioh it is dumped at regular intervals by hand-levers. This type of

stoker is primarily adapted to the burning of anthracite coal, and when so

used, the coal entering the furnace is ignited by contact with the burning

coal directly in front of it. It has however been adapted to the use of

3.

bituminous coal by the addition of an igniting and coking arch at the front

directly back of the dead-plate. The greatest objection to this type is

the possibility of an avalanche occurring, thereby causing a considerable

portion of the grate to be left bare of coal end allowing an excess of free

cold air to flow into the furnace space.The underfeed type is represented in the United States by the American

and Jones stokers, and across the Atlantic by Erith’s stoker, an improved

and adapted form of the Jones, and Bodmer’s stoker. A similar device

which is probably not so well known is The Helix Fire Feeder, invented by

Holroyd Smith, operating on the same principal as these others. The prin­

ciple of the underfeed stoker comprises a hopper in front emptying into a

conveyor pipe through which the coal is forced by a screw conveyor in the

American, and by a steam ram in the Jones, into a magazine in the center of

the furnace space. The force of the on-coming coal behind it forces the

coal in the magazine to well up to the top of the magazine where it spreads

out on the grate on either side. Along th6 sides of the top of the maga­

zine are located tuyeres, the blast from which mixes with the gases from the

coal distilling below and this mixture is burned in the furnace space above.

About 150 ou. ft. of air are required per pound of coal. Front doors are

provided at each side for cleaning. In the American stoker a small steam

engine situated in front of the boiler, drives the screw conveyor, the speed

being varied by a throttle valve. The steam ram for the Jones is operated

directly by steam from the boiler,(not automatically,) and auxiliary rams are

provided in the magazine to give even distribution. This type of stoker

has heen used with considerable success on Great Lakes steamers. The Bod­

mer stoker has a single grate area between two screws which feed and give a

rocking motion to the grates. The Helix Fire Feeder also operates on this

principle.The Murphy Smokeless Furnace was the first stoker introduced into

America and is the only important representative of the coking type in use

in this country. Coal is fed into longitudinal magazines along the sides

4.

in which it is partially coked. A feed device pushes it out onto coking

plates and finally onto the inclined grates, gravity being relied upon to

gradually work it down to the bottom of the "V-shaped" grate, where a rollBr

device removes the ash and refuse. The entire oombustion chamber is span- ♦

ned by a fire-brick arch. The most prominent stoker of this type in use

in England is the Vicars. Unlike the Murphy, this stoker is not hung from

the boiler setting. The coal is fed from a front hopper onto a coking

plate from which it passes to longitudinal oscillating bars on which it

works to the b&ck and drops to stationary bars where the unconsumed coke is

burned. Other examples of this type, used in England and on the Contin­

ent are:- Hodgkinson’s, McDougall, Auld Cass, Falmorden, and Meldrum’s Kok- er.

Sprinkler stokers are much less used than any of the other types.

The Triumph is the best known in this country. From the hopper the coal

drops onto a slide, which by a reciprocating motion drops it onto a shovel

having a variable throw. This shovel throws the coal on the grate bars,

which have a to-snd-fro motion, two coming forward at a time and then all

going back together. The ash is dumped at the rear. The Frisbie is

another of this type in use in America and has a circular revolving grate

upon which the coal drops. Henderson’s stoker spreads the finely broken

coal with a fan, the coal having been previously broken up in the hopper.

In Proctor’s a cam-operated shovel spreads a thin layer of coal over the

fire, and the E.S.E. stoker uses a similar principle. Whittaker’s uses

revolving shovels and a spreading plate. The Leach is another stoker be­

longing to this type. All with the exception of the Triumph, Frisbie and

Leach are English makes. The Leach is used mostly on the Continent, while

the first two, as stated above, are American makes.

The last type to be considered is the chain-grate, and it may be divided

into two sub-types,- sectional grates and link chains. In the former the

grate is formed of sections three or four inches wide, extending the width

of the stoker, and bolted at the ends to traveling chains. The Duluth,

5.

f V V W W V W V XW v W v V v V V A j

Fig. 1

Fie.

fjr v¥ g

t w i i i tV i

McKenzie and Stirling stokers are examples of this type* Fig. 1 gives a

rough sketch of a plan view of the sections used in the Duluth and Fig. 2

the same for the McKenzie and Stirling* In the

latter type the grate is formed of narrow deep links

of the general form shown in Fig. 3. These are

strung on bars running across laterally and are

staggered to make a connected chain, as shown in

Fig. 4. The principle of both types,(sectional

grates and link chains,) is the same,viz.:- an

endless chain traveling from front to back on top,

reversing its direction at the

rear, traveling from back to

front below, and then reversing

its direction again at the front.

