evolution of latest wireless technologies with its

KIJSET/OCT-DEC2016/VOL-3/Iss-4/A2 ISSN:2348-5477 IMPACT FACTOR(2016) – 6.1701

Copyright © 2016 Published by kaav publications. All rights reserved www.kaavpublications.org

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KAAV INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, ENGINEERING

& TECHNOLOGY

EVOLUTION OF LATEST WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES WITH

ITS FEATURES AND SERVICES

AUTHORS

PAVANKUMAR NAIK

NAGARAJ TELKAR

PRAVEEN K

ABSTRACT

New research directions will lead to fundamental changes in the design of future WiFi

networks. However, with an explosion of wireless mobile applications and services, there are still

some challenges on the spectrum crisis and high energy consumption. Wireless system designers

have been facing the continuously increasing demand for high data rates and spectrum sharing

required by new wireless applications and therefore have started research on future WiFi wireless

technologies. In this article we propose WiFi key technologies and there prospective: WiFi

CERTIFIEDTM ac and Wi Fi CERTIFIED passpointTM . Also represent super WiFi such as WiGig

solution, White Fi, HetNets and Cognitive Fi, DLNA, WIFI Direct, NFC (Near Field

Communication, 4G, WiFI 802.11, Li-Fi & Gi-Fi. Future applications and services facing these

potential technologies are also discussed.

KEYWORDS: WiFi, Super WiFi, HetNets, IEEE 802 standards, Cognitive WiFi, WiGig, Li-Fi,

Gi-Fi.



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1. INTRODUCTION

Wireless communication is the transfer of information or power between two or more points

that are not connected by an electrical conductor. The most common wireless technologies use radio.

With radio waves distances can be short, such as a few meters for television or as far as thousands or

even millions of kilometers for deep-space radio communications. It encompasses various types of

fixed, mobile, and portable applications, including two-way radios, cellular telephones, personal

digital assistants (PDAs), and wireless networking. Other examples of applications of radio wireless

technology include GPS units, garage door openers, wireless computer mouse, keyboards and

headsets, headphones, radio receivers, satellite television, broadcast television and cordless

telephones.

Somewhat less common methods of achieving wireless communications include the use of

other electromagnetic wireless technologies, such as light, magnetic, or electric fields or the use of

sound. Wireless operations permit services, such as long-range communications, that are impossible

or impractical to implement with the use of wires. The term is commonly used in

the telecommunications industry to refer to telecommunications systems (e.g. radio transmitters and

receivers, remote controls, etc.) which use some form of energy (e.g. radio waves, acoustic energy,)

to transfer information without the use of wires [6]. Information is transferred in this manner over

both short and long distances.

1.1 HISTORY

Photophone

The world's first wireless telephone conversation occurred in 1880, when Alexander Graham

Bell and Charles Sumner Tainter invented and patented the photophone, a telephone that conducted

audio conversations wirelessly over modulated light beams (which are narrow projections

of electromagnetic waves). In that distant era, when utilities did not yet exist to

provide electricity and lasers had not even been imagined in science fiction, there were no practical

applications for their invention, which was highly limited by the availability of both sunlight and

good weather. Similar to free-space optical communication, the photophone also required a clear line

of sight between its transmitter and its receiver. It would be several decades before the photophone's



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principles found their first practical applications inmilitary communications and later in fiber-optic

communications.[2][3].

Figure 1 shows the first practical application of photophones

Wireless telegraphy

David E. Hughes transmitted radio signals over a few hundred yards using a clockwork

keyed transmitter in 1878[4]. As this was before Maxwell's work was understood, Hughes'

contemporaries dismissed his achievement as mere "Induction." In 1885, Thomas Edison used a

vibrator magnet for induction transmission. In 1888, Edison deployed a system of signaling on the

Lehigh Valley Railroad. In 1891, Edison obtained the wireless patent for this method using

inductance (U.S. Patent 465,971). In 1888, Heinrich Hertz demonstrated the existence

of electromagnetic waves, the underlying basis of most wireless technology[5] and also Hertz

demonstrated that electromagnetic waves traveled through space in straight lines, could be

transmitted, and could be received by an experimental apparatus. Later inventors implemented

practical applications of wireless radio communication and radio remote control technology.

Radio

The term "wireless" came into public use to refer to a radio receiver or transceiver (a dual

purpose receiver and transmitter device), establishing its use in the field of wireless telegraphy early

on; now the term is used to describe modern wireless connections such as in cellular networks and



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wireless broadband Internet. It is also used in a general sense to refer to any operation that is

implemented without the use of wires, such as "wireless remote control" or "wireless energy

transfer", regardless of the specific technology (e.g. radio, infrared,ultrasonic) used. Guglielmo

Marconi and Karl Ferdinand Braun were awarded the 1909 Nobel Prize for Physics for their

contribution to wireless telegraphy.

