evolution and ecology of the parasitic order santalales
DESCRIPTION
fun with parasites in the Evolution and Phylogeny of Angiosperms graduate seminar, Spring 2009 with Dr. Bob PattersonTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Evolution and Ecology of the Parasitic Order Santalales](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052301/55976faf1a28ab420e8b4577/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chlamydophytum aphyllum (Balanophoraceae)
Ecology and Evolution of
![Page 2: Evolution and Ecology of the Parasitic Order Santalales](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052301/55976faf1a28ab420e8b4577/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Outline
1.Placement of Santalales
Modes of parasitism
2.Phylogenetics of SantalalesEvolution of parasitic modes
Ecology
3.SummaryParasitic angiosperms
![Page 3: Evolution and Ecology of the Parasitic Order Santalales](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052301/55976faf1a28ab420e8b4577/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Where is Santalales?
Laurales
Piperales
Saxifragales
Zygophyllales
Malpighiales
Cucurbitales
Malvales
Santalales
Ericales
Boraginales
Laminales
Solanales
?
![Page 4: Evolution and Ecology of the Parasitic Order Santalales](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052301/55976faf1a28ab420e8b4577/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
HoloparasitescpDNA?
Degree
Hemiparasitehost
Root R
Connection
StemS
Altered from Nickrent 2008
![Page 5: Evolution and Ecology of the Parasitic Order Santalales](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052301/55976faf1a28ab420e8b4577/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Altered from Nickrent 2008
Mode
Non-parasitic
Root parasitic
Stem parasitic
N
R
S
Types of haustorial connections
![Page 6: Evolution and Ecology of the Parasitic Order Santalales](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052301/55976faf1a28ab420e8b4577/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Striga
hermonthica
on corn root
Thismia (Burmanniaceae)
vs. mycoheterotrophic
Haustorial parasitism
Dörr 1997.
![Page 7: Evolution and Ecology of the Parasitic Order Santalales](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052301/55976faf1a28ab420e8b4577/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Haustorial connection: “wood roses”
![Page 8: Evolution and Ecology of the Parasitic Order Santalales](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052301/55976faf1a28ab420e8b4577/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Santalales
non-parasitic
hemiparasitic
holoparasitic
Degree
Thesium clade
Comandra clade
Santalum clade
Root hairs absent(unclear if present in
Erythropalaceae)
Mycorrhizae
generally absent(Erythropalaceae and a few
species in “Olacaceae”)
+/- 9 families151 genera
1985 species
![Page 9: Evolution and Ecology of the Parasitic Order Santalales](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052301/55976faf1a28ab420e8b4577/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Balanophoraceae
R
“Viscaceae”
Greek: balanos - acorn
holoparasitic
Thesium clade
Comandra clade
Santalum clade
![Page 10: Evolution and Ecology of the Parasitic Order Santalales](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052301/55976faf1a28ab420e8b4577/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Cynomorium
?
“Balanophorales”: Balanophoraceae + Cynomoriaceae?
![Page 11: Evolution and Ecology of the Parasitic Order Santalales](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052301/55976faf1a28ab420e8b4577/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Balanophoraceae
+ Santalales BS = 94
Cynomorium in
Saxifragales BS = 98
Nickrent et. al. 2005rDNA + cpDNA + mtDNA
“Balanophorales”: Balanophoraceae + Cynomoriaceae?