The coal is delivered to a hop­

per at the front, the bottom of

which is oj>en to the grate as it

begins its movement to the rear.

The depth of fire is regulated Fir. 4by a gate which forms the back wall of the hopper and can, of course, be

raised or lowered, the distance of the bottom of the gate from the surface

of the grate determining the thickness of the bed of coal carried in by the

grate. In some makes this is a water-cooled gate and in others the metal

is protected from the heat by fire-brick tile. In the sectional grates,

the chains at either side, to which the sectional bars are bolted, run over

sprockets keyed to a driving shaft at the front. In the link grates the

driving shaft at the front carries keyed sprockets spaced at certain inter­

vals, which mesh with special links having large hubs around the holes

through which the cross-rods pass. All chain-grates are provided with a

fire-brick arch running back from the rear side of the gate,(which is the

front line of the furnace space), to reflect the heat from the incandesoent

part of the firo onto the entering coal to ignite it. And they are also

I m i m m t i f1 S 1 X 1 9 5 I K U i "'>.5.7

6 .

provided with an over-hanging bridge-wall at the rear which in a measure

follows the contour of the grate as it turns over the rear sprockets.

These bridge-walls are set rather close to the grates to prevent an excess

of air leaking around behind the grate and in some oases are provided with

a water-back or water-cooled pipe to prevent clinker from forming on the

bridge-wall and thus to enable it to be built closer to the grate and prevent

air leakage better. The best known examples of the link type of ohain

grates are the Babcock & Wilcox, Mansfield, Playford and Green stokers.

The Babcock & Wilcox and Mansfield are practically identical in design.

The Playford and Green are very similar to these others but have differences

in details. The main difference of the Playford is in the drive, the sto­

ker being driven through cone-pulleys, while the others are driven through

an eccentric and rod from the overhead shaft to a reciprocating arm or feed-

lever. In the Babcock & Wilcox and Mansfield this arm drives.-(through a

ratchet,-) a worm which meshes with a large worm gear on the end of the

drive-shaft. In the Green this arm drives,-( through a ratchet,-) a gear

train whose last member is the large gear on the drive-shaft. The Green

also differs from the others in having a so-

called" flat hanging igniting arch"instead of

the usual"sprung"arch employed with the other

makes. Fig* 5 shows this much better than

can be indicated by a description. The ad­

vantage is that the arch is equidistant from

the fire thus bringing about more even igni­

tion. It also enables wider stokers to be built, making it possible to equip a large boiler unit with a single stoker

in an undivided furnace space. It is practically impossible to spring an

igniting aroh wider than nine feet low enough to be effective at the center.

Fig. 6 shows the "Green Traveling Link Grate" and also the water-back which

forms part of the setting of the Heine boiler used in one series. This

water-back is a little different from the ordinary single-pipe, stationary

water-back in that it has two pipes with water circulating in them, the lower

7.

being arranged to swing around the center line of the upper one as an axis*

Thus it can be set very close to the grate and prevent air leakage, as any

clinker or large amount of ash can be allowed to go over the tail by swing­

ing the lower pipe back by means of the lever on the outside.s

(d.) Limitations placed on experiment.

It is assumed at the start that any knowledge of the laws relating to

the performance of chain-grates will b© of value. At the same time it is

well to bear in mind that there is one great drawback to all experimental

work, viz.:-that despite the utmost precautions, local cr temporary condi­

tions will creep in and influence the results. Therefor, to really estab­

lish any laws of performance, a large amount of data should be gathered to­

gether representing a large number of tests made under different conditions

and if possible at different places. Of course it was impossible to ob­

serve these requirements in the narrow scope of an undergraduate thesis,

and it is therefor with the idea of merely adding to the sum total of know­

ledge bearing on the performance of chain-grate stokers, that this work is

presented.

(e.) Former tests of a similar nature.

The only tests which the writers have been able to find recorded, bear­

ing on the subject of this thesis,- "Determination of the effect on effic­

iency of varying thicknesses of f i r e " a r e those outlined dn a paper pre­

sented by Mr* W. L. Abbott, Chief Operating Engineer of the Commonwealth

Electric Co., of Chicago, before the Western Society of Engineers, Septem­

ber 5,1906. This paper was a summary of the results of some eighty or

ninety boiler tests made at the Commonwealth Electric Cofs Fisk St. Station.