Free-space optical

Free-space optical communication (FSO) is an optical communication technology that uses

light propagating in free space to transmit wirelessly data for telecommunications or computer

networking. "Free space" means the light beams travel through the open air or outer space. This

contrasts with other communication technologies that use light beams traveling through transmission

lines such asoptical fiber or dielectric "light pipes".

The technology is useful where physical connections are impractical due to high costs or

other considerations. For example, free space optical links are used in cities between office buildings

which are not wired for networking, where the cost of running cable through the building and under

the street would be prohibitive. Another widely used example is consumer IR devices such as remote

controls and IrDA (Infrared Data Association) networking, which is used as an alternative

to WiFi networking to allow laptops, PDAs, printers, and digital cameras to exchange data.

Figure 2 shows 8 beam free space optical laser device

An 8-beam free space optics laser link, rated for 1 Gbit/s at a distance of approximately

2 km. The receptor is the large disc in the middle, the transmitters the smaller ones. To the top and

right corner amonocular for assisting the alignment of the two heads[1].



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Sonic

Sonic, especially ultrasonic short range communication involves the transmission and reception of

sound.

Electromagnetic induction

Electromagnetic induction short range communication and power. This has been used in biomedical

situations such as pacemakers, as well as for short-range Rfid tags[5].

2. IMPORTANCE OF IEEE 802 STANDARDS

The IEEE 802 Standard comprises a family of networking standards that cover the physical layer

specifications of technologies from Ethernet to wireless. IEEE 802 is subdivided into 22 parts that

cover the physical and data-link aspects of networking. The better known specifications (bold in

table below) include 802.3 Ethernet, 802.11 Wi-Fi, 802.15 Bluetooth/ZigBee, and 802.16.

802 Overview Basics of physical and logical networking concepts.

802.1 Bridging LAN/MAN bridging and management. Covers management and

the lower sub-layers of OSI Layer 2, including MAC-based

bridging(Media Access Control), virtual LANs and port-based

access control.

802.2 Logical Link Commonly referred to as the LLC or Logical Link Control

specification. The LLC is the top sub-layer in the data-link layer,

OSI Layer 2. Interfaces with the network Layer 3.

802.3 Ethernet "Grandaddy" of the 802 specifications. Provides asynchronous

networking using "carrier sense, multiple access with collision

detect" (CSMA/CD) over coax, twisted-pair copper, and fiber

media. Current speeds range from 10 Mbps to 10 Gbps. Click for



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a list of the "hot" 802.3 technologies.

802.4 Token Bus Disbanded

802.5 Token Ring The original token-passing standard for twisted-pair, shielded

copper cables. Supports copper and fiber cabling from 4Mbps to

100 Mbps. Often called "IBM Token-Ring."

802.6 Distributed

queue dual bus

(DQDB)

"Superseded **Revision of 802.1D-1990 edition (ISO/IEC

10038). 802.1D incorporates P802.1p and P802.12e. It also

incorporates and supersedes published standards 802.1j and

802.6k. Superseded by 802.1D-2004." (See IEEE status page.)

802.7 Broadband

LAN Practices

Withdrawn Standard. Withdrawn Date: Feb 07, 2003. No longer

endorsed by the IEEE. (See IEEE status page.)

802.8 Fiber Optic

Practices

Withdrawn PAR. Standards project no longer endorsed by the

IEEE. (See IEEE status page.)

802.9 Integrated

Services LAN

Withdrawn PAR. Standards project no longer endorsed by the

IEEE. (See IEEE status page.)

802.10 Interoperable

LAN security

Superseded **Contains: IEEE Std 802.10b-1992. (See IEEE

status page.)

802.11 Wi-Fi Wireless LAN Media Access Control and Physical Layer



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specification. 802.11a,b,g,etc. are amendments to the original

802.11 standard. Products that implement 802.11 standards

must pass tests and are referred to as "Wi-Fi certified."

802.12 Demand

Priority

Increases Ethernet data rate to 100 Mbps by controlling media

utilization.

802.13 Not used Not used

802.14 Cable modems Withdrawn PAR. Standards project no longer endorsed by the

IEEE.

802.15 Wireless

Personal Area

Networks

Communications specification that was approved in early 2002

by the IEEE for wireless personal area networks (WPANs).

802.15.1 Bluetooth Short range (10m) wireless technology forcordless mouse,

keyboard, and hands-free headset at 2.4 GHz.

802.15.3a UWB Short range, high-bandwidth "ultra wideband" link

802.15.4 ZigBee Short range wireless sensor networks

802.15.5 Mesh Network

• Extension of network coverage without increasing the

transmit power or the receiver sensitivity



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• Enhanced reliability via route redundancy

• Easier network configuration - Better device battery life

802.16 Wireless

Metropolitan

Area Networks

This family of standards covers Fixed and Mobile Broadband

Wireless Access methods used to create Wireless Metropolitan

Area Networks (WMANs.) Connects Base Stations to the Internet

using OFDM in unlicensed (900 MHz, 2.4, 5.8 GHz) or licensed

(700 MHz, 2.5 – 3.6 GHz) frequency bands. Products that

implement 802.16 standards can undergo WiMAX certification

testing.

