1

Expansion of Secondary Expansion of Secondary EducationEducation

A Presentation for the A Presentation for the Parliamentary Consultative Parliamentary Consultative

Committee on Committee on Human Resource DevelopmentHuman Resource Development

2020thth December, 2007 December, 2007

22

Rationale for Secondary Rationale for Secondary EducationEducation

1. Secondary education develops faculties of critical thinking, abstraction, insight, skills and competence at a higher level

2. Foundation for higher education3. Requirement for employment and labour

market quality4. Critical to social and economic development

and growth5. Rates of return on secondary education are

high6. Rising demand from elementary leavers7. International competitiveness8. Gender equity9. Requirement for primary teachers10. Poverty reduction and equity

33

Secondary Education(IX-X): Secondary Education(IX-X): Some factsSome facts

Source:- Selected Educational Statistics,

2004-05

1 No. of Secondary schools 1.02 lakh

2 No. of Higher Secondary schools 0.50 lakh

3 No. of students ( Classes IX-X) 2.43 crore

4 Estimated No. of students in classes IX-X in 2007-08

2.89 crore

5 Population of 14-16 age group 4.71 crore

6 No. of Teachers 10.82 lakh

44

Secondary Education(IX-X): Secondary Education(IX-X): IndicatorsIndicators

Source: Selected Educational Statistics, 2004-05

S. No.

Indicators Boys Girls Total

1 Enrolment (IX-X)

1.46 crore

1.01 crore

2.43 crore

2 Gross Enrolment Ratio (IX-X)

57.39 45.28 51.65

3 Dropout rate(Class I-X)

60.41 63.88 61.92

55

National Policy on Education, National Policy on Education, 1986 1986 (as modified in 1992)(as modified in 1992)

“ Access to Secondary Education will be widened with emphasis on enrolment of girls, SCs & STs particularly in science, commerce and vocational streams.”

(Para 5.13)

66

Mid-term Appraisal of the Mid-term Appraisal of the Tenth Five Year Plan (June 2005)Tenth Five Year Plan (June 2005)

“In order to plan for a major expansion of secondary education in the event of achievement of full or near full retention under SSA, setting up of a new mission for secondary education, on the lines of SSA should be considered”. (Para 2.1.45)

77

Central Advisory Board of Education (CABE), Central Advisory Board of Education (CABE), Committee on Universalisation of Secondary Committee on Universalisation of Secondary Education - Report of June, 2005Education - Report of June, 2005

The guiding principles of Universal Secondary Education -- Universal Access, Equality and Social Justice

Norms for schooling to be developed for each state with common national parameters

Pressure on secondary education being felt and It will not be wise to wait till 2010

Financial requirement for universal elementary and secondary education is 5.1% of the GDP

Investment towards Universal Secondary Education must be made not later than 2006-07.

88

Challenges in Secondary Challenges in Secondary EducationEducation

Access Equity

Gender Socio-economic Geographical Disability

Quality

99

Challenge of Access-1: Challenge of Access-1: No. of Secondary Schools ( Classes IX-X) per 100 No. of Secondary Schools ( Classes IX-X) per 100 Sq. KmSq. Km..

States having schools less than all India average

3 3

2 2 2

10.5

0

1

2

3 All India

Gujarat

H.P.

Rjasthan

U.P

M.P

J & K ALL GUJ HP RJ UP MP JK

Source: Based on Selected Educational Statistics- 2004-05

1010

Challenge of Access-2: Challenge of Access-2: No. of Secondary Schools ( Classes IX-X) per No. of Secondary Schools ( Classes IX-X) per 100 Sq. Km.100 Sq. Km.

States having schools more than all India average

34

5 5 5 5 5 56

8 8

0

2

4

6

8All IndiaT.NA.PKarnatakaMaharashtraOrissaPunjabW.B.AssamHaryanaKerala

ALL TN AP KN MH OR PJ WB AS HR KL

Source: Based on Selected Educational Statistics -2004-05

1111

Challenge of Access-3: Challenge of Access-3: No. of Secondary Schools (Classes IX-X) per lakh No. of Secondary Schools (Classes IX-X) per lakh PopulationPopulation

States having schools less than all India average

109 9

8 87

65

4 43 3

0

2

4

6

8

10All IndiaPunjabUttrakhandT.N.ChandigarhM.P.ChhattisgarhW.B.BiharJharkhandU.P.Delhi

ALL PU UT TN CD MP CH WB BI JH UP DL

Source: Based on Selected Educational Statistics -2004-05

1212

Challenge of Access-4: Challenge of Access-4: No. of Secondary Schools (Classes IX-X) per lakh No. of Secondary Schools (Classes IX-X) per lakh PopulationPopulation