Ten of these tests were made with the same object in view as this the­

sis contemplates. And in fact they may be said to have beon the inspira­

tion of these researches. They were made on two Babcock & Wilcox boilers

of different size; five tests being made on each boiler with varying thick­

nesses of fire,- ranging in one series from 4 inches to 12 inches, and in }

the other from 4.5 inches to 8.5 inches. The remarkable fact about these

8.

tests was that they seamed to indicate that with all these different thick­

nesses of fire, the capacity of the boiler being maintained as near constant

as possible, the efficiency remained at a practical level. The accuracy

of these tests is unquestionable, but there is a possibility of some local

conditions having had an effect which would produce these results in that

special case. It was with this idea in mind that it was determined to

make the series of tests, the results of which follow.

II. PURPOSE AND PLAN OP TESTS.

As already stated, the object of the tests was to determine the effect,

if any, which variation in thickness of fire would have on the efficiency of

the boiler and grate. In order to make the basis of conclusions as broad

as possible, it was planned to make similar trials on two boilers of differ­

ent make and under different conditions. The Heine boiler is situated in

the Mechanical Engineering Laboratory of the University of Illinois and is

used exclusively as a testing boiler. Although connected with the main

steam line of the University power plant, it is not required for power pur­

poses and may furnish as much or as little power as is desired. Therefor

during all tests the steam was throttled at the header valve to keep the

pressure at as near 150 pounds as possible. The Stirling boiler is part

of the power equipment of the University plant and the tests were therefor

made under ordinary operating conditions.

It was at first planned to run five tests on each boiler, with thick­

nesses varying, in each series, by one inch intervals from 4 inches to 8 in­

ches, it being deemed that this would cover the range of thicknesses employ­

ed in actual practice. But this was found to be impossible as soon as a

few tests had been run for the following reasons. Assuming that in actual

work the load is supposedly constant for any one boiler and that a large

majority of the boilers in use are run at considerable overload, it was de­

cided to try to keep the capacity at about 125$ throughout both series.

The only way to do this was to vary the draft. With a 7 inch fire under

the Heine, such great difficulty was encountered in running the stoker slow-

9.

1y enough to completely burn the coal, (with the draft necessary to keep

the capacity down to 125$,) that it was decided that an 8inch fire was out

of the question. On the other hand with a 5 inch fire under the Stirling,

the grate bars were rather badly burned, owing to the fact that the draft

was necessarily so low that it did not carry the heat up away from the bars

rapidly enough. It was therefor deemed inadvisable to attempt a 4 inch

fir9. Thus each series was reduced to four tests, thicknesses in one

varying by one inch intervals from 4 inches to 7 inches, and in the other

from 5 inches to 8 inches. For the sake of the uniformity desired for

comparative purposes, a coal was selected that would not be likely to vary

much,-viz.:- washed pea from the Himrod mine at Kellyville, Vermilion Go.,

111., known as”Danville District” or ”Vermilion County” coal.

III. DESCRIPTION OF BOILERS,STOKERS, AND APPARATUS USED IN TESTS.

The apparatus employed consisted of a 210 H.P. Heine boiler, having

2027 sq. ft. of water-heating surface, equipped with a Green Chain-Grate

stoker having 38.2 sq. ft. of active grate surface, and an automatic water-

back:- and a 250 H.P. Stirling boiler having 2069 sq. ft. water-heating sur­

face, equipped with a Green Chain-Grate stoker having 52 sq. ft. active

grate surface but no water-back. The specifications follow

Specifications of Boilers and Stokers.

Name of boiler Heine Stirling

Rated horse-power 210 260

Number of steam drums 1 3Length of steam drums, ft. 21.58 12.69

Inside diameter of steam drums, ins. 42 36

Number of tubes 116 233

Outside diameter of tubes, ins. 3.5 3.25

Mean length of tubes exposed, ft. 17.875 11.9

Water-heating surface, sq. ft. 2027 2069

Width of grate, ft. 4.5 6.5

Length of grate, ft. 8.5 8.0

10.

Name of boiler Heine Stir!Area of grate-surface, sq. ft. 38.2 52.0Area of air apace in grate, sq. ft* 8.02 11.2Ratio of air space to grate surface, f 21.6 21.6Mean height of furnace back of coking arch, ins. 37 48Length of coking arch, ins* 48 42Mean height of coking arch., ins. 15 15Height of stack above grate surface, ft. 45.5 150Inside diameter of stack, ft. 3.33 6.0Inside sectional area of stack, sq. ins.