802.17 Resilient Packet

Ring

IEEE working group description

802.18 Radio

Regulatory

TAG

IEEE 802.18 standards committee

802.19 Coexistence IEEE 802.19 Coexistence Technical Advisory Group

802.20 Mobile

Broadband

Wireless

Access

IEEE 802.20 mission and project scope

802.21 Media

Independent

Handoff




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802.22 Wireless

Regional Area

Network


Table 1 Gives Overview of the IEEE 802 Standards

From the above table we come to know that IEEE 802.11 standards are used for Wireless

communication Technologies. Wireless connectivity for computers is now well established and

virtually all new laptops contain a Wi-Fi capability. Of the WLAN solutions that are available the

IEEE 802.11 standard, often termed Wi-Fi has become the de-facto standard. With operating speeds

of systems using the IEEE 802.11 standards of around 54 Mbps being commonplace, Wi-Fi is able

to compete well with wired systems. As a result of the flexibility and performance of the system,

Wi-Fi "hotpots" are widespread and in common use. These enable people to use their laptop

computers as they wait in hotels, airport lounges, cafes, and many other places using a wire-less link

rather than needing to use a cable.

In addition to the 802.11 standards being used for temporary connections, and for temporary

Wireless Local Area Network, WLAN applications, they may also be used for more permanent

installations. In offices WLAN equipment may be used to provide semi-permanent WLAN solutions.

Here the use of WLAN equipment enables offices to be set up without the need for permanent

wiring, and this can provide a considerable cost saving. The use of WLAN equipment allows

changes to be made around the office without the need to re-wiring.

As a result the Wi-Fi, IEEE 802.11 standard is widely used to provide WLAN solutions both

for temporary connections in hotspots in cafes, airports, hotels and similar places as well as within

office scenarios.

2.1 IEEE 802.11 STANDARDS

802.11 has a variety of standards, each with a letter suffix. These cover everything from the

wireless standards themselves, to standards for security aspects, quality of service. There are several

specifications in the 802.11 family:



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• 802.11 — applies to wireless LANs and provides 1 or 2 Mbps transmission in the 2.4 GHz

band using either frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) or direct sequence spread spectrum

(DSSS).

• 802.11a - An extension to 802.11 that applies to wireless LANs and provides up to 54-Mbps

in the 5GHz band. 802.11a uses an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing encoding

scheme rather than FHSS or DSSS.

• 802.11b - (also referred to as 802.11 High Rate or Wi-Fi) — an extension to 802.11 that

applies to wireless LANS and provides 11 Mbps transmission (with a fallback to 5.5, 2 and

1-Mbps) in the 2.4 GHz band. 802.11b uses only DSSS. 802.11b was a 1999 ratification to

the original 802.11 standard, allowing wireless functionality comparable to Ethernet.

• 802.11d- Enhancement to 802.11a and 802.11b that allows for global roaming. Particulars

can be set at Media Access Control (MAC) layer

• 802.11e — a wireless draft standard that defines the Quality of Service (QoS) support for

LANs, and is an enhancement to the 802.11a and 802.11b wireless LAN (WLAN)

specifications. 802.11e adds QoS features and multimedia support to the existing IEEE

802.11b and IEEE 802.11a wireless standards, while maintaining full backward compatibility

with these standards.

• 802.11f - Handover

• 802.11g — applies to wireless LANs and is used for transmission over short distances at up

to 54-Mbps in the 2.4 GHz bands.

• 802.11h - Power control

• 802.11i - Authentication and encryption

• 802.11j - Interworking

• 802.11k - Measurement reporting

• 802.11n — 802.11n builds upon previous 802.11 standards by adding multiple-

input multiple-output (MIMO). The additional transmitter and receiver antennas allow for

increased data throughput through spatial multiplexing and increased range by exploiting the

spatial diversity through coding schemes like Alamouti coding. The real speed would be 100

Mbit/s (even 250 Mbit/s in PHY level), and so up to 4-5 times faster than 802.11g.



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• 802.11s - Mesh networking

• 802.11ac — 802.11ac builds upon previous 802.11 standards, particularly the 802.11n

standard, to deliver data rates of 433Mbps per spatial stream, or 1.3Gbps in a three-antenna

(three stream) design. The 802.11ac specification operates only in the 5 GHz frequency range

and features support for wider channels (80MHz and 160MHz) and beam forming

capabilities by default to help achieve its higher wireless speeds.

• 802.11ac Wave 2 — 802.11ac Wave 2 is an update for the original 802.11ac spec that

uses MU-MIMO technology and other advancements to help increase theoretical maximum

wireless speeds for the spec to 6.93 Gbps.

