evolution the purpose of miller and urey’s experiment was to see if a) the planet could have been...

7
Evolution The purpose of miller and Urey’s experiment was to see if a) The planet could have been formed in the Big Bang b) humans could have evolved from ancient hominids c) organic compounds could have formed in ancient Earth d) DNA is the genetic code Write A next to compounds Miller and Urey added, B next to compounds produced after running the experiment, N for neither 1___ methane 6 ___ ammonia 2___ amino acids 7 ___ cells 3___water 8 ___ hydrogen gas 4___ electricity 9__ nitrogenous bases 5___proteins 10__monkeys Pasteur’s experiment illustrated above proved that the idea of spontaneous generation was incorrect, otherwise bacteria would have formed by themselves from the broth in flask ____ The Endosymbiotic theory explains how cells became more complex through the intake of simper cells. Instead of being digested, these smaller cells remained inside doing a job, such as cellular respiration and photosynthesis. Which of the statements below about chloroplasts and mitochondria are supporting pieces of evidence for the endosymbiotic theory? They both.. 1Have two cell membranes 2Have their own DNA 3Divide through binary fission like bacteria 4Have specific functions within the cell Evidence of evolution. Match examples with term 1__Petrified bones of human ancestors show we had a smaller cranium at one time. 2__Dolphin and human fetus both have lower limb buds and a tail, showing common ancestry 3__A dolphin’s fin and a hand are made from the same embryonic tissue, showing a common ancestry. 4__ Bacteria, you, and butterflies all have the same bases in the DNA, A-T, C-G. a) DNA similarities b) homologous structures c) Fossils d) embryological similarities Domains a) Archea b) Eubacteria c) Eukarya 1__ fungi, plants, protist and animals 2__ salt loving halophiles 3__ have a nucleus 4__ __have no nucleus 5__ peptidoglycan in cell walls. Yes, well, look it up Kingdoms: What Kingdom is each organism in? a) Protista b)fungi c)plantae d)animalia 6__ unicellular, cell wall with cellulose, autotroph 7__ unicellular, cell wall with chitin, heterotrophic 8__ multicellular, cell wall with cellulose, autotrophic 9__ most varied kingdom 10__ You found an organism which you know is heterotrophic because it’s eating your toes. On close inspection, you see it has no cell walls. You thought it was an animal, but it has only one cell. Cervix____a Endometrium____b Ovary____c Testes____d Fallopian tube____e Vas deferens____f Prostate____g Seminal vesicle___h Uterus____i Epididymis____j 1 a,2b ,3 a ,4 a ,5 n , 6 a ,7 n, 8 a,9 b , 1 0 n Flask B, 1,2,3 1c,2d,3b,4a 1c,2a,3c,4ab,5a, 6b,7b,8c,9a,10a Terms in evolution Match 1__ Polar and grizzly bears evolved from one common ancestor 2__Dolphins, sharks and penguins are not closely, but have a similar shape 3__ Lighter, polar bears can walk on thinner ice, are able to hunt more food. This increases their chances of surviving and having more offspring. 4__ Humans bred Yorky terriers, even though they would do terribly in the wild. a)artificial selection b)convergent evolution c)divergent evolution d) natural selection 1d,2c,3d,4a __medulla oblongata1 _ _ _ _ Cerebrum2 __ cerebellum3 __occipital4 __frontal5 __pons6 1f,2abch,3d,4c,5a,6e A2, b8,c7,d11,e5,f13, g14, h15, I4 j12

Upload: nicholas-neal

Post on 18-Dec-2015

217 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Evolution The purpose of miller and Urey’s experiment was to see if a) The planet could have been formed in the Big Bang b) humans could have evolved from

Evolution 

The purpose of miller and Urey’s experiment was to see if a) The planet could have been formed in the Big Bang b) humans could have evolved from ancient hominids c) organic compounds could have formed in ancient Earth d) DNA is the genetic code Write A next to compounds Miller and Urey added, B next to compounds produced after running the experiment, N for neither 1___ methane 6 ___ ammonia 2___ amino acids 7 ___ cells 3___water 8 ___ hydrogen gas 4___ electricity 9__ nitrogenous bases5___proteins 10__monkeys