—--- O ***— — o —--— —1250 4070

Sections of the settings are shown in Figs. 7 and 8, on pages 33 and

34, and a cut of the stoker, showing waterback, which forms part of the

Heine setting, in position with regard to the stoker, is shown, as previous­

ly stated, in Fig. 6, on page 6a. Figs. 9 and 10, on pages 35 and 36,

show views of the Heine boiler and Fig. 11 on page 37 shows a view of the

Stirling. Fig.10 shows, on the gallery, to the right of the view, the

water-weighing apparatus used, while still further to the right is shown the

air-hoist used to raise the ash-hopper from the pit. The tank marked "A"

is the weighing tank, from which the water was dumped into the suspended

tahk marked "B". From this latter tank it was forced into the boiler by

the injector. The water-weighing apparatus used for the tests on the

Stirling was practically the same; the water being forced into the boiler

by a boiler-feed pump instead of an injector. The Sturtevant economizer,

a portion of which is shown at the extreme left of Fig.10, was not used in

these tests, the flue-gases being by-passed beneath it to the suction of the

fan, whose casing is the onljr portion of the economizer shown. By varying

the speed of this fan and also by manipulation of a damper in the breeching

the draft was regulated to produce tt\e desired capacity. The flue-gases

from the Stirling boiler pass into the main flue leading to the 150' stack

which furnishes the draft for the eight boilers of the University power plant.

11.

The draft in the Stirling boiler was regulated by a breeching damper. How­

ever, although the maximum draft obtainable was used with the 8 inch fire under the Stirling, it will be seen that it was not sufficient to give 125$

capacity. A throttling calorimeter was used throughout these tests for de­

termining moisture, a recording steam-gage for reading boiler pressure, and

recording thermometers for inside and outside temperatures.

IV. METHOD OP CONDUCTING TESTS.

It was planned to make all tests eight hours in duration, but in two

oases, after running for a short period, it was found that too high a capa­

city was being obtained, necessitating a change in draft. For this reason

this firBt period was discarded as not being uniform with the rest of the

test. Coal was weighed in 500 pound lots and the time recorded when each

500 pound lot had been transferred to the hopper of the stoker and the level

of coal in the hopper had reached the same point as at the beginning of the

test. Ashes were drawn several times during the test at times correspond­

ing to those of firing coal, in order that any test might be divided at such

a point and all previous or folloY/ing readings,- as the case might be,- dis­

carded when necessary. As already stated, this had to be done in two tests.

Necessarily at such points, and in fact, whenever a 500 pound lot of coal

had been fired, the height of water in the boiler was read and also the

height of water in the receiving tank from which it was taken to the boiler,

in order to make it possible to take such a point as the starting point of

the test. All other readings,-viz.:- temperatures of feed-water, steam

in calorimeter, flue-gas, and in- and out-going water in water-back of Heine

boiler; drafts over fire and in breeching; grate travel; and water-back

meter;- were taken every twenty minutes. Determinations of COg in the

flue-gas were made twice an hour, each sample being withdrawn through a per­

iod of fifteen minutes. As stated before, steam pressure and indoor and

outdoor temperatures were taken on recording instruments. Water was

weighed in tanks holding seven and eight hundred pounds and the time recor­

ded at which each was emptiedlnto the receiving tank. In recording on

12.

the data sheets,- pages 15 to 22*- th© weights of water, coal and ash, which

came at irregular times, the amount for each twenty minute period was cal­

culated approximately. Average barometer readings for each test were ob­

tained from the records of the Agricultural Experiment Station of the Univ­

ersity, and analyses of coal and ash were made by the Department of Chemis­

try.

V. METHODS OF CALCULATING RESULTS.Before discussing the results obtained, it will be well to outline

the methods of calculating. Referring to the data sheets, pages 15 to 22*

the items under the heading "Summary" were obtained as follows:-

Item 15a ...Agricultural Experiment Station records.

Item 25 ....Original data sheets.

Item 26 ....Coal analyses.Item 27 ....100 - (item 26) = "y" (the $ of dry coal in "ccal as fired")

"y" fo of (item 25) = Item 27.

Item 28 ....Original data sheets.Item 30 ....Item 27 - (item 25 x Item 35) - (item 28 x Item 44) =

Item 30 * (Total weight of dry coal consumed) - (Ash in coal, calculated

from analysis) - (Combustible discarded in the ash).Item 31 ... x 100 = Item 31 = $ of ash and refuse in dry coal.

Item 27Items 46, 47, 48 & 49 ....Self-evident.

Item 50 ....Coal analyses.Item 51 ....Item 50 x IQ0--" l1- ^ 34 I*gS-3Bl = Item 51.

