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THE EVOLUTION OF WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES

(Or what does the future hold in store for us?)

BILL LUTHER (Ret.)william.luther@comcast.net

(FORMERLY CONSULTANT TO U.S. NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACEADMINISTRATION AND CHIEF OF INTERNATIONAL

RADIOCOMMUNICATIONS POLICY FOR THE U.S. FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION)

2013

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TOPICS FOR CUTTING EDGE DISCUSSIONS

FORCES IMPACTINGTHE EVOLUTION OF TECHNOLOGIES THE LAW OF ACCELERATING RETURNS AND EVOLUTIONCOMPUTER TECHNOLOGIESWi-Fi, WiMAX, AND SUPER Wi-FiFUTURE TECHNOLOGIES HERE AND NOWWIRELESS MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY ADVANCESELECTRICAL POWER AND THE ENVIRONMENTBROADCAST TECHNOLOGIESCOGNITIVE RADIOSRF IDENTIFICATION TAGSPOWER LINE TELECOMMUNICATIONSS-CURVES

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FORCES IMPACTING THE EVOLUTION OF WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES

• CELLPHONES• INTERNET• GLOBALIZATION (UNIVERSAL NETWORK ACCESS) AND LIBERALIZATION• NATIONAL PRIORITIES (REGULATIONS)• PRIVATIZATION, COMPETITION, FOREIGN INVESTMENT ACCESS AND

ECONOMICS• TECHNOLOGY AND MARKET INNOVATION• PUBLIC AND SOCIAL INTEREST• CONSUMERS' INTERESTS AND MOBILITY• WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION AGREEMENTS AND INTERNATIONAL

TELECOMMUNICATION UNION TREATIES (OPEN MARKETS) • EARTH ENVIRONMENT (GOING GREEN WITH TECHNOLOGY, E.G., SMART

POWER ADAPTERS, RECYCLEABLE BATTERIES, BIODEGRADABLE COMPONENTS SUCH AS A COMPUTER CASE MADE FROM CORN, AND USE OF ORGANIC LIGHT-EMITTING DIODES )

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THE LAW OF ACCELERATING RETURNSINFORMATION TECHNOLOGY BUILDS ON ITSELF - - DOUBLING EVERY YEAR

OR TWO AS THE LATEST TOOLS CREATE THE NEXT SET OF TOOLS*

PEOPLE THINK LINEARLY WHILE THE ACTUAL COURSE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY APPROACHES THE EXPONENTIAL

1. COMPUTING SPEED INCREASE HAS BEEN EXPONENTIAL WHILE CHIP STORAGE HAS BEEN GEOMETRICALLY INCREASING.

2. IN THE MID-90s, HALFWAY THROUGH THE HUMAN GENOME PROJECT TO IDENTIFY ALL HUMAN GENE DNA, ONLY 1% OF GENOME WAS COLLECTED. BUT, THE AMOUNT OF GENETIC INFORMATION DOUBLED EVERY YEAR. THE PROJECT WAS TO TAKE 15 YEARS. ONE PERCENT DOUBLED EVERY YEAR REACHES 100% IN SEVEN YEARS. THE PROJECT FINISHED TWO YEARS EARLY.

3. TODAY, 70% OF ENERGY COMES FROM FOSSIL FUELS USING 19TH CENTURY TECHNOLOGY. IF WE COULD CAPTURE ONE-TEN THOUSANDTH OF THE SUNLIGHT THAT ILLUMINATES EARTH, WE COULD MEET 100% OF GLOBAL ENERGY REQUIREMENTS. NANOTECHNOLOGY INFORMATION IS EXPECTED TO OVERCOME OLDER SOLAR-CELL TECHNOLOGY. SOLAR AND WIND POWER GENERATION DOUBLES EVERY TWO YEARS.

* CONCLUSION OF THE U.S. NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION AND THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING – TECHNOLOGY POSSESSES THE SCALE TO ADDRESS MAJOR CHALLENGES - - ENERGY, ENVIRONMENT, POVERTY, DISEASE.

