EXAMPLE OF CONDENSATION POLYMERS

EXAMPLES OF CONDENSATION POLYMERSANG ~ BRONDIAL ~ LEONCIO ~ OCAMPO ~ REYES ~ VIDAL

POLYESTERS (Dacron)

BY: QUEENIE ANNE F. ANG

POLYESTERSPolyesters are copolymers formed by condensation polymerization of dicarboxylic acid and a dialcohol, also called a diol.

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Characteristics of polyester

Polyester fabrics and fibers are extremely strong.Polyester is very durable: resistant to most chemicals, stretching and shrinking, wrinkle resistant, and abrasion resistant.Polyester is hydrophobic in nature and quick drying. Polyester retains its shape and hence is good for making outdoor clothing for harsh climates.

A typical example of polyester is,Polyethylene Terephthalate(Dacron) commonly abbreviated asPET PET is a condensation polymer made from ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid by splitting out water molecules

Polyethylene Terephthalate(Dacron)

PET PROPERTIES PET is lightweight in nature and colorless. Has good physical properties of strength, ductility, stiffness, hardness Good gas and moisture barrier Its crystallinity varies from amorphous to fairly high crystallineTemperature tolerance of -50 degrees F to 110 degrees F

PET PROPERTIESPROPERTIESMolecular formula(C10H8O4)nMolar massvariableDensity1.38 g/cm3(20C),amorphous: 1.370 g/cm3,single crystal: 1.455 g/cm3Melting point>250C, 260CBoiling point>350C (decomposes)Solubilityin waterpractically insolubleThermal conductivity0.15 to 0.24 W m1K1Young's modulus(E)28003100MPaTensile strength(t)5575 MPaElastic limit50150%

APPLICATIONSPolyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a commonly used plastic in the packaging industry. Common PET products include:

Take-out containersBaked goods containers Bottled water Ketchup bottles Jars (peanut butter and mayonnaise) Juices and carbonated drinks Frozen foods

APPLICATIONSPET can be recycled into many new products.Recycled PET can also be made into fiber for Carpetsfabric for t-shirts or fleece jacketsfiberfill for sleeping bagswinter coats, and dog bedssheet and thermoformed (clam shell) packagingand automotive parts such as headliners, bumpers, and door panels.

POLYCARBONATES (LEXAN)

BY: KARLO BRONDIAL

PolycarbonatesPolycarbonates received their name because they arepolymerscontainingcarbonate groups(O(C=O)O). Most polycarbonates of commercial interest are derived from rigid monomers. A balance of useful features including temperature resistance, impact resistance and optical properties position polycarbonates betweencommodity plasticsand engineering plastics.

The main polycarbonate material is produced by the reaction ofbisphenol A(BPA) and phosgeneCOCl2. The overall reaction can be written as follows

PropertiesPolycarbonate is a durable material. Although it has high impact-resistance, it has low scratch-resistance and so a hard coating is applied to polycarbonateeyewearlensesand polycarbonate exterior automotive components. Polycarbonate is stronger and usable over a greater temperature range. Polycarbonate is highlytransparenttovisible light, with better light transmission than many kinds of glass.

PropertiesPolycarbonate has aglass transition temperatureof about 147C (297F) It has a density of 1.201.22 g/cm3 Tensile strength of 5575MpaMelting point of 155C (311F)

ApplicationConstruction materialsData storageAutomotive, aircraft, and security componentsNiche ApplicationPhonesMedical applicationsElectronic components

Construction materials

Data storage

Automotive, aircraft, and security components

Niche Application

Phones

POLYAMIDE (NYLON 6,6)

BY: CAMILLE LEONCIO

Nylon-6,6 is a type of polymer- a polyamide. It is commonly known as nylon.The IUPAC name for nylon 6,6 is- hexane-1, 6 diamine.Introduction

The simple molecular formula for nylon 6,6 is - C12H22N2O2.The CAS number is: 32131-17-2The molecular weight is: 262.345840 g/mol.

Introduction

The simple molecular formula for nylon 6,6 is - C12H22N2O2.The CAS number is: 32131-17-2The molecular weight is: 262.345840 g/mol.

Introduction

Structure of Nylon 6,6-

Polyamides such as nylon are also condensation polymers. The formation of a polyamide follows the same procedure as in the synthesis of a simple amide. The only difference is that both the amine and the acid monomer units each havetwofunctional groups - one on each end of the molecule. Introduction

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Nylon is made from 1,6-diaminohexane and adipic acid by splitting out water molecules (-H from the amine and -OH from acid as shown in red on the graphic). The units are joined to make the ester group shown in green.

Introduction

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A simple representation is -[A-B-A-B-A-B]-

Introduction

Nylon 66, discovered in 1931 by Wallace Cruthers at DuPont was the first completely synthetic fiber produced. It was introduced to women in nylon stockings in 1939 to immediate success. During World War II, nylon production went into making parachutes and other items needed by the military.Introduction

UsesNylon 6,6 is used for the following: airbags, tires, ropes, conveyor belts, hoses. It is a light material so it is suitable to be used for parachutes. It is waterproof so it is used to make swimwear. It is also resistant to water, so it is used to make machine parts.