100 - Item 34Item 57 ....Item 57 = Total weight of water dumped into receiving tank

+ or - decrease or increase in weight of water iii receiving tank at end of

test 4- the following corrections:-

For difference in level of water in boiler,-

Excess water:- Subtract excess ?7ater,(which = difference in level x cal­

ibration) and add an amount equal to this excess x th© following fraction,-

Total heat above feed-water temperature in excess water______________________

Total heat above feed-water temperature in steam at boiler pressure and quality

13.

Less water:- Add an amount equal to difference in level x calibration x

the following fraction:-

. __Heat of vaporization into steam at boiler pressure and quality_______Total heat above feed-water temperature in steam at boiler pressure and quality

For difference between initial and final boiler pressures,-

Add an amount equal to the initial or final weight of water in the boiler

(according to whether there is more or less water in the boiler at the end

than at the beginning of the test) x the following fraction,-

____________ _____Final heat of liquid - Initial heat of liquid________________Total heat above feed-water temperature in steam at boiler pressure and quality

#

For heat absorbed by water-back,-

Add an amount equal to weight of water passing through water-back x the

following fraction,- \

________ B.T.U. absorbed per pound of water by water-back________ _______Total heat above feed-water temperature in steam at boiler pressure and quality

Item 57~f ...(See Summary Sheet)...Item 57~- = Item 57 without the cor­

rections for difference of level of water in boiler, difference between in­

itial and final boiler pressures, and heat absorbed by water-back.

Item 58 ....Item 57 x Item 60 = Item 58Item 59 ....Item 57 x Quality factor - Item 59 (Quality factor obtain­

ed from quality by formula in A.S.M.E. Code).

Item 60 ....By formula in A.S.M.E. Code.

Item 61 ....Item 59 x Item 60 = Item 61. rItems 62, 63 & 64 ...Self-evident.

Item 65 ....Item 63 1"34T 5" •■=itOT 65 •

Item 67 ....Self-evident. ^Item 57Item 68izem co Item 57 l/9

Item 68-i . .. (SeeSummary Sheet)...— ~ — = Item ̂ Item 25Item 69

Item 70

Item 25 .(SeeSum.Item 61 Item 25

Item 61 'item 27

= Item 68

68:

= Item 69.

= Item 70.

14.

-r-L Item 61Itam 71 . . . ---— = Item 71.Item 30

Item 72....11™. 21 -2Ll65«8 = item 72.Item 51 •

Item 73 Item 70 x 965,8 = Item 73. I'fivrrr n V of h i i m <li 11 > mItem 50

Item 74 ....Assumed to be $1.00.Item 75 ....(-2222— ) x = item 75.

Item 68 2000Item 76 ....(-1225— ) x (liSLli) = item 76.

Item 69 2000Items 32, 33, 34, 35, 44 & 45 ....From Department of Chemistry,

VI. CONCLUSIONS.In coming to any conclusions regarding the results of these tests, the

difficulty previously mentioned, of insufficient data on which to base con­

clusions, is immediately encountered. The boiler performance curves on

page 32 present as clearly as is possible the comparative results of these

two series of tests.

A glance shows that the purpose to keep the capacity constant through­

out these series met with small success, especially in the series on the

Stirling boiler where actual power plant running conditions were present.

On the Heine boiler it was possible to maintain a fairly constant capacity

and the resultd there would seem to indicate that efficiency does vary

with different thicknesses of fire. Attention may be called, however, to

the fact that in both series regardless of other conditions, the efficiency

and capacity seem to vary together, the high and low points on each curve

corresponding. When carried to the limit this might be taken as indicating

that if capacity were maintained at a constant point the efficiency curves

would also become straight horizontal lines.

It is unfortunate that it was impossible to run a larger series

of tests in this experiment. A sufficient number of tests should b© run

with each thickness of fire to obtain the desired capacity. Such a series

would also indicate to what degree small variations in capacity affect the

efficiency.

U / t / A £> f t £ £ T - / £ S T J .