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NEW COMPUTER CHIPSMULTIPLE FUNCTIONS REPLACE SPEED AS MAIN

FEATURENEW CHIPS SIMULTANEOUSLY RUN MULTIPLE TASKS SUCH AS BURNING CDS AND WORD PROCESSING

WORLD’S SEMICONDUCTOR MAKERS DESIGNING CHIPS WITH MORE THAN ONE PROCESSOR

TRADITION HAS BEEN IN INCREASING CHIP “CLOCKSPEED” (NUMBER OF CALCULATIONS PER SECOND) BUT THERE IS NOW A “SEA CHANGE IN COMPUTING” - - MOVING FROM FASTER CHIPS TO MULTIPLE FUNCTION CHIPS

“CLOCKSPEED” TODAY IS MORE THAN 100 TIMES FASTER THAN IN 1995, BUT USERS WANT FEATURES SUCH AS A LONGER BATTERY LIFE, SURROUND SOUND, AND MULTIPLE FUNCTIONS

EACH COMMERCIAL CHIP TODAY HAS MILLIONS OF TRANSISTORS AND THE MOST COMPLEX CHIPS HAVE MORE THAN 6 BILLION TRANSISTORS AND USE WIRE CONNECTIONS THAT ARE A FEW HUNDRED ATOMS IN DIAMETER

SOURCE: WASHINGTON POST

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FAST, HIGH-CAPACITY FLASH DRIVE FACTS

• NEW USB DRIVES TRANSFER DATA AT 190 MB/s (≈ 3 GB/20 SECS & 40 GB/4MINS)

• 64 GB DRIVES @ $160 EACH

• USB FLASH DRIVES NOW HAVE 128 GB STORAGE @ $250.00 (SOME NOTEBOOKS ONLY HAVE 128 GB STORAGE - - iPADSTORAGE NOW IS AT 128 GB FOR $800).

• SANDISK EXPECTS TO SHIP MORE THAN ONE BILLION FLASH DRIVES IN 2014

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SELF-REPAIRING COMPUTERUNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON HAS INVENTED

(2013) A SELF-HEALING COMPUTER. THIS

SYSTEMIC MACHINE CAN (INSTANTLY) RECOVER

CORRUPTED DATA AUTOMATICALLY. THE NEW

COMPUTER CONTAINS MULTIPLE COPIES OF ITS

INSTRUCTIONS ACROSS INDIVIDUAL SYSTEMS.

THE MACHINE PREEMPTIVELY PREVENTS A

“CRASH”.

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THE CADENCE OF WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY - - Wi-Fi, WiMAX,

AND NOW, “SUPER Wi-Fi”• Wi-Fi OR WLAN (IEEE 802.11) STANDARD (2.4 – 2.5 GHz

BAND) IS WELL KNOWN.• WiMAX (WORLDWIDE INTEROPERABILITY FOR

MICROWAVE ACCESS) IS A FASTER, 4TH GENERATION WIRELESS (IEEE 802.16e) STANDARD (2.3-2.4, 2.5-2.69, 3.3-3.37, AND 4.9-5.4 GHz BANDS)

• THE U.S. FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS HAS NOW PROPOSED A NEW, WRAN SERVICE CALLED (BY THE MEDIA) “SUPER Wi-Fi” (IEEE 802.22) STANDARD WHICH CAN USE COGNITIVE DETECTION OR GEOGRAPHICAL DATA BASE QUERY TECHNIQUES TO AVOID INTERFERENCE TO LICENSED STATIONS.

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“SUPER Wi-Fi”• REPURPOSES TELEVISION SPECTRUM FOR UNLICENSED

(FREE) PUBLIC INTERNET USE• TECHNOLOGY NEUTRAL HOT SPOTS IN-BETWEEN

LOCAL, OCCUPIED BROADCAST TELEVISION STATION CHANNELS - - I.E., IN SPECTRUM “WHITE SPACES” AND GEOGRAPHICALLY SITED SO AS NOT TO INTERFERE WITH BROADCAST TV RECEPTION

• U.S. SPECTRUM AFFECTED: 54-88, 174-216, AND 470-596 MHz WHERE Wi-Fi COULD PENETRATE CONCRETE, HILLS, AND TREES MORE EASILY

• OBJECTIONS ARE MOUNTING FROM EXISTING CELLPHONE AND INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDERS

• GOOGLE, MICROSOFT, OTHERS SUPPORT THE NEW SERVICE WITH ITS POTENTIAL FOR NEW, INNOVATIVE SERVICES AND DEVICES

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SPECIFIC ATTENUATION AS A FUNCTION OF FREQUENCY

*ITU-R RECOMMENDATION

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FREE SPACE SIGNAL LOSS AS A FUNCTION OF FREQUENCY*

*RECOMMENDATION ITU-R PN.525-2

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ONE LAPTOP PER CHILD (OLPC) PROGRAM