Su et. al. 2008
B-class floral genes Balanophoraceae basal within
Santalales(unpublished)
![Page 12: Evolution and Ecology of the Parasitic Order Santalales](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052301/55976faf1a28ab420e8b4577/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Balanophoraceae: Balanophora laxiflora, Vietnam
synandrium, extrafloral nectary
Hong Kong
volva
![Page 13: Evolution and Ecology of the Parasitic Order Santalales](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052301/55976faf1a28ab420e8b4577/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Balanophoraceae: Helosis cayennensis, Brazil
peltate scales
synandrium
“silky” styles
![Page 14: Evolution and Ecology of the Parasitic Order Santalales](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052301/55976faf1a28ab420e8b4577/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Balanophoraceae: Chlamydophytum aphyllum, Congo
“little or hardly stinking” Halle 1978
![Page 15: Evolution and Ecology of the Parasitic Order Santalales](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052301/55976faf1a28ab420e8b4577/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Balanophoraceae: Chlamydophytum aphyllum, Congo
Volva: saclike membranous envelope
anther
stigma
stylar
channeland
ovule in
longitudinal
section
anthers
capitulum
Halle 1978
![Page 16: Evolution and Ecology of the Parasitic Order Santalales](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052301/55976faf1a28ab420e8b4577/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Balanophoraceae: Chlamydophytum aphyllum, Congo
“old desiccated and parasitized male spike”
Cochineal scale
Dipteran larvae
Mite
Mite
Halle 1978
![Page 17: Evolution and Ecology of the Parasitic Order Santalales](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052301/55976faf1a28ab420e8b4577/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Balanophoraceae: Langsdorffia hypogaea
Infructescence
![Page 18: Evolution and Ecology of the Parasitic Order Santalales](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052301/55976faf1a28ab420e8b4577/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Propithecus diadema, Madagascar
Irwin et. al., 2006. Diademed sifakas (Propithecus diadema) use
olfaction to forage for the inflorescences of subterranean
parasitic plants (Balanophoraceae: Langsdorffia sp., and Cytinaceae:
Cytinus sp.)
Balanophoraceae: Langsdorffia
![Page 19: Evolution and Ecology of the Parasitic Order Santalales](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052301/55976faf1a28ab420e8b4577/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Lophophytum leandrii, Brazil
Greek lophos - crest or tuft
Monoecious Balanophores:
Balanophora fungosa ssp. fungosa, Philippines
?
![Page 20: Evolution and Ecology of the Parasitic Order Santalales](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052301/55976faf1a28ab420e8b4577/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Balanophoraceae: Lophophytum mirabile, Brazil; Latin mirabilis - marvelous
Borchsenius 1990Host: Pithecellobium
pollen-robbing bee:
Subfamily Meliponidae
![Page 21: Evolution and Ecology of the Parasitic Order Santalales](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052301/55976faf1a28ab420e8b4577/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Beetle pollinated (generalist)
Borchsenius 1990
Balanophoraceae: Lophophytum mirabile, Brazil; Latin mirabilis - marvelous
![Page 22: Evolution and Ecology of the Parasitic Order Santalales](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052301/55976faf1a28ab420e8b4577/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Balanophoraceae: Dactylanthus taylorii, New Zealand
Host: Schefflera digitata
Māori : pua reinga - "flower of the underworld“
waewae atua - "feet of gods”
“threatened species” as of 2004
1. Harvesting for sale
- New Zealand Department of Conservation, 2009
![Page 23: Evolution and Ecology of the Parasitic Order Santalales](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052301/55976faf1a28ab420e8b4577/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Balanophoraceae: Dactylanthus taylorii
Lesser Short-tailed Bat Mystacina tuberculata
(1 of 2 native NZ mammals)
Peter Schouten
2. Pollinator declineEcroyd 1996
![Page 24: Evolution and Ecology of the Parasitic Order Santalales](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052301/55976faf1a28ab420e8b4577/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
3. Invasive species
Norway rat Rattus norvegicus
Australian brush-tailed
possum Trichosurus vulpecula
plants in cages, New Zealand Department of
Conservation
Balanophoraceae: Dactylanthus taylorii
Ecroyd 1996
![Page 25: Evolution and Ecology of the Parasitic Order Santalales](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052301/55976faf1a28ab420e8b4577/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Balanophoraceae: Corynaea crassa, Costa Rica
![Page 26: Evolution and Ecology of the Parasitic Order Santalales](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052301/55976faf1a28ab420e8b4577/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Balanophora reflexa, Borneo Balanophora wrightii, Japan
More Balanophoraceae
Rhopalocnemis phalloides, Vietnam
![Page 27: Evolution and Ecology of the Parasitic Order Santalales](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052301/55976faf1a28ab420e8b4577/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
ErythropalaceaeN
Santalum clade
Scorodocarpus
borneensis, Indonesia
Erythropalum scandens, Borneo
![Page 28: Evolution and Ecology of the Parasitic Order Santalales](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052301/55976faf1a28ab420e8b4577/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Erythropalaceae: Heisteria
Heiseria latifolia, Ecuador
N
Heisteria scandens, Costa Rica
calyx cupular
Heisteria macrophylla Heisteria sp.