Coi 'i. ' SCO 5PECIE/CA T/ONS OF B o /L ER f/e,h& U/aTer Tube 3 O /ie r - 2/0M.P.Q reen Traue / ing Chain Grate Stoker induced _ /DraftIVu te r Me a Ting Surface... T4Z7Sq.ftG ra Te S u rface___________ 5 0 -2 .sq.ft.Mashed Pea //iinofs Cod! (Verm/Z/bn Co)

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0-00 / 0 f 7 5 f / 6 4 5 8 5 2 0 3 5 7 5 3 0 5 7 7 0 5 98.X O /.SO ISa B a r o m e t e r T e d d in g (Average f o r Tma/J - inebes o f mercury _ J34.zk P f e ic ie h c ie s -Z 0 :zn ,5 2 .// i .o 5 4 3 8 8 2 7 7 5 7 8 0 5 7 5 0 5 98./8 1.82 2336 5 00 4 9 27 /686 .4 8 ZS Weigh t o f cos / c/5 f ir e d - /bs. /Q Q Q Q 7z O v e r -a// e ff ic ie n c y - % 8 7.33 8:40 ,5 2 .// .9 3 4 3 68 x ? 0 5 7 0 8 5 7 7 0 0 99.30 3 0 1947 524 4 9 3 3 2060 .5 9 26 % Moisture in Coni as T i r e d - % / 8 .7 / 73 B o / / e r e f f i c i e n c y / n c - f u c i / n y g r ^ X d -4 P :o o ,5 2 ./ 2 ? .9 0 4 5 6 7 2 9 , 5 7 94 3~7 700 98.91 T.09 3288 476 4 9 2 9 /8 / Z .5 7 2 7 Tora/ IV/ o f P r y Coa/ C o n s u m e d Tbs 8 / Z ? 7‘ f u m a c e e f f i c i e n c y - %5 9-20 ,5 0 4 0 .9 0 4 4 8 0 2 9 2 5 7 92 5 7 0 9 5 99.02 .9 8 7 ./ 2 3 3 3 5 /9 4 9 3 0 /874 .52 28 To fa / A s h a n d T e fu s e - /bs. / 0 3 G C o s t o r £ v a p o r a t i o n

6 9 4 0 / 5 4 .// ■9/ 4 4 8 7 2 0 7 5 7 8 0 5 7 6 0 5 98.70 /. 3 O 2409 3 8 5 4 9 3 5 2/88 .53 30 ' Tofa/ C om busf/b/e Consumed - tbs. e q & 7 74 A ssum ed c o s /p e r 2000*/on o f coa/, d e /iyere d ip 6 0 Her room. tff . 0 0

7 /0.0O ,5 2 . / 2 : 6 7 4 5 8 7 2 9 3 5 7 / o o 5 7 4 7 5 99.0Z .98 8 .0 2409 4 9 0 4 9 2 3 1437 .54 3! % o f A s h a n d refuse in D ry Coot - °io/ #e. 7 4 7S Cost of fu e i To eYaporate /O0 0 *wafer under observedcondi rions $0.086/,

8 /O.Z0 /5 / . / / .6 4 4 5 67 2 7 0 5 7 / O f 5 7 6 8 5 97.75 Z .2 S 7.4 2409 4 3 9 4 9 2 9 /8/4 .49 46 D r y Coa/ c o n s u m e d y> e r hr. - /bs. / o e s 76 Cost of fu e l To evaporate /OOO*wafer f r o m a n d a f £/Z° #0 .0 7 2 3i 9 /O.40 ,5 0 . / 0 .6 4 4 8 8 7 2 9 5 5 7 ,0 4 5 7 6 8 5 99.24- .76 2 8 /f 4 2 8 S Z 2 9 /8/4 .5/ 47 C o m b u s / /b / e c o n s u m e d p e r h r - /bs 9 / 4 C o a l A n a l y s /s - As

| /© //:0 o ,5 4 ./2 .6 4 4 8 8 0 2 9 4 5 7 / 0 7 5 7 6 7 5 99.03 .9 7 8 4 2S4Z 503 54 3 0 /874 .6/ 48 D ry Coa /per sq ff. g ra / e su rface p e r hr. - /AS ___£ 7 .9 32 f ix e d C a r b o n %f / Z O /5 0 .// .8 2 47 0 0 2 9 5 5 7 ,0 4 5 7 6 0 5 99.24 .76 8.3 2/80 406 5 4 2 6 /623 .4 8

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hf /.220 / 4.9 ./ / .0/ 4 8 7 0 2 9 2 5 7 9 9 37 8 7 5 99.03 .97 8.1 2577 4 6 3 3 8 2 6 /623 .39 58 T q u i v a /enT T i/ a p o r a tio n f r o m a n d a f 2/2 % - // 5. 6 44P.7 T o ta l I00-.00 <00,00

i ,s /2.40 / 5 0 J 3 .8 0 4 0 70 2 9 4 5 7 7 0 8 5 7 8 7 5 99.ZO . 8 0 28n 3 70 3 8 3o /874 .5 8 S 9 A C T O a f T v a p o r a T/on, C o .rre c Ted f o r G u a/ify o f 5 Te am - /bs. 5 7 / 2 0 8 A s h A n a l y s i s