CAMEROON, GHANA, KENYA, NIGERIA, TANZANIA, AND OTHER COUNTRIES HAVE TAKEN THE LEAD WITH DEPLOYMENT OF OLPC UNITS - - WATERPROOF, READABLE IN THE SUN, POWERED WITH A HAND-CRANK, MESH NETWORK “EAR” ANTENNAS, LIBRARY, VIDEOCAMERA, AUDIO RECORDER, MUSIC MAKER, AND DRAWING KIT. MILLIONS ARE IN THE HANDS OF CHILDREN AROUND THE WORLD USING MANY LANGUAGES. TODAY’S COST FOR THE 4TH GENERATIONTOUCH-SCREEN UNIT IS $185. A TABLET VERSION IS BEING INTRODUCED IN 2013.

IN SOME COUNTRIES, AS MANY AS 50% OF CHILDRENDO NOT GO TO SCHOOL BECAUSE THERE IS NO SCHOOL TO ATTEND. MANY CHILDREN IN DEVELOPINGCOUNTRIES HAVE NO ELECTRICITY AT HOME OR AT SCHOOL. (MINISTERS OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS ARE ALSODEFACTO MINISTERS OF EDUCATION.)

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SEARCH-BY-SIGHT(GOOGLE GOGGLES)

GOOGLE HAS CREATED A DATABASE OF BILLIONS OF IMAGES THAT CAN RECOGNIZE BOOKS, ALBUM COVERS, ARTWORK, LANDMARKS, PLACES, LOGOS, ETC.

ONE TEST WAS OF THE ITSUKUSHIMA SHRINE IN JAPAN FOR WHICH THE DATABASE WAS ABLE TO RETURN ITS DESCRIPTION

FACIAL RECOGNITION IS CURRENTLY NOT PART OF THE SEARCH ENGINE

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PROJECTED KEYBOARD - 1INTERACTIVE PROJECTOR THATTRANSFORMS ANY FLAT SURFACEINTO A TOUCH SCREEN, FREEINGMULTIMEDIA CONTENT FROM ASMALL SCREEN, ALLOWING USERSTO INTERACT WITH THATCONTENT JUST AS THEY DO ONHAND HELD DEVICES.

HOLOGRAPHIC LASERTECHNOLOGY CREATES BRIGHTVIDEO IMAGES. INTEGRATEDINFRARED SENSORS DETECTMOTION AND TURN THEPROJECTED IMAGE INTO AVIRTUAL TOUCH SCREEN. (A USERCAN CONTROL THE PROJECTORAND INTERACT WITH APPLICATIONSBY TOUCHING THE IMAGE.)

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PROJECTED KEYBOARD - 2

MICROSOFT AND CARNEGIE MELLON U. HAVE DEVELOPED A PROTOTYPE USING BLUETOOTH AND A PICO-PROJECTOR - -STILL WORKING ON A FULL KEYBOARD.

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RETINAL MOTION• FRONT-FACING CAMERA IN THE SAMSUNG

GALAXY S IV HANDHELD SENSES USER’S EYE MOVEMENT TO CONTROL THE SCREEN WITH TRADEMARK “EYE SCROLLING” / “EYE PAUSE” / SLEEP FUNCTIONS

• GALAXY S III IS THE STRONGEST COMPETITOR AT THE MOMENT TO THE APPLE iPHONE.

• THE NEW GALAXY S IV WAS RELEASED LAST WEEK IN BARCELONA.

• SAMSUNG AND APPLE ARE IN A BILLION DOLLAR PATENT FIGHT.

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PASSWORD PROTECTION?• WIRELESS INDUSTRY IS EXPERIMENTING WITH

ALTERNATIVES TO PASSWORDS (PRESS ANNOUNCEMENT ON MARCH 17, 2013)

• THE PROBLEM IS THE MANY PASSWORDS WE HAVE TO REMEMBER

• MOBILE PHONE EXPERIMENTAL OPTIONS INCLUDE OF VOICE RECOGNITION, IRIS SCANNERS, FACIAL RECOGNITION USING THE PHONE CAMERA (BLINKING TO DEFEAT CROOKS USING PICTURES), BEHAVIOURVAL BIOMETRICS (HAND AND FINGER MOVEMENTS), HEARTBEAT READING, AND FINGERPRINTS

• APPLE HAS A PATENT PENDING FOR A FINGERPRINT READER WHICH STILL HAS ISSUES (SOME FINGERS ARE HARD TO READ)

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eREADER

WIRELESSLY DOWNLOADeBOOKS WITH SHARP, INK-RESOLUTION, CONNECTEDTO A FAST DATA NETWORKFOR REAL-TIME UPDATES.