• 802.11ad — 802.11ad is a wireless specification under development that will operate in the

60GHz frequency band and offer much higher transfer rates than previous 802.11 specs, with

a theoretical maximum transfer rate of up to 7Gbps (Gigabits per second).

• 802.11af - Wi-Fi in TV spectrum white spaces (often called White-Fi).

• 802.11ah— Also known as Wi-Fi HaLow, 802.11ah is the first Wi-Fi specification to

operate in frequency bands below one gigahertz (900 MHz), and it has a range of nearly

twice that of other Wi-Fi technologies. It's also able to penetrate walls and other barriers

considerably better than previous Wi-Fi standards.

• 802.11r - 802.11r, also called Fast Basic Service Set (BSS) Transition, supports VoWi-

Fi handoff between access points to enable VoIP roaming on a Wi-Fi network

with 802.1X authentication.

• 802.1X — Not to be confused with 802.11x (which is the term used to describe the family of

802.11 standards) 802.1X is an IEEE standard for port-based Network Access Control that

allows network administrators to restricted use of IEEE 802 LAN service access points to

secure communication between authenticated and authorized devices.

3. WI-FI KEY TECHNOLOGIES AND PROSPECTIVES.

Tri-band WiFi

The utilization of tri-band WiFi gets new wireless solutions. By this network

topology the data rate increased to 5Gbps. The aim of this solution is utilized in



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enterprise to get increased wireless speed, improved wireless access and increased

network capacity by using the IEEE802.11ad or WiGig standard.

Recent LiFi over WiFi

The new technology Light Fi (LiFi) is LED switching on/of technique which transfers

data at high speed. The speed of the on and of switching of the LED is converted in

terms of data rates. The speed is 1Gbits/sec. which is 10 times faster than WiFi.

Advanced Enterprise WiFi

The new wireless technologies for enterprise environments in 2017 will change the

trends of enterprise employees. The different ways will advance in coming years such

as:

Adoption of 802.11ad which represents the upcoming change in the IEEE 802.11

protocol and increases the data speed into the Gigabit world.

Expansion of cloud for small and medium sized enterprises.

WiFi- based location analytics will help for different organization to improve the

customers and user WiFi experience, to increase business intelligence and to

improving the security policy.

BY using advance Hot Spot 2.0 and pass point open services.

To allow user to log in to the WiFi network by using their social credentials.

3.1 Wi-Fi CERTIFIEDTM AC

1. The Wi-Fi CERTIFIED 802.11ac can deliver data rate which is more than double

of a 802.11n network.

2. It supports only the 5 GHz frequency, means signal has less range.

3. It supports multiple antennas that is MIMO(multiple input multiple output).

4. The important feature 802.11ac is beam forming that gets around the general 5

GHz range problem. It States with 802.11ac the signal is propagate for broadcast

directly from the access point(AP) to a certain device and back towards the AP.



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Figure 3: 1.802.11ac Beam-forming technique compared with past conventional Wi-Fi

This future technique are compared to conventional Wi-Fi. Wi-Fi certified

equipments meets the security requirement of essential corporate networks and applications

and allows residential users to protect their networks [7].

3.2 Wi- FI CERTIFIED PasspointTM

Wi-Fi Certified PasspointTM has given the layout for foundation for latest

type of Wi-Fi experience in public locations. Online sign-up for mobile devices without SIM

card is the current passport release for this policy control.Wi- Fi Certified PasspointTM ac

builds up the collaboration of the passport, thereby attaining higher capacity of network and

improving performance for multi-media content. The new streams of value addition for

existing services of end-users is achieved through inter carrier WiFi roaming [8].

3.3 Future Wi-Fi speeds

From global research [9] in 2017 (20.3Mbps) the WiFi connection speeds generated

from dual mode devices will increase 3 times to speeds in 2012(7.7Mbps). The Table-2

shows the projected Wi-Fi network connection speeds in Kbps by Global region and different

countries. In [10] illustrates the highest growth in WiFi speeds from 2012 to 2017 with a

CAGR (Compound Annual Growth Rate) in Percentage and expected Wi-Fi Network

Connection Speeds by Global Regions from 2014- 2017 respectively.

Region/Year 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 CAGR

North

America 11 14 16 18 21 23 15%



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Latin

America 5 6 7 8 9 11 18%

Western

Europe 9 11 12 14 17 18 14%

Central &

Eastern

Europe

10 12 15 17 20 23 19%

Middle East

& Africa 3 3 3 4 4 4 8%

Asia Pacific 6 8 10 13 16 19 26%

Global 8 10 12 14 17 20 21%

Table 2: Wi-Fi Network Connection Speeds by Global Regions from 2012- 2017 (in Mbps)

3.4 International WiFi Roaming

WiFi roaming is a vital business related advantages for operators. Now users expect

WiFi to be available wherever and whenever they travel. Till now a revenue opportunity has

not been successfully captured by operators.