Pasteur’s experiment illustrated above proved that the idea of spontaneous generation was incorrect, otherwise bacteria would have formed by themselves from the broth in flask ____The Endosymbiotic theory explains how cells became more complex through the intake of simper cells.  Instead of being digested, these smaller cells remained inside doing a job, such as cellular respiration and photosynthesis. Which of the statements below about chloroplasts and mitochondria are supporting pieces of evidence for the endosymbiotic theory?They both..1Have two cell membranes2Have their own DNA3Divide through binary fission like bacteria4Have specific functions within the cell

Evidence of evolution.    Match examples with term1__Petrified bones of human ancestors show we had a smaller cranium at one time.2__Dolphin and human fetus both have lower limb buds and a tail, showing common ancestry3__A dolphin’s fin and a hand are made from the same embryonic tissue, showing a common ancestry.4__ Bacteria, you, and butterflies all have the same bases in the DNA, A-T, C-G.a) DNA similarities b) homologous structures c) Fossils d) embryological similarities

Domains   a) Archea b) Eubacteria c) Eukarya1__ fungi, plants, protist and animals2__ salt loving halophiles3__ have a nucleus4__ __have no nucleus5__ peptidoglycan in cell walls. Yes, well, look it upKingdoms: What Kingdom is each organism in?a) Protista b)fungi c)plantae d)animalia6__ unicellular, cell wall with cellulose, autotroph7__ unicellular, cell wall with chitin, heterotrophic8__ multicellular, cell wall with cellulose, autotrophic9__ most varied kingdom10__ You found an organism which you know is heterotrophic because it’s eating your toes.  On close inspection, you see it has no cell walls. You thought it was an animal, but it has only one cell.

Cervix____aEndometrium____b

Ovary____cTestes____d

Fallopian tube____eVas deferens____f

Prostate____gSeminal vesicle___h

        Uterus____i       Epididymis____j

1a,2

b,3a

,4a,

5n,

6a,7

n,8a

,9b,

10n

Flask B, 1,2,3

1c,2d,3b,4a

1c,2a,3c,4ab,5a, 6b,7b,8c,9a,10a

Terms in evolution Match1__ Polar and grizzly bears evolved from one common ancestor2__Dolphins, sharks and penguins are not      closely, but have a similar shape3__ Lighter, polar bears can walk on        thinner ice, are able to hunt more food.        This increases their chances of surviving       and having more offspring.4__ Humans bred Yorky terriers, even though they would do terribly in the wild.a)artificial selection b)convergent evolution c)divergent evolution d) natural selection

1d,2c,3d,4a

__medulla oblongata1_ _ _ _ Cerebrum2

__ cerebellum3__occipital4

__frontal5__pons6

1f,2abch,3d,4c,5a,6e

A2, b8,c7,d11,e5,f13,

g14, h15, I4 j12

Page 2: Evolution The purpose of miller and Urey’s experiment was to see if a) The planet could have been formed in the Big Bang b) humans could have evolved from

When do these occur? 1st, 2nd, or 3rdtimester?a.Gastrulation__  b.respiratory system completed__c.Organs form__  d.Organs complete development_e.Heart beats__   f.Most growth__

Development: put these stages of your development in correct order

2,1,3,5,4

a1,b3,c1,d3,1e,f3

Circulatory system:  a)Hypertension    b)atherosclerosis     c)stroke     d)heart attack  1__blockage preventing oxygen rich blood   from getting to heart tissue2__ high blood pressure   3__ plaque build up in arteries.  Can lead to  strokes and heart attacks4__ blood supply to brain is blocked by clotting or hemorrhageDo these increase or decrease resistance?5__ high viscosity     6___decreased vessel radius     7__atherosclerosis  8 __dilated vessels   

Prokaryote or Eukaryote?1.Has a nucleus__2.Has plasmids__3.Bacteria__4.Always unicellular__5.Always has cell wall__