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eREADERS

AMAZON’S KINDLE, APPLE’S iPAD

andB & N NOOK

THE KINDLE IS TANTAMOUNT TO A BOOK. THE iPAD AND NOOK ARE ALSO “BOOKS” BUT MUCH MORE

(HAVING WI-FI CONNECTIVITY WITH THOUSANDS OF APPLICATIONS).

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IMPLANTED NEUROMUSCULAR MICROSTIMULATORS

U.S. REGULATORS HAVE ALLOCATED 20 MHz OFSPECTRUM IN THE 413 – 457 MHz BAND FOR IMPLANTEDMEDICAL DEVICES TO RESTORE SENSATION, MOBILITY,AND FUNCTION TO PARALYZED LIMBS AND ORGANS. (WIRELESS BROADBAND MEDICAL MICRO-POWERNETWORKS - - WITHIN A PATIENT TO REDUCE RISK OFINFECTION, AND INCREASE MOBILITY AND SYSTEMRELIABILITY.)

THIS TECHNOLOGY COULD TREAT PEOPLE LIVINGWITH BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD INJURIES ANDDISORDERS SUCH AS MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, POLIO,CEREBRAL PALSY, ALS, AND OTHER NEUROLOGICALDISORDERS.

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WIRELESS PACEMAKERS (A VIRTUAL DOCTOR)

IN 2009, ABOUT A DOZEN WIRELESS PACEMAKERS WEREIMPLANTED IN HUMANS IN THE U.K. THE IMPLANTSCOMMUNICATE WITH A MONITORING SYSTEM AT HOMETHAT AUTOMATICALLY TRANSMITS TO A DOCTOR.

DISTANCE TREATMENT ENHANCES CARE, ENABLESDOCTORS TO TREAT MORE PATIENTS, AND LOWERSCOSTS.

BLOOD PRESSURE AND GLUCOSE LEVELS ARE NEXT.

VALUE TO RESEARCHERS IN ANTARCTICA, PASSENGERSAT SEA, ASTRONAUTS IN SPACE, AND PRISONERS, NOTTO MENTION ORDINARY CITIZENS.

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CELLULAR PHONES AND MOBILE BANKING

• CELL PHONES CAN USE TEXT MESSAGES OR A CODED AUDIO TONE SIGNAL TO TRANSFER CASH - - NOT A NEAR FIELD COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

• AN EFFICIENT, PRACTICAL ALTERNATIVE TO CASH, BANK ACCOUNTS OR CREDIT CARDS IN EMERGING MARKETS

• NO APP REQUIRED - - ONLY A TRADITIONAL CELL PHONE CAPABILITY

• WIRELESS PROVIDERS NOW OFFER SUCH MOBILE FINANCIAL SERVICES IN AFRICA

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CELLPHONES AS A MOBILE MEDICAL LABORATORY IN THE FIELD

UCLA HAS DEVELOPED A LENSLESS ULTRA-WIDE CELLMONITORING ARRAY PLATFORM BASED ON SHADOW IMAGINGUSING A SHORT WAVELENGTH BLUE LIGHT TO ILLUMINATE ALIQUID SAMPLE (BLOOD, SALIVA, ETC.). AN IMAGE ON A GLASS LABSLIDE CAN BE CAPTURED ON A CELLPHONE CHIP. THE IMAGE ISPHONED TO A COMPUTER FOR ANALYSIS WHERE A SOFTWAREALGORITHM COUNTS FLUID MICROPARTICLES AND THEN A TEXTMESSAGE IS SENT BACK WITH RESULTS.

CELLS ARE DIFFERENT IN SHAPE BY TYPE, REQUIRING DIFFERENTALGORITHMS THAT CAN GIVE A QUICK, PRELIMINARY DIAGNOSISIN HARD-TO-REACH AREAS.

T-CELL COUNT CAN DETERMINE AIDS.

RED-CELL COUNT CAN HELP DETERMINE IF A PATIENT IS ANEMICOR MIGHT HAVE MALARIA.