3.5 Super Wi-Fi: The Real Future

To achieve todays spectrum demand different wireless access methods are utilized.

Now-a-days WiFi has very much congestion and also provided the consumer a economical

path to the network. To achieve the goal of affordable access to all consumers super WiFi is

used. Super WiFi will be provided over radio spectrum to share among different user and

internet service providers [11].

The major advantages of super Wi-Fi are:-

• Super Wi-Fi (400 meters) signals can travel over long distances than WiFi (100

meters).It can travel 4 times the Wi-Fi as a result more bandwidth, lower network

costs and lower power consumption.

• It can penetrate two or three concrete walls but Wi-Fi cannot.

• Greater efficiency due to longer distance coverage, wider range, more bandwidth and

lower power consumption.



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• Super Wi-Fi devices have the ability to switch from one group of channels to another.

• Advanced and powerful features.

• Self-explanatory and user friendly interface.

We use to define new development alternatives that create wireless access solutions in

future, including:

WiFi Gigabit Solution (IEEE 802.11 ad standard)

White Fi solution (IEEE 802.11 af standard)

Wi-Fi approach for Machine to Machine (M2M) communication (IEEE 802.11

ah standard)

HetNets solution

Cognitive-Fi (CogFi)

1. WI-FI GIGABIT SOLUTION: IEEE 802.11AD STANDARD

The next generation beyond 802.11ac is IEEE 802.11 ad which is known as wireless

Gigabit. It has the speed ability upto 7 Gbps to our Wi-Fi network. It uses 60GHz frequency

band instead of 5 GHz and 2.4 GHz band. The important drawback of Wi-Gig is the range

which is very much shorter than IEEE 802.11ac standard Wi-Fi. The WiGig products are

targeted to launch by the start of 2015.Wi-Gig at 7Gbps wireless speed and related

application areas [7].

Wi-Gig Beam Management

The antenna beam management is a key aspect of feature of Wi-Gig. The beam

forming is obtained by using a bi-directional training sequence that is appended to each

transmission. By this, system enables to transmit and /or the received beams to achieve the

optimum link properties. This enables the system to overcome any movement of the

transmitter, receiver or objects between them that might alter the path characterization.

High Capacity

It deploys 16-32 antenna element arrays which generates real spatial separation. For

this it make high capacity wireless deployments.

Power Efficient



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It means multiple Gigabits per second of real throughput at only hundred of milli-watts of

power of the total system. So it is a most power efficient technology in the Wi-Fi.

2. WHITE FI SOLUTION: IEEE 802.11AF STANDARDS

Super WiFi or TV white space refers to unused radio spectrum in TV broadcast bands

typically at 700MHz. This is an advance technology compared to Wi-Fi having a lot of extra

spectrum. So it is termed as “White Fi”. It does not face issues such as quality degradation

and distance limitations as Wi-Fi. This is approved in February 2014.The proposal for the

implementation of White Fi is still in its development stages.

Figure 4: Plot illustrates the highest growth in WiFi speeds from 2012 to 2017 with CAGR in

percentage

3. WI-FI APPROACH FOR MACHINE TO MACHINE (M2M) COMMUNICATION

(IEEE 802.11 AH STANDARD)

Its purpose is at creating large groups of stations that co-operate to share air- medium

while minimizing energy consumption. It defines WiFi system operating at 1GHz

(approximately). Final approval may be on March 2016.It provides improved transmission

range compared to conventional Wi-Fi due to its favorable propagation characteristics.



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Advanced applications include Large ScaleSensor networks, extended range hotspot and

outdoor Wi-Fi for cellular traffic off-loading[12].

Figure 5: Expected Wi-Fi Network Connection Speeds by Global Regions from 2014- 2017

Figure 6: WiGig(7GbpsWiF) standard implemented in a wide range of applications.

M2M communications are projected to be one of the fastest growing technology

segments of the IT sector in the coming years. In this, sensors and actuator networks connect

communication machines and devices so that the automatically transmit information, serving

the growing demand for environmental data acquisition.

4. HETNETS SOLUTION



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When users have to be close to the base station small cells are required, but large cells are

most cost effective to serve. So the best spectrum solution is deployed to overcome WiFi and

Heterogeneous Network (HetNet). This is a mixed technology having different frequencies,

cell sizes and network architectures to fulfill the rapid change of customer demand [13]. The

services of HetNets are to analyze, plan, optimize and manage the best capacity upgrade plan

including Wi-Fi, small cells and in-building solutions. The global heterogeneous network

market is growing at 27.9% CAGR over the period of 2014-2018. The Key factor for this

growth relates to demand for mobile broadband and the emergence of Wi-Fi enabled small

cells. Customers want more from their wireless providers, but current infra-structure cannot

handle the growing traffic. Small cells and HetNets are expected to overcome some burden

[14].

