exercise and fluid replacement acsm position stand 2007
TRANSCRIPT
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Exercise and FluidExercise and FluidReplacementReplacementACSM Position Stand 2007
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EvidenceEvidenceSustained exercise can elicit high
sweat rates and substantial water and electrolyte losses, particularly in warm-hot weather.
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EvidenceEvidenceThere is considerable variability
for water and electrolyte losses between individuals and between different activities.
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EvidenceEvidenceIf sweat water and electrolyte
losses are not replaced, then the person will dehydrate.
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Exercise and FluidExercise and FluidReplacementReplacementThe goal of prehydrating is to
start the activity euhydrated and with normal plasma electrolyte levels.
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Exercise and FluidExercise and FluidReplacementReplacementPrehydrating with beverages, in
addition to normal meals and fluid intake, should be initiated when needed at least several hours before the activity to enable fluid absorption and allow urine output to return to normal levels.
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Exercise and FluidExercise and FluidReplacementReplacementThe goal of drinking during
exercise is to prevent excessive (92% body weight loss from water deficit) dehydration and excessive changes in electrolyte balance to avert compromised performance.
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Exercise and FluidExercise and FluidReplacementReplacementBecause there is considerable
variability in sweating rates and sweat electrolyte content between individuals, customized fluid replacement programs are recommended.
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Exercise and FluidExercise and FluidReplacementReplacementIndividual sweat
rates can be estimated by measuring body weight before and after exercise.
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EvidenceEvidenceIndividuals can monitor their
hydration status by employing simple urine and body weight measurements.
Several days of first morning body weights can be used to establish base-line body weights that represent euhydration.
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EvidenceEvidenceBody weight changes can reflect
sweat losses during exercise and can be used to calculate individual fluid replacement needs for specific exercise and environmental conditions.
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EvidenceEvidenceDehydration increases
physiologic strain and perceived effort to perform the same exercise task, and this is accentuated in warm-hot weather.
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EvidenceEvidenceDehydration (92% BW) can
degrade aerobic exercise performance, especially in warm-hot weather.
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EvidenceEvidenceThe greater the dehydration level
the greater the physiologic strain and aerobic exercise performance decrement.
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EvidenceEvidenceDehydration (92% BW) might
degrade mental/cognitive performance.
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EvidenceEvidenceDehydration (3% BW) has
marginal influence on degrading aerobic exercise performance when cold stress is present.
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EvidenceEvidenceDehydration (3–5% BW) does not
degrade either anaerobic performance or muscular strength.
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EvidenceEvidenceThe critical water deficit and the
magnitude of exercise performance degradation are related to the heat stress, exercise task, and the individual`s unique biological characteristics.
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EvidenceEvidenceHyperhydration agents can be
achieved by several methods, but provides equivocal benefits and has several disadvantages.
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Exercise and FluidExercise and FluidReplacementReplacementDuring exercise, consuming
beverages containing electrolytes and carbohydrates can provide benefits over water alone under certain circumstances.
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EvidenceEvidenceDehydration is a risk factor for
both heat exhaustion and exertional heat stroke.
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EvidenceEvidenceDehydration can increase the
likelihood or severity of acute renal failure consequent to exertional rhabdomyolysis.
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EvidenceEvidenceDehydration and sodium deficits
are associated with skeletal muscle cramps.
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EvidenceEvidenceSymptomatic exercise-associated
hyponatremia (low plasma sodium levels) can occur in endurance events.
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EvidenceEvidenceFluid consumption that exceeds
sweating rate is the primary factor leading to exercise-associated hyponatremia.
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EvidenceEvidenceLarge sweat sodium losses and
small body mass (and total body water) can contribute to the exercise-associated hyponatremia.
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EvidenceEvidenceWomen generally have lower
sweating rates than men.
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EvidenceEvidenceSex differences in renal water
and electrolyte retention are subtle and probably not of consequence.
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EvidenceEvidenceWomen are at greater risk than
men to develop exercise-associated symptomatic hyponatremia.
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EvidenceEvidenceOlder adults have age-related
decreased thirst sensitivity when dehydrated making them slower to voluntary reestablish euhydration.
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EvidenceEvidenceOlder adults have age-related
slower renal responses to water and sodium loads and may be at greater risk for hyponatremia
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EvidenceEvidenceChildren have lower sweating
rates than adults.
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EvidenceEvidenceMeal consumption promotes
euhydration.
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EvidenceEvidenceSweat electrolyte (sodium and
potassium) losses should be fully replaced to reestablish euhydration.
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EvidenceEvidenceCaffeine consumption will not
markedly alter daily urine output or hydration status.
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EvidenceEvidenceAlcohol consumption can
increase urine output and delay full rehydration.
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Exercise and FluidExercise and FluidReplacementReplacementAfter exercise, the goal is to
replace any fluid electrolyte deficit.
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Exercise and FluidExercise and FluidReplacementReplacementThe speed with which
rehydration is needed and the magnitude of fluid electrolyte deficits will determine if an aggressive replacement program is merited.
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RecommendationsRecommendationsPrehydrating with beverages, if
needed, should be initiated at least several hours before the exercise task to enable fluid absorption and allow urine output to return toward normal levels.
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RecommendationsRecommendationsConsuming beverages with
sodium and/or salted snacks or small meals with beverages can help stimulate thirst and retain needed fluids.
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During ExerciseDuring ExerciseThe goal of drinking
during exercise is to prevent excessive dehydration (92% BW loss from water deficit) and excessive changes in electrolyte balance to avert compromised exercise performance.
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During ExerciseDuring ExerciseThe amount and rate of fluid
replacement depends upon the individual sweating rate, exercise duration, and opportunities to drink.
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During ExerciseDuring ExerciseIndividuals should periodically
drink (as opportunities allow) during exercise, if it is expected they will become excessively dehydrated.