calyx
+
hypanthium
![Page 29: Evolution and Ecology of the Parasitic Order Santalales](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052301/55976faf1a28ab420e8b4577/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Thesium clade
Comandra clade
Santalum clade
R
R
R
Anacalosoideae
“Olacaceae”
![Page 30: Evolution and Ecology of the Parasitic Order Santalales](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052301/55976faf1a28ab420e8b4577/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
“Olacaceae”
Olax phyllanthii, Australia
Olax scandens, Thailand
daSilva et al., 2009. MK801- and
scopolamine-induced amnesias are
reversed by an Amazonian herbal locally
used as a “brain tonic”
Ptychopetalum
olacoides
Ximenia americana var.
americana, Bahamas
Minquartia guianensis, French Guiana
R
![Page 31: Evolution and Ecology of the Parasitic Order Santalales](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052301/55976faf1a28ab420e8b4577/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Thesium clade
Comandra clade
Santalum clade
S R
Loranthaceae 950 species
![Page 32: Evolution and Ecology of the Parasitic Order Santalales](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052301/55976faf1a28ab420e8b4577/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Loranthaceae: Nuytsia floribunda “Western Australian Christmas tree"R
Root parasite
![Page 33: Evolution and Ecology of the Parasitic Order Santalales](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052301/55976faf1a28ab420e8b4577/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
S Loranthaceae
![Page 34: Evolution and Ecology of the Parasitic Order Santalales](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052301/55976faf1a28ab420e8b4577/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Loranthaceae: bird pollinationS
![Page 35: Evolution and Ecology of the Parasitic Order Santalales](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052301/55976faf1a28ab420e8b4577/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Loranthaceae :Tristerix aphyllus on Echinopsis chilensis, ChileS
![Page 36: Evolution and Ecology of the Parasitic Order Santalales](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052301/55976faf1a28ab420e8b4577/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
S
Monito del Monte
"little mountain
monkey”Dromiciops gliroides
Loranthaceae: Tristerix corymbosus, Argentina
![Page 37: Evolution and Ecology of the Parasitic Order Santalales](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052301/55976faf1a28ab420e8b4577/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
S Loranthaceae :Tristerix verticillatus, Chile
vivipary
![Page 38: Evolution and Ecology of the Parasitic Order Santalales](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052301/55976faf1a28ab420e8b4577/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Ormiscodes, Saturniidae
S Loranthaceae :Tristerix verticillatus, Chile
Mathania
![Page 39: Evolution and Ecology of the Parasitic Order Santalales](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052301/55976faf1a28ab420e8b4577/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Lysiana exocarpi – “harlequin mistletoe” on Pittosporum angustifolium, Melaleuca sp.
Loranthaceae: Lysiana Ehleringer et. al., 1986. Mistletoes: a hypothesis
concerning morphological and chemical avoidance of
herbivory.