Figure 7: WiFi Heterogeneous (HetNet) LTE-Network

An LTE-WiFi HetNet have a single base station (BS) and many number of WiFi

access points (APs) can provide service to the same coverage area. Figure -7 shows such

typical network architecture which provides a mixer of networks (Long Term Evolution and

Wi-Fi network) implemented in hierarchical levels. The coupling elements are connected in

between routers and Wi-Fi access points as shown in figure 7. This junction of the network is



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packed tightly. There is another coupling element that connects internet access with WiFi

access point. But this connection is loosely tied.

5. COGNITIVE WIFI: COG-FI

Cognitive network and WiFi are two promising technique for efficient spectrum

sharing. Now a day the rapid change of consumer demand towards spectrum sharing

overcomes by cognitive network rather than Wi-Fi. Currently wireless communications have

been severely limited by the heterogeneity, which causes the transmission capacity and end-

to-end performance for the wireless systems since it cannot be improved fundamentally.

Therefore, in recent years the concept of cognitive network and Wi-Fi have been studied and

discussed extensively from both academia and industrial communities [9]. To achieve this

multiple interfaces such as internet, WiFi, Bluetooth and Zigbee are connected through

cognitive network as shown in figure

Figure 8: Connectivity Interfaces of Cognitive network with Wi-Fi

6. LI-FI

Li-Fi technology is a ground-breaking light-based communication technology, which

makes use of light waves instead of radio technology to deliver data. [17] Light Fidelity



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or Li-Fi is a Visible Light Communications (VLC) system running wireless communications

travelling at very high speeds. Li-Fi uses common household LED (light emitting diodes)

lightbulbs to enable data transfer, boasting speeds of up to 224 gigabits per second. The term

Li-Fi was coined by University of Edinburgh Professor Harald Haas during a TED Talk in

2011. Haas envisioned light bulbs that could act as wireless routers. Subsequently, in 2012

after four years of research, Haas set up company pureLiFi with the aim 'to be the world

leader in Visible Light Communications technology'.

6.1 How it works

Li-Fi and Wi-Fi are quite similar as both transmit data electromagnetically. However, Wi-Fi

uses radio waves while Li-Fi runs on visible light. As we now know, Li-Fi is a Visible Light

Communications (VLC) system. This means that it accommodates a photo-detector to

receive light signals and a signal processing element to convert the data into 'stream-able'

content. An LED light bulb is a semi-conductor light source meaning that the constant

current of electricity supplied to an LED light bulb can be dipped and dimmed, up and down

at extremely high speeds, without being visible to the human eye. For example, data is fed

into an LED light bulb (with signal processing technology), it then sends data (embedded in

its beam) at rapid speeds to the photo-detector (photodiode). The tiny changes in the rapid

dimming of LED bulbs are then converted by the 'receiver' into electrical signal. The signal is

then converted back into a binary data stream that we would recognise as web, video and

audio applications that run on internet enables devices.

6.2 Li-Fi vs Wi-Fi

While some may think that Li-Fi with its 224 gigabits per second leaves Wi-Fi in the dust,

Li-Fi's exclusive use of visible light could halt a mass uptake. Li-Fi signals cannot pass

through walls, so in order to enjoy full connectivity, capable LED bulbs will need to be

placed throughout the home. Not to mention, Li-Fi requires the light bulb is on at all times to

provide connectivity, meaning that the lights will need to be on during the day. What's more,

where there is a lack of light bulbs, there is a lack of Li-Fi internet so Li-Fi does take a hit

when it comes to public Wi-Fi networks. In an recent research announcement an extension of

standard Wi-Fi is coming and it's called Wi-Fi HaLow. This new project claims to double the



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range of connectivity while using less power. Due to this, Wi-Fi HaLow is reportedly perfect

for battery powered devices such as smart watches, smart phones and lends itself to Internet

of Things devices such as sensors and smart applications. But it's not all doom and gloom!

Due to its impressive speeds, Li-Fi could make a huge impact on the internet of things too,

with data transferred at much higher levels with even more devices able to connect to one

another.

7. GI-FI

IN [15] gigabit Wireless is the world’s first transceiver integrated on a single chip that

operates at 60GHz on the CMOS (complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor) process. It

will allow wireless transfer of audio and video data upto 5 gigabits per second, ten times the

current Maximum wireless transfer rate, at one-tenth of the cost, usually within a range of 10

meters. In fact, GiFi is a wireless transmission system which is ten times faster than Wi-Fi

and it is expected revolution networking in offices and homes by implementing high-speed

wireless environments. It utilizes a 5mm square chip and a 1mm wide antenna burning less

than 2milli watts of power to transmit data wirelessly over short distances, much like