1e,2p,3p,4p,5p

1d,2

a,3b

,4c,5#

,6#

,7#

,8

$

Helper T cells,  Killer T cells, and B cells  are all white blood cellsB cells: make antibodies, activate T cells, “become” memory cells  (reason why you get chickenpox only once)Killer T: kill cancerous  or virus infected cells (like cops)Helper T: activate /regulate B & Killer T (like 911)

The inflammatory response (inflammation) occurs when tissues are injured by bacteria, trauma, toxins, heat, or any other cause. The damaged cells release chemicals including histamine, bradykinin, and prostaglandins. These chemicals cause blood vessels to leak fluid into the tissues, causing swelling.This helps isolate the foreign substance from further contact with body tissues. The chemicals also attract white blood cells called phagocytes that "eat" germs and dead or damaged cells. This  process is called phagocytosis. Phagocytes eventually die. Pus is formed from a collection of dead tissue, dead bacteria, and live and dead phagocytes. Number these in chronological order:__ white blood cells come and eat the germs from the alien spit as well as your dead and damaged cells__you finish healing and are ready to save the world again __You get a cut on your arm while fighting off evil aliens and protecting your best friend.__damaged cells in your arm release  histamine__alien spit bacteria is isolated__ live  and dead phagocytes and dead alien cells make pus__your arm swells to the size of a baseball due to blood vessels dilating and leaking fluid into the muscle tissue

5,7,1,2,4,6,3

Organelles!!!!!1.Photosynthesis ___    2.Cellular respiration___3.Makes ribosomes___   4.Makes proteins____5.Control center of the cell____6.Has information on how to make a protein7.Has ribosomes on it and prepares the proteins these make__8.Has no ribosomes on it, makes lipids and detoxifies toxins__9. Stores fluids__10. Packages and prepares proteins, transports lipids, makes vesicles__a)Chloroplast   b)mitochondria      c)nucleusd)Nucleolus    e) DNA   f)ribosomes  g)Smooth endoplasmic reticulumh) Rough endoplasmic reticulumi) Golgi apparatus     j)vacuole

1a,2b,3d,4f,5c,

6e,7g,8g,9j,10i

Immune system: Innate or Acquired?1__Fast   2__T cells   3__ Skin   4__ specific5__B cells    6__mucous   7__ born with it8__memory  9__ phagocytic cells10 A vaccine is a ____________  form of the pathogen. (Pathogens cause disease) 1i

,2a,

3i,4

a,5a

,

6i,7

i,8a,

9i,

10 w

eake

ned

or d

ead

Page 3: Evolution The purpose of miller and Urey’s experiment was to see if a) The planet could have been formed in the Big Bang b) humans could have evolved from

1. What is the main component of the cell membrane?________________2. The cell membrane is (completely/im/semi) permeable.3.If a cell has more salt per unit volume than the solution it is in, then that solution is (hyper/hypo/iso)tonic and water will mostly (enter/ leave) the cell.4. When cells release components it is called (endo/exo)cytosis and if they bring in components it’s  (endo/exo)cytosis).5. The concentration of potassium is lower in the soil than in the roots.  This means that the soil is (hyper/hypo/iso)tonic to the roots.  6. If the roots want to bring in potassium against the concentration gradient (going from low concentration to high instead of from high to low),then it will be (diffusion/active transport/facilitated diffusion)

1.Phospholipid 2.semi 3.hypo (the cell has more, so the solution has less) 4.exo/ endo 5.hypo 6.active (because it takes energy (ATP) to push the potassium to where the concentration is already high)

The plasma membrane aka cell membrane

Photosynthesis : light energy + CO2 + H2O C6H12O6 + O2

Cellular respiration: C6H12O6 +O2 ATP + CO2 + H2OCopy these until  you can write them without looking.