S
![Page 40: Evolution and Ecology of the Parasitic Order Santalales](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052301/55976faf1a28ab420e8b4577/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
mistletoe bird
Dicaeum hirundinaceum
Loranthaceae, Amyema pendula, AustraliaS
![Page 41: Evolution and Ecology of the Parasitic Order Santalales](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052301/55976faf1a28ab420e8b4577/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Loranthaceae, Plicosepalus
Host: Acacia raddiana
S
![Page 42: Evolution and Ecology of the Parasitic Order Santalales](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052301/55976faf1a28ab420e8b4577/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Loranthaceae: Amyema
Comocrus behri – the
mistletoe moth
Delias harpalyce – imperial white
Amyema artensis
Amyema fasciculata
S
![Page 43: Evolution and Ecology of the Parasitic Order Santalales](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052301/55976faf1a28ab420e8b4577/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Loranthaceae: Lysiana murrayiS
Ogyris amaryllis
(Lycaenidae)
mistletoe butterfly
![Page 44: Evolution and Ecology of the Parasitic Order Santalales](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052301/55976faf1a28ab420e8b4577/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Tolypanthus lagenifer, India
Tolypanthus pustulatus, Thailand
More Loranthaceae
![Page 45: Evolution and Ecology of the Parasitic Order Santalales](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052301/55976faf1a28ab420e8b4577/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
SchoepfiaceaeR
Schoepfia schreberi, Florida
Quinchamalium chilense, Argentina
Arjona patagonica, Chile
MisodendraceaeS
R
S
![Page 46: Evolution and Ecology of the Parasitic Order Santalales](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052301/55976faf1a28ab420e8b4577/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Thesium clade
Comandra clade
Santalum clade
Opiliaceae
Misodendraceae
R
S
R
S
![Page 47: Evolution and Ecology of the Parasitic Order Santalales](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052301/55976faf1a28ab420e8b4577/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
“Santalaceae”
Thesium clade
Comandra clade
Santalum clade
![Page 48: Evolution and Ecology of the Parasitic Order Santalales](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052301/55976faf1a28ab420e8b4577/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Comandra umbellata - bastard toadflax , Virginia
Acanthosyris spinescens
R
R
Buckleya distichophylla on
Tsuga, North Carolina
Thesium euphorbioides
“Santalaceae”: Comandra, Thesium clades
![Page 49: Evolution and Ecology of the Parasitic Order Santalales](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052301/55976faf1a28ab420e8b4577/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Nanodea muscosa, Argentina
“Santalaceae”: Santalum clade
Exocarpus cupressiformis,Tasmania
Exocarpos casuarinoides, New Caledonia
RS S
![Page 50: Evolution and Ecology of the Parasitic Order Santalales](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052301/55976faf1a28ab420e8b4577/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
“Santalaceae”: Santalum clade: Santalum - sandalwoodR
$1500/kg
Santalum album, Indian Sandalwood
Santalum spicatum, Australian sandalwood.
![Page 51: Evolution and Ecology of the Parasitic Order Santalales](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052301/55976faf1a28ab420e8b4577/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
“Santalaceae”, Amphorogyne clade:
Choretrum pauciflorum
Dendrotrophe sp. Daenikera corallina, New Caledonia
S
![Page 52: Evolution and Ecology of the Parasitic Order Santalales](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052301/55976faf1a28ab420e8b4577/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Viscaceae
Arceuthobium vaginatum
Helixanthera wallichiana
S
Arceuthobium
minutissimumon Pinus wallichiana, Bhutan
endoparasiteworld’s smallest
dicot
![Page 53: Evolution and Ecology of the Parasitic Order Santalales](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052301/55976faf1a28ab420e8b4577/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Summary: Parasitic modes of Santalales
N
Thesium clade
Comandra clade
Santalum clade
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
“Viscaceae”
Mode
Non-parasitic
Root parasitic
Stem parasitic
N
R
S
R
S
S
S
S
S
≥5
![Page 54: Evolution and Ecology of the Parasitic Order Santalales](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052301/55976faf1a28ab420e8b4577/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Summary: How did parasitism evolve in this group?
N
Thesium clade
Comandra clade
Santalum clade
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
“Viscaceae”
Mode
Non-parasitic
Root parasitic
Stem parasitic
N
R
S
R
S
S
S
S
S
+
-
+Santalales +
Balanophorales?“unlikely that parasitism is a
reversible trait”Barkman 2007
![Page 55: Evolution and Ecology of the Parasitic Order Santalales](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052301/55976faf1a28ab420e8b4577/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
12
Summary: 11-13 origins of haustorial parasites
+ Podocarpaceae?Parasitaxus usta
New Caledonia(appears mycoheterotrophic)
11: Saxifragales +
Santalales?
13: Santalales +
Balanophorales?Barkman 2007
![Page 56: Evolution and Ecology of the Parasitic Order Santalales](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052301/55976faf1a28ab420e8b4577/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Malvales: Cytinaceae: Cytinus
Future research: Horizontal gene transfer of atp1 from host to endoparasite
Barkman 2007
Ericales: Mitrastemonaceae: Mitrastema
SantalalesViscaceae: Arceuthobium
minutissimum + host
not sampled
![Page 57: Evolution and Ecology of the Parasitic Order Santalales](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052301/55976faf1a28ab420e8b4577/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Additional references: http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APWeb/
http://www.parasiticplants.siu.edu/