16 /.D C / 5 4 IT .8/ 4 0 7 0 Z 0 3 5 / / O O 5 7 6 7 5 98.45 / .s s 7.9 2S4Z 4-66 3 8 2 8 /7SO .43 6 0 T a c T o r o f T p a p o r a T ,o n /.JL f 4Q C a rb o n % 26 /on i . 2 0 / 5 J ./2 . 6 0 4 0 70 2 9 3 5 7 / 0 5 5 7 8 0 0 99.02 .98 8 -Z 2524 3 8 6 3 8 2 9 !8 / 4 .5/ bl £ q u iva /e n T £ vap o ra Tibn To D ry TTe am from and aT 2 /D °- /bs. . G ? £ T T 4S E a r t h y M a tt e r % 73 3018 / 4 0 /5 0 . / / . 5 5 4 8 7 0 2 8 / 3 7 9 5 57 6 5 0 9843 /.57 2053 3 0 5 3 8 2 5 /S62 .42 62 A ctual eva pora tion p e r b r . C orrected fo r Qua/, of : ifeam- /bs 7 5 0 0 T o t a l /oo'.oo19 Z o o / S S . / / . 5 8 4 0 70 2 7 7 5 7 / O O 5 7 6 5 5 98.20 1.80 8 4 23os 3 8 8 3 8 2 7 /686 4 5 63 Cquiva/enT Cvapora/ibh p e r hr. Trom a n d a T Z/2° - /bs. 9 0 8 0 P c m a RICS

2 0 z :z o / 5 & . / / .5 5 4 0 70 2 8 5 5 0 9/ 5 7 8 4 5 98.60 /.4Q 6 3 2/80 3 4 5 38 29 /8/4 .42 64 C quiy Crap, p e r h r from Sat2if°/>ersq.fT h/a/er//eaT/ng Surface - /bs. 4 .4 82/ 2 40 / 5 4 .58 4 0 7 0 2 8 5 5 0 / 0 5 5 7 5 5 8 98.46 /. 5 4 /879 4 4 9 3 8 3 0 A0 7 4 .4 5 65 Morse P o w e r D eve/oped - ff. P 8 & 32 2 5 .00 , 5 / ./Z .5 8 4 0 70 2 9 / , 5 0 9 8 5 7 8 4 5 9895 / .O S 0 9 /901 3 7 0 4 3 3cs /.8 7 4 .4 o 6 7 % o f du//ders 8 a ,e d Morse Pow er Developed - Po / 8 ,523 3 2 0 , 5 5 2 4 .8 5 f 0 70 2 8 7 5 0 9 7 5 7 6 7 0 98.74 T .Z 6 7.9 2065 4 8 0 4 3 2 4 TSOO . 6 / 6 8 1 1 l | ! I $ 1 Is fired /As. 5 .7 124 3 5 8 ,5 5 , / Z .5 5 4 0 7 / 3 8 / O / 5 7 27S3 2 70 4 o 2 6 /623 .4 2 69 Tqu/va/enT £ vap fro m 8 a , 2/2 0p e r /b. coa/as f/red - ibs. £ .? / tZS IO £ q u /va /e n f £vap. f ro m 8 a T 3/2°p e r /b. d r y coa/ - / A s <35 /

7> £ qu/va/enf £vap. fro m 5 a T £/£“p e r /b com busf/bir - /As. 9 .9 3Tout 55407/oooo /036 654 40875 4

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n n f.oo /S ’3 \ . / 3 7 S S f 6 / 2 9 Z 3 7 9 / 3 3 6 8 0 98.92 7 -0 8 9 .0 j 8 0 7 8 4 3 2 4 2 2 9 /8 / 0 L H .I

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r a 2.2o / S O J J .9 0 3 8 VAT Z 9 8 3 7 9 3 J S C 9 S 99.37 63 8 .7 S 7 / 2 4 6 / 4 2 2 0 /8 Z 4 ■ 3 ± 1 Tofa/ A p p a r e n t tv d A G rd T / o n ■/b s2 .40 /S > J 3 ■ 9 4 3 8 6 3 2 9 7 3 7 9 4 j J S 7 0 0 99.2S . 7S / 6 o 3 4 7 6 ■4Z\ 2 9 7 8 / 0 2 9 \Se Fc/u /yd /e r t F v a p o r s /io n f r o m d n d d t 2 '2 % - /3 .0 0 / S 3 ./ 7 .94- 1 3 7 6 6 2 9 3 7 T 9 6 JS 7 0 0 99.04 96 8 . 4 2 4 0 0 4 7 / 3 9 2 3 7 4 3 1 •39 1 A c tu d f F y d p o r d i/on, C o r r e c fa d F o r Qod/.7y o.