Examples

Examples

PropertiesNylon 6,6 has a high melting point which makes it more resistant to heat and friction.Its chemical stability enables it not to be affected by solvents such as water, alcohol, etc. and even alkali.Its amorphous structures accounts for its elastic property.

POLYAMIDE (Kevlar)

BY: JULIUS OCAMPO

KEVLAR (Polyamide)MOLECULAR STRUCTURE

PROPERTIES OF KEVLAR:High modulusFive times stronger than steelExtremely lightweightLow elongation to break weightDoes not rust or corrode and it absorbs vibrations readilyLowthermal conductivityExpensiveBreaks down when exposed to the ultraviolet rays in sunlight

APPLICATIONOF KEVLAR:CryogenicsArmor (Combat helmets,ballistic face masks, andballistic vests)Personal protection (gloves, sleeves, jackets, chaps and other articles of clothing)Sports equipment (bicycle tires, motorcycle safety clothing, Tennis racquets, Shoes and etc. )Music (Audio equipment, Bowed string instruments, Drumheads )Other uses (Fire dancing, Frying pans, Rope, cable, Brakes)

POLYAMIDE (Nomex)

BY: ELIJAH REYES

PolyamidesPolyamides are polymers which contain repeating amide, -CO-NH-, linkages. Proteins are examples of naturally occurring polyamides.

Nomex fiber is an aromatic polyamide (aramid) fiber and can be used in Military and Industrial Applications. Nomex excels in performance areas such as flame resistance and thermal protection. Its thermal technology resists the hazards associated with electric arcs and flash fires--including intense heat and flame. Nomex is engineered to stand up to flame temperatures in excess of 2,000F. Unlike flame-retardant treated materials, Nomex fibers are inherently flame resistant and will not diminish during the life of the fiber. The fibers low stiffness and high elongation give it textile-like characteristics.In addition to its flame resistance, Nomex fiber offers dimensional stability and resistance to degradation by a wide range of chemicals and industrial solvents. It shows no embrittlement or degradation at cryogenic conditions (temperatures as low as -320F.

NOMEX

Nomex is produced from isophthaloyl chloride and m-phenylene diamine.

NOMEX

NOMEX PropertiesExcellent flame resistance and thermal protectionStands up to flame temperatures in excess of 2,000FFibers do not melt or dripOutstanding resistance to degradation by radiationOutstanding resistance to degradation at cryogenic conditionsResistant to chemicals and industrial solventsResistant to insects and fungiLow stiffness of fiber due to chemical bonding arrangementHigh elongationCut resistantAbrasion resistant

Other properties:Physical PropertiesDensity ( g.cm-3)1.38Limiting oxygen index ( % )29Radiation resistance - AlphaGoodThermal PropertiesCoefficient of thermal expansion ( x10-6K-1)20Specific heat ( J.K-1.kg-1)1200

Applications:Industrial Rope and CordageMilitary Rope and CordageNASA astronauts PPESafety RopeFirefighter Ropemotors and rotating machinesdry-type and oil-filled transformersvarious applications where high service temperature is involvedany industry where there is a chance of flash fire exposure or electric arc flash or blast

Military applications

Insulation purposes

Nomex can improve safety, lower transmission losses, and help reduce cost.

Motors and Generators

The superior thermal properties of Nomex help prevent motor failure and downtime, while its strength and resilience help extend rotating equipment life in severe operating conditions.

For Severe Heat exposure

POLYURETHANE (Spandex)

BY: LEO EDRIK C. VIDAL

DEFINITIONA POLYMER COMPOSED OF A CHAIN OF ORGANIC UNITS JOINED BY CARBAMATE (URETHANE) LINKS.MADE FROM EXOTHERMIC REACTIONS BETWEEN POLYOL AND ISOCYANATES THAT HAVE MORE THAN ONE REACTIVE ISOCYANATE GROUP PER MOLECULE.

REACTION

Fig.1: Reaction between diisocyanate and diols to form polyurethane.

THE PROPERTIES OF POLYURETHANE ARE GREATLY INFLUENCED BY THE TYPES OF ISOCYANATES AND POLYOLS. LONG, FLEXIBLE SEGMENTS, CONTRIBUTED BY THE POLYOL, GIVES SOFT, ELASTIC POLYMER. A TYPICAL EXAMPLE OF THIS IS SPANDEX.

PROPERTIES

BECAUSE OF SPANDEX GREAT ELASTICITIC PROPERTY, IT IS WIDELY USED IN GARMENT INDUSTRY SUCH AS:SWIMWEAR OR DIVING SUITCYCLING JERSEYSLEGGINGSSOCKS AND TIGHTSSHORTS AND MINISKIRTSSUPERHERO COSTUMES

USES

USES

Fig.2: SwimwearFig.3: Cycling JerseyFig.4: Superhero Costume