States having schools more than all India average

1010101014151617181919

23

0

5

10

15

20

25 All IndiaGujaratJ&KKeralaRajasthanMaharashtraHaryanaAssamKarnatakaA.P.OrissaH.P.

ALL GJ JK KL RJ MH HR AS KN AP OR HP

Source: Based on Selected Educational Statistics -2004-05

13

Percentage of schools by Percentage of schools by management (2004-05)management (2004-05)

Management Secondary(IX-X)

Higher Secondary

(XI-XII)Government 42.96 37.17Government-aided

28.52 31.04

Private unaided 28.52 31.79Total 100.00 100.00

1414

93 8986 85

81 80 79 79

70 70

61 61

0102030405060708090

100 Cuba

Sout Africa

Sri Lanka

Egypt

Thailand

Hongkong

Mexico

Vietnam

China

Malaysia

Indonesia

Asia

Challenge Of Participation-1:Gross Enrollment Ratio (Cross Country Comparison)

CU SA SL EG TH HG MX VT CH ML IND Asia

SOURCE: UNESCO Institute for Statistics, October, 2005

1515

States having GER less than all India average

Challenge Of Participation-2:Challenge Of Participation-2:Gross Enrollment RatioGross Enrollment Ratio

52 49 49 46 44 44 43 41

27 2622

0

10

20

30

40

50

60 All IndiaAssamU.P.M.P.ChhattisgarhRajasthanJ & KW.B.NagalandJharkhandBihar

ALL AS UP MP CH RJ JK WB NL JH BH

Source : Selected Educational Statistics 2004-05

1616

States having GER more than all India average

Challenge Of Participation-3:Challenge Of Participation-3:Gross Enrolment Ratio (Classes IX-X)Gross Enrolment Ratio (Classes IX-X)

525353535455575969

76778093

0

20

40

60

80

100 All IndiaA.P.ArunachalHarynanaOrissaGujaratTripuraKarnatakaMaharashtraGoa UttrakhandT.N.Kerala

ALL AP AR HR OR GJ TR KN MH GA UT TN KL

Source : Selected Educational Statistics 2004-05

1717

Challenge Of Participation-4:Challenge Of Participation-4:Disparity in Gross Enrolment Ratio (Classes IX-Disparity in Gross Enrolment Ratio (Classes IX-X)X)

5245

37

5752

43 4538

30

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Overall Boys Girls

All SC ST

Source: Selected Educational Statistics – 2004-05

1818

31 32 32 33

38 39 4038 38 38 38

41 43 44

24 25 26 28

33 34 35

19 22

31 30 31 31

34

29

38 36 37 37

10

16

22 24 24 24

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

90-9

1

91-9

2

92-9

3

93-9

4

94-9

5

95-9

6

96-9

7

97-9

8

98-9

9

2001

-02

2002

-03

2003

-04

2004

-05 Total

BoysGirls

Trend of Gross Enrolment Ratio

Source : Selected Education Statistics – 2004-05

1919

30

2625

2019

18 18 18 17 1714

12

0

5

10

15

20

25

30 South Africa

Vietnam

Thailand

Sri Lanka

China

Rep.of Korea

Hongkong

Malaysia

Egypt

Mexico

Indonesia

Cuba

Challenge of Quality-1 :Pupil Teacher Ratio (Cross Country Comparison)

SA VT TH SL CH KR HK ML EG MX INDO CU

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics, October, 2005

2020

States having PTR more than all India average

Challenge of Quality-2 :Challenge of Quality-2 :Pupil Teacher Ratio in Classes IX and XPupil Teacher Ratio in Classes IX and X

32 34 35 38

54 5561 63

010

203040

506070 All India

Gujarat

Maharashtra

Chhattisgarh

Jharkhand

Bihar

U.P.

W.B. ALL GUJ MH CHH JH BH UP WB

Source : Selected Educational Statistics – 2004-05

2121

States having PTR less than all India average

Challenge of Quality-3 :Challenge of Quality-3 :Pupil Teacher Ratio in Classes IX and XPupil Teacher Ratio in Classes IX and X

32

181820222426272727282829

0

510

15

2025

30

35 All IndiaKarnatakaUttrakhandAssamOrissaGoaH.PHaryanaRjasthanKeralaArunachalPunjabT.N.

ALL KN UT AS OR GA HP HR RJ KR AR PJ TN

Source : Selected Educational Statistics – 2004-05

2222

Transition RatesTransition Rates

Source: Based on Selected Educational Statistics

Classes 2003-04 2004-05

V-VI 89.3% 88.8%VI-VII 93.3% 94.8%VII-VIII 94.3% 94.8%VIII-IX 88.5% 88.5%IX-X 92.5% 91.4%

2323

Expenditure on Education: Expenditure on Education: % age of GDP (Cross Country Comparison)% age of GDP (Cross Country Comparison)