Is each of these a Reactant or Product for PHOTOSYNTHESIS?1__.sugar    2__.oxygen     3__.Water   4__.CO2    5__. Light energyIs each of these a Reactant or Product for CELLULAR RESPIRATION?6__.sugar    7__.oxygen     8__.Water   9__.CO2   10__. ATP11. Which of these  can perform photosynthesis?a. Bacteria b. protists c. plants d. fungi e.animals12.Which of these  can perform cellular respiration?a.Bacteria b. protists c. plants d. fungi e.animalsa)Nucleus  b) chloroplast    c)cell membrane  of bacterial cells d) mitochondria e)ribosomes f)Golgi apparatus13.Where does cellular respiration take place?___  ___  14.Where does photosynthesis take place?__   ___15.During photosynthesis a plant must take in CO2 and release excess O2.   During cellular respiration it releases CO2 just like you do. This gas exchange happens  through the _____16.Water evaporates from plants through___17.Water travels through plants through ___ and nutrients through___a) Xylem    b) phloem   c) guard cells   d) Stoma (stomata)

1p, 2p, 3r, 4r, 5r, 6r, 7r, 8p, 9p, 10p, 11abc, 12a/b/c/d/e, 13c/d, 14b/c, 15d, 16d, 17a..b

1.Unlike cellular respiration, FERMENTATION occurs without the use of ___.There are two types:Lactic acid fermentation occurs  in bacteria and muscles. Alcoholic fermentation in yeast , plants and muscle cellsAlcoholic fermentation or Lactic acid fermentation?2__. Makes ethanol    3.__starts with glucose   4. ___starts with glycolysis (splitting of glucose in 2) 5. __You do it  6___. used to make beer  7__. makes lactic acid     8.__ does not use O2   9.___ Produces less  ATP than cellular respiration

Alcoholic

fermentationLactic Acid

fermentation

1oxygen, 2A,3LA, 4LA, 5L, 6A, 7L, 8LA, 9LA 

Page 4: Evolution The purpose of miller and Urey’s experiment was to see if a) The planet could have been formed in the Big Bang b) humans could have evolved from

F =smooth fins in Siamese fighting fish  f =crowned fins.  Darkened symbols represent organisms expressing the recessive trait.  11.What are the possible genotypes of fish 2 in the 2nd generation?____12.What are the possible genotypes for fish 4 in 2nd generation? ___

Mitosis and Meiosis1.__Ends in two cells         2. __Ends in 4 cells3. __Makes gametes         4. __Makes somatic cells5. __Daughter cells are genetically identical6. __Daughter cells are genetically different7. __Daughter cells are haploid8. __Daughter cells are diploid9.___ only sister chromatids separate10.___ homologous chromosomes separate and then sister chromatids separate11. __Crossing over occurs12. __Tetrads form13. __Cuts number of chromosomes in half14. __Increases genetic variety15.__ Can’t wait for summer vacation16. __ Tumors form when cells loose control of this cell division.17. ___ Go get a snack.  Your brain needs food!

MITOSISInterphase is the first part of the cell cycle       has 3 parts: G1(growth)                            S (synthesis: replicates DNA )                            G2 (grows again)M phase, or Mitosis  (pro, meta, ana, telophase)Cytokinesis: cytoplasm splits (doesn’t always happen)

MEIOSISInterphase (G1, S, G2)Prophase I (tetrads form, crossing over)Anaphase I (homologous chromosomes separate)Telophase I , cytokinesis Interphase II Prophase Io tetrads or crossing over this time)Anaphase II (sister chromatids separate)TelophaseCytokinesis (always.. Making  4 sex cells. )

1i,2

e,3e

,4i,5

i,6e,

7e,8

i,9i,1

0e,1

1e,1

2e,1

3e,1

4e,1

5,1

6i,1

7:D

GENETICSWhat kind of dominance does the example refer to? (1-3)a.Complete   b.Incomplete  c. Codominace1__ there is a recessive and a dominant gene2__ a red alien and a yellow alien have an orange baby3__You have a gene for A blood type and a gene for blood type B.  You have blood type AB.A =pigmented, a = albino. Do a Punnett square for Aa X aa. 4. What is the genotype for the pigmented parent?5. What is the genotype of the homozygous parent?6. Is the homozygous parent recessive or dominant?7. What are the chances of this couple having an albino babe?8.IAIo X IBIo. Circle the possible genotype outcomes of this cross? a.IAIA b.IAIB c.IBIB d.IBIo  e.IAIo f.IoIo