Bluetooth. Gi-Fi technology provides many features such as ease of deployment, small form

factor, enabling the future of information management, high speed of data transfer, low

power consumption etc. With growing consumer adoption of High-Definition (HD)

television, low cost chip and other interesting features and benefits of this new technology it

can be predicted that the anticipated worldwide market for this technology is vast. The new

technology is predicted to revolutionize the way household gadgets talk to each other. Gi-Fi

can be considered as a challenger to Bluetooth rather than Wi-Fi and could find applications

ranging from new mobile phones to consumer electronics. Gi-Fi allows a full-length high

definition movie to be transferred between two devices in seconds. to the higher megapixel

count on our cameras, the increased bit rate on our music files, the higher resolution of our

video files. Within five years, we expect Gi-Fi to be the dominant technology for wireless

networking. By that time it will be fully mobile, as well as providing low-cost, high

broadband access, with very high speed large files swapped within seconds which will

develop wireless home and office of future. Gi-Fi potentially can bring wireless broadband to

the enterprise in an entirely new way. Enhancements to next generation gaming technology is



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one of the other benefits of this technology. The Nitro chipset in Gi-Fi technology by

offering reduced size and power consumption, can be used to send and receive large amounts

of data in a variety of applications, it is able to transfer gigabits of data within seconds and

therefore it can be used for huge data file transmission and it is expected that this chipset

replaces HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface) cables and could develop wireless

home and office of future.

The [16] new gigabit wireless system provides Multi-gigabit wireless technology that

removes the need for cables between consumer electronic devices and is More than 100 times

faster than current short-range wireless technologies such as Bluetooth and Wi-Fi. This

technology with high level of frequency re-use can satisfy the communication needs of

multiple customers within a small geographic region.

7.1Gigabit Wireless Features

This Gi-Fi technology allows wireless uncompressed highdefinition content and

operates over a range of 10 meters without interference. Gi-fi chip has flexible architecture. It

is highly portable and can be constructed in everywhere. Entire transmission system can be

built on a cost effective single silicon chip that operates in the unlicensed, 57-64 GHz

spectrum band. Gi-Fi technology also enables the future of information management, is easy

to deployment with the small form factor.

• Capacity of High Speed Data Transfer: The data transfer rate of Gigabit wireless

technology is in Gigabits per second. Speed of Gi-Fi is 5 Gbps; which is 10 times the data

transfer of the existing technologies. Providing higher data transfer rate is the main

invention of Gi-Fi. An entire High-Definition (HD) movie could be transmitted to a

mobile phone in a few seconds, and the phone could then upload the movie to a home

computer or screen at the same speed.

• Interference in Data Transfer: It uses the 60GHz millimeter wave spectrum to transmit

the data, which gives it an advantage over Wi-Fi. Wi-Fi’s part of the spectrum is

increasingly crowded, sharing the waves with devices such as cordless phones, which

leads to interference and slower speeds. But the millimeter wave spectrum (30 to 300



29

GHz) is almost unoccupied, and the new chip is potentially hundreds of times faster than

the average home Wi-Fi technology.

• Power Consumption: Power consumption of the present technologies such as Wi- Fi

and Bluetooth are 5mili watts and 10mili watts but chip of Gi-Fi uses a tiny one-

millimeter-wide antenna and it has less than 2mili watts of power consumption that in

compare to the current technologies is very less.

• Provides High Security: Gi-Fi technology is based on IEEE 802.15.3C and this standard

provides more security since it provides optional security in the link level and service

level. Point-to-point wireless systems operating at 60 GHz have been used for many years

by the intelligence community for high security communications and by the military for

satelliteto satellite communications.

7.2 Benefits of GI-FI Technology

The most important benefits of the Gi-Fi technology are as follows:

• Removing Cables: For many years cables ruled the world. Optical fibers played a

dominant role for its higher bit rates and faster transmission. But the installation of

cables caused a greater difficulty and thus led to wireless access. The standard’s

original limitations for data exchange rate and range and high cost of the

infrastructures have not yet made it possible for Wi-Fi to become a good replace for

the cables. Gi-Fi technology Removes need for cables to connect consumer

electronics devices and all the devices can be connected in order to transmit the data

wirelessly.

• Cost of Chip is low: Gi-Fi’s chip uses only a tiny one-millimeter-wide antenna and

less than 2mili watts of power. Low-cost chip allows technology to be readily

incorporated into multiple devices. The chip in Gi-fi would likely cost less to build.

Then a small design would allow cell phones and other small devices to add the

technology without significantly drive up the price. Gi-Fi is based on an open,

international standard. Mass adoption of the standard, and the use of low-cost, mass-

produced chipsets, will drive costs down dramatically, which is very less in compare

to present technologies.



30

• Privacy and Security: Encryption technology in Gi-Fi ensures privacy and security

of content. About 70 per cent of firms have deployed their WLAN in a secure firewall

zone but are still using the old WEP protocol, which does not protect the application

layer effectively, so better encryption is urgently needed.

• Flexibility: One of the problems with wire connections and cables is complexity for

connecting, but in the Gigabit wireless technology simplicity is one of the features.