S.No. Name of Country Education Sector (as a whole)

Secondary Education

1. Denmark 8.5 2.9

2. Malaysia 8.1 2.7

3. Israel 7.5 2.2

4. Kenya 7.0 1.4

5. Mexico 5.3 1.5

6. South Africa 5.3 1.7

7. Colombia 5.2 1.5

8. Australia 4.9 1.9

9. Republic of Korea 4.2 1.8

SOURCE: UNESCO Institute for Statistics, October, 2005 and Selected Educational Statistics, 2002-03.

2424

Expansion of Secondary Expansion of Secondary Education: Education:

GoalGoal

To make secondary education of good quality available, accessible and affordable to all young persons

2525

To make all secondary schools conform to prescribed norms

Availability and access to every one Within 5 Kms for Secondary schools 7 to 10 Kms for Higher Secondary

schools in the 11th Plan and within 5 Km in the 12th Plan.

Equity through removal of gender, socio-economic and disability barriers

To ensure education of good quality for all students

Expansion of Secondary Expansion of Secondary Education: ObjectivesEducation: Objectives

2626

Expansion of Secondary Expansion of Secondary Education : TargetsEducation : Targets

S. No.

Indicator 2002-03

2003-04

2004-05

2011-12 (Target)

1 GER (IX-X) 47.0* 51.0* 51.65 752 GER (SC) (IX-X) NA NA 45.41 703 GER (ST) (IX-X) NA NA 37.16 703 GER Rural (IX-X) NA NA NA 704 Girls enrolled/100

boys70 NA 71 100

5 %Trained teachers in Secondary Schools

89 NA 89 100

6 PTR (Secondary)

30 31 32 25

7 Physical Infrastructure incl. Disabled Access

--- --- All Schools

Source: Selected Educational Statistics and * As per CABE Report on USE

27

Expansion of Secondary Expansion of Secondary Education: Physical TargetsEducation: Physical Targets1. Additional enrolment by 2011-12 : 66 lakh2. Strengthening of schools : 44,0003. Upgradation of higher primary : 17,000

schools4. Additional teachers in existing : 3.02 lakh

schools5. Additional teachers for upgraded : 3.61

schools6. Additional Kendriya Vidyalayas and : 1000 +

700Navodaya Vidyalayas

7. Girls’ hostels: 3500

28

Expansion of Secondary Expansion of Secondary Education: General StrategiesEducation: General Strategies

1. Upgrade existing schools to achieve prescribed norms

2. Expand capacity of existing schools3. Open new schools (mostly by upgradation)

in areas with gaps4. Encourage good quality private schools5. Expand facilities for open and distance

learning6. Step up allocation to secondary education

from 0.9% of GDP to 2% of GDP in stages.

29

Expansion of Secondary Expansion of Secondary Education: ComponentsEducation: Components

1. Infrastructure Class-rooms Furniture Toilets Drinking Water Laboratory Library Electricity Phone and Internet Sports facilities Music Facilities Repair and Maintenance

30

Expansion of Secondary Expansion of Secondary Education: Components Education: Components Contd……Contd……

2. Teachers Recruitment Deployment Training

3. Teaching aids ICT Models

4. School budget

31

Expansion of Secondary Expansion of Secondary Education: Components Education: Components Contd……Contd……

5. School Management Headmasters’ capacity building Management Committee Involvement of local bodies

6. Supervision and monitoring School inspection

7. Incentives for girls, SC/ST, minorities and rural students

32

Reforms in Secondary EducationReforms in Secondary Education

Curriculum Examination system Teachers School governance Use of ICT

33

Current schemes of Govt. of Current schemes of Govt. of IndiaIndia

1. ICT in Schools2. Integrated Education for the Disabled

Children3. “SUCCESS” – Universalisation of Access

to Secondary Education4. Means-cum-Merit Scholarship5. Incentive for Girls6. Girls’ Hostel7. Vocationalisation of Secondary

Education

34

Expansion of Secondary Expansion of Secondary Education: Some IssuesEducation: Some Issues

1. Ownership of State Governments and cost sharing

2. Coverage of classes XI and XII3. Cost recovery and targeted subsidies4. Private sector participation5. Supply-side intervention to stimulate

demand6. Effect of demographic transition7. Possibility of second shifts to reduce capital

cost8. Community contribution and involvement

35

Expansion of Secondary Expansion of Secondary Education: Broad GoalEducation: Broad Goal

To universalize secondary education (class IX and X) during the 12th Five Year Plan

3636

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