t m 3.-ZO / f Z ./FT 8 3 3 7 6 6 2 9 9 7 7 9 8 J J 4 0 0 99.30 .7 0 8 . 4 3*73 4 2 8 3 9 Z S 7S0O .3 2 F a c t o r 0 / £ p a p o g a p tot?______ - ' ' v:f3:40 / S 3 ./7 .8# 3 7 6 7 2 8 7 ^ . 7 0 0 3 3 6 0 S 98.7 Z 7.28 \ / '2 4 4 3 3 3 9 Z 4 1 4 9 8 * o \ i , E q u / v a ie n t E V a p o ra tio n fo D rv E te a m fro m u m a>

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4 :2 8 / S 2 ~ J 3 \ .8 0 3 8 J 6 7 2 8 7 3 7 0 7 7 3 6 0 0 98.74 /■Z 6 3X7 / 6 7 /O ' 7 4 3 7 .2 9 F q u iy C/ao. p e r h r from S a i& Z ''persq //. ha/err/ea/u/

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H H J Fou /ra /e n r E ua p From X a / 7/ °°Total 4336 Z 8000 784 i4 S Z j;Z82So\ 4

49 C O /n £ usf/b/e p e r sq. / / ma f e r /? /<? s u r F a c e p e

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76 j Cost of foe/ fo evaporate /OOO'tva'e-- f r o m a n d a f Z/2° .O e o i- 93 s S C o a l A n a l y s / s t° £ L

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A 9 .0 0 J S O .Z o .8 8 / 4 S O 303 s s 8 S e T b 6 3 5 9 9 .6 6 ■ 34 to. 5 ZA O 3 700 S 9 2 2 1374 .4 9 27 To ta i h it o f D r y Coa/ C o n s u m e d tbs 9 3 8 6 72 F u r n a c e F f f i c i e n c y - %

~~5 9 -Z o ts > .Z O .5 0 I S S t 3 0 4 s s 8 4 e r h 5 9 0 99.70 3 0 2 8 0 3 3 3 7 5 9 2 7 1 6 8 8 .3 5 28 T o ta l A s h a n d Re fu s e tbs 1 3 8 6 C o s t o e F v a p o r A n o n :~

6 3 :4 0 t s z J 6 ■S8 16, 4 9 3 0 4 s s 1 0 8 6 0 0 99 .6 6 3 2 2 4 0 3 2 6 3 63 > 9 t/ 8 8 .3 2 30 To tal C o m b u s tib le Consumed - 1 bs. 7 9 2 4 74 M A ssum ed cost p e r 2000*to n of coat, d e live re d i p bo H e r room. & /.oo

7 10.00 I S O ■24 ■ 72. 16 4 8 , 3 0 4 s s 7 S 6 4 0 9 9 .7 0 .3 0 9. 8 171 7 6 7 5 6 7 3 3 2 0 6 4 .3 4 3/ % o f A s h a n d refuse m D ry Coat ■ °io 1 4 .7 8 75 e Cost of fu e i foevaporate fOOO*water under observed conditions $ 0 .0 9 6 2

8 to: ZO t s t Z O . 6 6 > 8 4 9 2 9 6 s s 8 0 F h 6 4 0 99-2 5 " .7 5 t O .7 *>057 ■484 6 7 2 9 18/3 .Z 7 4 6 D r y Coa t c o n s u m e d per.hr. - tbs. t / 4 9 76 Cost of fu e l to evaporate /OOO*w a fe r f r o m d n d a t 2/2° $ 0 .0 8 OO

1 9 10:4-0 I S ! ■ ZO .7 6 18 4 9 Z 8 8 s s 8 S s A 6 4 7 98.76 1-24 2 3 59 \ 4 6 0 6 7 3 0 1 8 7 5 .4 0 47 C o m h U 5 t/ b ie c o n s u m e d p e r b r tbs 9 7 0 C o a l A h a l y s / sA 5fired

H //-• Oo t s t . 2 2 ■57 19 4 8 Z 9 2 . s s 76 S h 6 ,1 0 9 9 .0 0 t o o n o 3 0 4 2 5 0 6 6 0 2 4 /SOO .3 8 48 D ry Coatper sq. ft. p ra t e surface p e r h r - /As 3 0 . 2 132 f ix e d C a r b o n %

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