Simple connection improves the consumer experience. The benefits related to the Gi-

fi technology that can be achieved by the deployment and use of this technology.

8. RECENT APPLICATIONS AND SERVICES

The UK communications regulatory has proposed a satellite system for aircraft and

ships to provide WiFi connections. For this, the speed of Wi-Fi is ten times faster than

conventional Wi-Fi used for public transport.Many service providers have planned to

launch high speed Wi-Fi services that will provide internet service to customers at

locations apart from their homes. They will be tying up with malls, coffee chains and

food courts to provide their unlimited Wi-Fi services to its customers apart from their

homes.[1]Stanford university researchers are trying for zippier Wi-Fi in crowded

buildings by making a single, dense Wi-Fi infrastructure. For this each resident can use

and manage its own private network. Recent developed Wi-Fi certified ac brings higher

performance to enterprise networks by increasing its speed and capacity and also more

efficient use of the wireless spectrum.Every fan in a packed sports stadium or music

venue will soon be able to get bespoke content direct to their phones by location-aware

Wi-Fi system developers by UK.US Navy leaders have planned to issue tablets in

equipped ships and submarines with Wi-Fi. Sailors could use it to communicate at any

point during the day. Global public Wi-Fi hotspot numbers are set to grow from 1.3

million in 2011 to 5.8 million by 2015, marking a 350 percent increase according to

research published by the Wireless Broadband(WBA).Recently launched WiFi Baby

Camera by D-Link (India) offers a lot of great features to help a new form anywhere and

also take away some of the stress related to child security and care.

8.1 Wi-Fi in Hospitals



31

Use of Wi-Fi technologies in hospitals grew rapidly day to day to create a future care

to patients. Now-a-days voice over WiFi has enabled clinicians to co-ordinate care from

anywhere in the hospital. Also Wi-Fi is beneficial to hospital staff, patients and their

families and visitors to access the internet within the hospital. The application of WiFi in

hospitals are classified as life critical, mission critical and consumer critical[8].

The hospitals use Wi-Fi technologies to:

• Smoothen then patient care and safety through automated sending of lab results to

mobile phones.

• Increase efficiency with reliable, pervasive Wi-Fi coverage.

• Improving the patient satisfaction by allowing patients to connect with their

family members and to enjoy the entertainment such as e-books, music and video.

• Enable video communication for caregivers to provide language interpretation

services, education, poison control help and psychiatric services remotely.

• Make a co-ordination by sending alarms and alerts to people who are in closest

proximity to deliver care.

• Provide real-time information on assets and patients through context aware

services.

• Provide alarm and alert notification out to mobile clinicians and caregivers via

their wireless phones.

4. CONCLUSIONS

This paper has discussed the future research directions that could lead to fundamental

changes in the new development alternatives that create wireless access solution in future:

WiGig, White-Fi, HetNets , M2M approach and cognitive WiFi. These solutions will form

the basis of future WiFi. Recent developed applications and services designed a road map for

future WiFi consumers. These applications place demands on available technology and

spectrum in terms of both the capacity available and the speed that can be supported for

multiple simultaneous users/uses.Higher speed and higher capacity Wi-Fi supported by

additional spectrum will facilitate the continued development of wireless connected

computing supporting high end-to-end connectivity speeds, improved quality of service in

contested environments, higher mobile traffic offload and support the development of cloud



32

computing applications. The future of Wi-Fi security will be very bright if we overcome the

security problems in the present technologies such as modulation spectrum technique, default

password settings, wireless equivalent privacy, service set identifier etc. And if we protect

Wi-Fi from these security problems, we have long way to produce great technologies under

Wi-Fi Networking in future. The security requirements vary depending on the amount of

network traffic and the level of secrecy required for the information being exchanged and the

application being used. Wi-Fi protected access is designed to meet these different

requirements by running in two different modes, enterprise and home. Although the future is

uncertain, the Wi-Fi industry will track record in innovation over the years. This has been

first-rate and it shows no signs of slowing down now.

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[6] "ATIS Telecom Glossary 2007", http://www.atis.org Retrieved 2008.

[7]Verma, L. ;Fakharzadeh, M. ; Sunghyun Choi, "Wifi on steroids: 802.11AC and

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[9] http://ciscovni.com/gist/index.html

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[12] Bennis, M. ;Simsek, M. ; Czylwik, A. ; Saad, W. ; Valentin, S. ; Debbah, M.,“When

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[13] Jeffery Andrews, “Seven ways that HetNets are a cellular paradigm Shift”, IEEE

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[14] Qualcomm, “A Comparison of LTE Advanced HetNetsand WiFi,” white paper,

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[15] Report on “GI-FI Technology “.

[16] GI-FI technology “Wikipedia”

[17] “Research on Li-Fi Technology& Comparison of Li-Fi/Wi-Fi”, International Journal of

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