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ECO-FRIENDLY SOLAR CELLPHONES TO COMBAT

POWER SHORTAGESKENYA'S BIGGEST MOBILE PHONECOMPANY, SAFARICOM LTD., LAUNCHEDTHE NATION'S FIRST SOLAR-CHARGEDPHONE IN 2009, MANUFACTURED IN CHINAAND SOLD FOR $35. (ABOUT 10% OFKENYA’S PEOPLE ARE CONNECTED TO THEPOWER GRID BUT 68% OF KENYA’SPOPULATION USE CELLPHONES.)

SAMSUNG UNVEILED A SOLAR-POWEREDPHONE AT A MOBILE WORLD CONGRESSIN BARCELONA, SPAIN, AND INTRODUCEDITS SUN-POWERED PHONE IN INDIA.

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SPEAKING OF SOLAR ENERGY• SOLAR CELLS TODAY RELY ON SILICON LAYERS BUT OPERATE AT AN

EFFICIENCY OF ABOUT 30-40% WHICH MILITATES AGAINST WIDESPREAD ADOPTION OF SOLAR POWER, ALTHOUGH SMALL-SCALE LOCAL IMPLEMENTATION IS ON-GOING.

• NEW INNOVATIONS OF CAPTURING SOLAR ENERGY INCLUDE USING NANOSIZED ANTENNA ARRAYS THAT ARE CALLED “RECTENNAS”. EXPERIMENTS HAVE SHOWN THAT THESE SMALL ARRAYS ARE ABLE TO CONVERT SOLAR ENERGY TO DC ELECTRICITY WITH APPROACHING 70% EFFICIENCY.

• ELECTRODES ARE ONLY ONE OR TWO NANOMETERS (ONE-MILLIONTH OF A MILLIMETER) APART CREATING AN ULTRA-FAST TUNNEL JUNCTION THAT MAXIMIZES ELECTRICITY TRANSFER.

• THE RECTENNA ELECTRODES ARE COATED WITH LAYERS OF INDIVIDUAL COPPER ATOMS.

• THE MANUFACTURING PROCESS IS SCALABLE FOR MASS PRODUCTION AND IS ALREADY IN USE IN MICROELECTRONIC MANUFACTURING TO PRODUCE NANOTUBES AND NANOWIRES.

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GREEN WIRELESS POWERONE MIT SPINOFF IS DEVELOPINGWIRELESS POWER TO OPERATECOMPUTERS, CELLPHONES ANDTELEVISIONS.

POWER IS CONVERTED INTO AMAGNETIC FIELD AND SENT SEVERALMETERS AT A SPECIFIC FREQUENCY.

WIRELESS ELECTRICITY COULD HELPDO AWAY WITH THE 40-BILLION TOXIC,DISPOSABLE BATTERIES MADE EACHYEAR.

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DIGITAL TELEVISION

• GLOBAL TRANSITION FROM ANALOG TO DIGITAL AND HDTV TELEVISION

• HIGH DEFINITION DEFINED AS EQUIVALENT TO A 35 mm CINEMA PICTURE

• THERE IS A COMMON (ITU) DIGITAL TELEVISION DISPLAY FORMAT, BUT DIFFERENT RF MODULATION SCHEMES (COFDM AND 8VSB)

• IP TELEVISION AND VIDEO IS COMING ON STRONG AS IS 3-DIMENSIONAL TV

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THREE-DIMENSIONAL TELEVISIONTOSHIBA IS DEMONSTRATING 3-DIMENSIONAL,HOLOGRAPHIC, VIRTUAL TELEVISION IMAGING FORTHE HOME MARKET WHERE GLASSES ARE NOTREQUIRED. TWELVE- AND TWENTY-INCH 3-D TVDEVICES ($1,500 AND $2,900, RESPECTIVELY) AREPLANNED FOR THE JAPANESE MARKET IN 2013.

ESPN, DISCOVERY, SONY AND IMAX HAVE LAUNCHED3-D HIGH-DEFINITION NETWORKS WHERE GLASSES AREREQUIRED.

THE 2010 FIFA WORLD CUP SOCCER MATCH OF SOUTHAFRICA VS. MEXICO WAS AVAILABLE IN 3-D.

THE ITU IS STUDYING DIGITAL 3-D TV BROADCASTING(QUESTION ITU-R 128/6).

