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EXAM 2 REVIEW Psych 101B: Professor Osterhout

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Associative Learning Ask yourself what types of Associative Learning?

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Classical Conditioning UCS : Channing Tatum UCR : Eye Dilation (natural reflex) CS : Picture of cars (neutral stimulus) CR : Eye Dilation (obtained reflex)

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Operant Conditioning Make sure you can identify these: Reinforcement, Punishment Positive, Negative

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Reinforcement or Punishment?? Ask yourself 1) What is the behavior being reinforced or punished? 2) Is the behavior being increased or decreased? Increased = Reinforcement Decreased = Punishment 3) What is the reinforcement or punishment? 4) Are we adding it or taking it away? Adding = Positive Taking away = Negative

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Giving a child a sticker for brushing his or her teeth 1) What is the behavior being reinforced or punished? Brushing teeth!

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Giving a child a sticker for brushing his or her teeth 2) Is the behavior being increased or decreased? Increased = Reinforcement Decreased = Punishment Increased! (Reinforcement)

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Giving a child a sticker for brushing his or her teeth 3) What is the reinforcement or punishment? Sticker!

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Giving a child a sticker for brushing his or her teeth 3) Are we adding it or taking away? Adding = Positive Taking away = Negative Adding! (Positive) Positive Reinforcement

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One person in a relationship stops talking to the other in response to a critical comment 1) What is the behavior being reinforced or punished? Making critical comments

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One person in a relationship stops talking to the other in response to a critical comment 2) Is the behavior being increased or decreased? Increased = Reinforcement Decreased = Punishment Decreased! (Punishment)

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One person in a relationship stops talking to the other in response to a critical comment 3) What is the reinforcement or punishment? Talking with partner

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One person in a relationship stops talking to the other in response to a critical comment 3) Are we adding it or taking away? Adding = Positive Taking away = Negative Taking it away! (Negative) Negative Punishment

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Subjects Covered Sensation & Perception Consciousness Learning Thinking/Language

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Sensation & Perception Sensation: the passive process by which stimuli are received by the sensory systems Perception: the active process by which the brain interprets the sensory information Properties: 8 different senses vision, hearing, taste, smell, touch, temperature, pain, balance

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Sensation Receptors Types of receptor cells for transduction Photoreceptor sensitive to photons Vision Chemoreceptor sensitive to molecules Smell Taste Mechanoreceptor sensitive to pressure Touch Hearing Balance Thermoreceptors sensitive to heat Temperature Nociceptors sensitive to painful stimuli Pain (fast & slow)

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Sensation & Perception Sensory Receptor s The World Transduction: sensations neural impulses Interpretation Conscious Perception

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Vision: The ability to perceive a very limited spectrum of one form of electromagnetic energy Fovea: Center of visual field Pupil: hole in middle of iris Neurons in Retina: Cones Day vision Sensitive to wavelength, color Rods Night vision Sensitive to amplitude, brightness Detecting motion

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Perception Requires experience in the world Depth Perception Binocular cues Retinal disparity eyes are set apart Convergence inward turn when viewing a near object Perceptual organization: Gestalt psychologists Figure-ground discrimination Grouping Close objects/similar objects together/fill in missing pieces Context: Prior expectations strongly influence perceptions

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Sleep: You Need it to Live! Sleep deprivation in rats: died after ~4 weeks In humans: Sleep reduction study Subjects slept 2 or 5 hours per night Noticeable cognitive impairments within 1 st week Results: Sleep Deprivation is bad! After 2 weeks, compared to being legally drunk Circadian Rhythms ~24 hours(ish) independent of day/night cues Artificial light, shift work & jet lag disrupts rhythms Suprachiasmatic nucleus as biological timekeeper

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Sleep: How is it Measured? EEG: Measures brains electrical activity (Frequency & Amplitude) 4 stages of sleep(+REM), with a transition of sleep steps

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REM Sleep REM EEG resembles awake, increase in heart rate, respiration Rapid eye movements Vivid dreams Duration: 10-40 minutes Paralysis of voluntary muscles VERY difficult to wake up Also known as Paradoxical sleep

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Sleep Disorders Sleep Disorders to Review Insomnia Chronic inability to get sufficient sleep Narcolepsy Irresistible sleep attacks during the day Sleep apnea Cessation of breathing while sleeping SIDS Infant ceases breathing and dies in night- cause unknown Sleep walking/talking etc Stages 3 and 4 Night terrors Stage 4 sleep REM-Behavior Disorder No paralysis

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Simpsons & Night Terrors

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Dreams Freuds Theory of dreams Remember theory of personality: Id, Ego and Superego Hobsons Theory of dreams Brain activates itself via the: Reticular Activating System

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Learning Classical Conditioning: a neutral stimulus, through association, takes on some of the psychological properties of a second stimulus UCS, UCR, CS, CR Food (UCS) Slobber (UCR) Bell or light (CS) & food (UCS) Slobber (UCR) Eventually bell (CS) Slobber (CR) Acquisition Extinction Generalization Discrimination

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Learning Operant Conditioning: learning occurs as a result of the consequences of behavior Reinforcement: any consequence that makes prior behavior more likely to occur Positive and negative Schedules Continuous Partial (pg. 278-79) Interval, ratio Punishment: any consequence that makes prior behavior less likely to occur

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Learning Long Term Potentiation: a long lasting enhancement in signal transmission between two neurons Improves the postsynaptic cells sensitivity to signals received from the presynaptic cell

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Language Human Language: 1. Compositional A. Phonemes- units of sound (English- 45) Ex. K ae t = cat B. words- units of meaning C. sentences- units of structure 2. Three-level system Sounds (phonemes, words) sentences meaning Syntax: rules that govern how words can be combined to form sentences 3. infinite # of possible sentences Results from RECURSIVE nature of syntactic rules

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Language Language Acquisition and stages of development Babbling (5-12 mths) Non-syllabic babbling (5-7 mths)- baby begins to play with sounds clicks, hums, smacks Syllabic babbling (7-8 mths)- baby begins to produce real syllables deedeedee babababa Gibberish babbling (8-12 mths)- baby mixes syllables, really cute speech results da-dee One-word utterance stage (12-18 mths) Initially, the child learns about 50 important words Food: juice, cookie Body parts: eye nose Toys: doll, block People: mama, dada, baby Action words: up, down, eat, go Modifiers: hot, allgone, more, dirty Social interaction: hi, bye-bye, yes, no

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Language Language Acquisition and stages of development, continued Two-word state (18-24 mths) Learning 10-20 words/day Words in mostly correct order Grammatical competence (24+ mths) Explosion of linguistic competence Rule overgeneralization

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Language Washoe signing chimp Kanzi bonobo understanding English How is their language learning different from ours? They are limited in their ability to produce creative sentences

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Language Aphasia acquired problem in producing and/or comprehending speech Brocas aphasia: Non-fluent speech halted, very difficult to produce Comprehension (of both listening and producing) okay Can curse, repeat memorized rhymes cant use language creatively Wernickes aphasia: Fluent speech, but does not make sense Problems comprehending language both what others are saying and in their own responses Not always aware of their problems

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