XHXh X  XhY  H is normal blood clotting, h is hemophillia.9. What are the chances of this couple having a child with hemophllia? ____10. If the child is a boy, what are the chances that he’ll have hemophilia?___

Biochemistry

1.DNA  is a a)carbohydrate  b)protein   c) lipid   d) nucleic acid   made up ofa)carbon rings  b)nucleotides   c) amino acids  d) fatty acid tailsOne side of a DNA molecule is   C    T   C   G   G   A   T   C   G2.Complementary side is             __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __3. TRANSCRIPTION is when a complementary copy of the DNA molecule is made.  This copy is called an mRNA.  What mRNA molecule would be transcribed  from C    T   C   G   G   A   T   C   G? __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __4. During TRANSLATION amino acids are brought to the mRNA and make a _______ chain.5. Transcription occurs in the ____________.  6. Translation occurs in the___________

1a,2b

,3c,4A

a,5aa

,

6rec

essiv

e,7

)25%

,8bde

f,9)5

0%,

10)5

0%,11

)ff, 1

2)Ff 

1d/b

2)G

AGCC

TAG

C 3)

GAG

CCU

AGC 

4)pr

otei

n 5)

 nuc

leus

  6)

ribos

ome 

 

Page 5: Evolution The purpose of miller and Urey’s experiment was to see if a) The planet could have been formed in the Big Bang b) humans could have evolved from

Biotechnology1.Restriction enzymes are used for cutting a) DNA  b) proteins  c) lipids  d) carbohydrates2.A restriction enzyme cuts DNA between guanines. What will this DNA strand                          look like after being exposed to it?

DNA fingerprinting3.DNA electrophoresis was performed on DNA left at a crime seen shown 

on the far left below. What suspect matches the DNA at the crime scene _____

 

4.Scientists were able to cut the gene from a human for making insulin by using a ____ .  This gene was added to bacteria’s ______ therefore creating a ____________________ organism.

a) Transgenic b) mutant c) plasmid d) nucleus e) restriction enzyme

BIOCHEMISTRYFour major macromolecules in Biology (large):a)Proteins: made up of amino acids  Functions: immune system antibodies, structural, energy source, enzymes  which make many processes possible (ex: digestion)b)Carbohydrates: monosaccharides (sugars) Functions: energy storage (starch), structural (chitin and cellulose)c)Nucleic Acids: made up of nucleotides Functions: carry genetic information (DNA and RNA)d)Lipids: Some made up of fatty acids Functions: energy storage, store nutrients1___Main component of cell membrane2___Found in cell membrane.  Used in facilitated diffusion to pass 

molecules from area of high concentration to low concentration.3__ B cells of the acquired immune system make them as antibodies4___ photosynthesis make these                        5___ When mRNA arrives at the ribosome, amino acids fall into the 

proper order during transcription and make one of these6__ cellular respiration break these 6 carbon molecule to make ATP.7___It is found in the nucleus and has your genetic code8___ Restriction enzymes are one of these9___ Restriction enzymes cut one of these10.According to the graph, what takes less energy, A reaction with an 

enzyme or a reaction without an enzyme? __________

1a,2a,3#2,4e/c/a

1d,2a,3a,4b,5a,

6b,7c,8a,9c, 10with

1__petal2__sperm producing anther3__style4__stigma5__ovary6__ovule7__stamen8__develops into fruit9__ __ meiosis occurs here

1j,2f,c3,d4,b5,a6,7g,b8,9bf

Page 6: Evolution The purpose of miller and Urey’s experiment was to see if a) The planet could have been formed in the Big Bang b) humans could have evolved from
Page 7: Evolution The purpose of miller and Urey’s experiment was to see if a) The planet could have been formed in the Big Bang b) humans could have evolved from

Immediately following a break in the skin, phagocytes engulf bacteria within the wound. This is an example of an _________ immune response which is __________ against a pathogen. A.   adaptive, specific B.  innate, specific C. innate, nonspecific

How T cells work and proteins:  http://www.tcells.org/beginners/easy_steps/