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COGNITIVE RADIO(CRS) IS DEFINED AS A RADIO SYSTEM EMPLOYING TECHNOLOGY THAT ALLOWS THE SYSTEM TO OBTAIN KNOWLEDGE OF ITS OPERATIONAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL ENVIRONMENT, ESTABLISHED POLICIES AND ITS INTERNAL STATE; TO DYNAMICALLY AND AUTONOMOUSLY ADJUST ITS OPERATIONAL PARAMETERS AND PROTOCOLS ACCORDING TO ITS OBTAINED KNOWLEDGE IN ORDER TO ACHIEVE PREDEFINED OBJECTIVES; AND TO LEARN FROM THE RESULTS OBTAINED [RECOMMENDATION 76 (WRC-12), “DEPLOYMENT AND USE OF COGNITIVE RADIO SYSTEMS”]

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COGNITIVE RADIO ABILITIES AND PROCESSES

1. USE “EMPTY” SPECTRUM2. FILL EMPTY TIME SLOTS3. VARY SIGNAL LEVELS4. APPLY CODING5. DIGITALLY PROCESS6. VARY ROUTING7. USE ADAPTIVE ANTENNAS8. ENABLE BOTH NEGOTIATED AND

NON-VOLUNTARY SHARING(USED TODAY IN WIRELESS LANs AND MOBILE SERVICE

NETWORKS BOTH ON A MULTIBAND ANDMULTIFUNCTION BASIS)

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RAPID TRANSPORTATIONRAIL CARSTOLLBOOTH PASSESPARKING GATESPALLETSPERSONNEL ENTRYLIBRARY MANAGEMENTFINANCIAL PROTECTION“BEST CUSTOMER” CARDSFARE CARDS (BUSES & TRAINS)SURGERY PRECAUTIONS

RF IDENTIFICATION (RFID) TAGSREAD AT UP TO ~ 3 OR 4 METER DISTANCE

- - PRIVACY IS A PARTICULAR ISSUE - -

PRODUCT INVENTORYPRODUCT DISTRIBUTIONAIRLINE LUGGAGE / SECURITYSCHOOL ATTENDANCEMEDICATION TRACKINGFOOD TRACEABILITYENVIRONMENTAL, ANIMAL,

POULTRY, FISH, WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT

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RFID TAG CONTAINING A MICROCHIP SURROUNDED BY COPPER STRANDS THAT ACT

AS AN ANTENNA

COURTESY OF INTERMEC TECHNOLOGIES

SOURCE: WASHINGTON POST

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POWER LINE TELECOMMUNICATIONS

(PLT OR BPL)ADVANCED DIGITAL PROCESSING ANDMODULATION

MULTIPLE CARRIERS

WIRELESS SERVICE OUT TO ≈ TWO KILOMETERS

2 TO 80 MHz BANDWIDTHS

TELECOMMUNICATIONS ACCESS TONEIGHBORHOODS, BUILDINGS, OR HOMESWHERE POWER INFRASTRUCTURE EXISTS

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PLT / BPL BENEFITSCOMPETITION TO DSL, WIRELESS, CABLE, ANDSATELLITE WHEREVER THERE ARE POWERMAINS GIVING REDUNDANCY AT LOW COST

BETTER MANAGEMENT OF ELECTRIC GRIDSAND SMART HOME APPLIANCES USING SENSORSAND METERS THAT COMMUNICATE FLOW ANDUSAGE TO A CENTRAL CONTROL OFFICE

REMOTE NOTIFICATION (SECURITY, TRAFFIC,REMOTE METER READING, RELIABILITY,AND INTERNET CONNECTIVITY)

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GENERIC “S-CURVE”

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“S-CURVES” FOR VARIOUSTECHNOLOGIES

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1920

1925

1930

1935

1940

1945

1950

1955

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

Hou

seho

ld P

enet

ratio

n R

ate

Telephones

Electricity

TV's (Color)

Cable (basic)

VCR's

PC's

Internet Access

Electricity

Telephone

Television

Cable

VCRs

PCs

Internet

Sources: Telephone and electricity industry data from 1920-1970 from Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970, Part 2, p. 783. 1970-present and from Statistical Abstract of the United States, various years. Cable data from A.C. Nielsen Co. data as reported by the National Cable Television Association (NCTA). VCR, PC, and TV data from Consumer Electronics Association, E-Brain (http://www.ebrain.org/). Internet data from U.S. Department of Commerce (http://www.ntia.doc.gov/ntiahome/fttn00/chartscontents.html).

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What we think, or what we know, or what we believe is, in the end, of little consequence. The

only consequence is what we do.

- John Ruskin, 19th century English poet, artist, and social thinker

THANK YOU!

QUESTIONS?

william.luther@comcast.net