EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO ACEAMERICAN HISTORYIN ONE BIG

FAT NOTEBOOK™

Flexibound paperback

5⅞" x 8" • 512 pages

$14.95 U.S. • Higher in Canada

978-0-7611-6083-0 • No. 16083

EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO ACEAMERICAN HISTORYIN ONE BIG

FAT NOTEBOOK™

$14.95 U.S. • Higher in Canada

978-0-7611-6083-0 • No. 16083

Coming August

2016

12

The North, in present-day Alaska, was so cold that the INUITS and ALEUTS who settled there built IGLOOS to protect themselves from the harsh weather. They relied on hunting and fishing. They were likely originally from Siberia and may have been the last migrants to cross the Bering Land Bridge.

The West had such fertile land that the UTE and SHOSHONE tribes could live off abundant crops. These tribes formed small clans rather than large villages.

The NorthweST had so many forests and such easy access to the ocean that the TLINGIT, HAIDA, and CHINOOK who settled there used wood to build their houses and make TOTEM POLES with religious significance. Fish, especially salmon, was their major food source.

The Southwest was home to descendents of the Anasazi (the HOPI, the ACOMA, and the ZUNI), who continued to work with adobe and grow maize. Around the 1500s, nomadic groups of hunter-gatherers (the APACHE and the NAVAJO) arrived, but within a century they had built villages, too.

The Great Plains were filled with herds of buffalo, or BISON, so the peoples there became nomads and hunters. The BLACKFEET and the APACHES lived in TEPEES (conical tents) that were easy to pack up to follow the bison. Starting in the 1500s, some tribes, like the COMANCHE and DAKOTA, used horses that had escaped from Spanish explorers, and became famous for their equestrian skills.

The Southeast had rich soil from its rivers and mountains, and the CREEK, CHICKASAW, SEMINOLE, and CHEROKEE farmed and built permanent villages around their fields.

Different Societies from Different Environments

indigenousnative to an areaSome early indigenous cultures continue today.indigenousindigenous cultures continue today.

13

Different Societies from Different Environments

THE Northeast was teeming with forests, so tribes such as the ALGONQUIN and IROQUOIS tended to be hunters and traders and farmers, and they lived in LONGHOUSES made of wood.

INUIT

INUIT

ALEUT

TLINGIT

CHINOOK

UTE

SHOSHONE

NAVAJO

APACHE COMANCHEPUEBLO

PAWNEE

SIOUXCROW

CHEYENNE

ARAPAHO

NEZ PERCÉYAKAMA

ALGONQUIN

IROQUOISHURON

CHIPPEWA

MIAMI

CHEROKEE

SHAWNEE

NATCHEZ

HOPI

HAIDA

ACOMA

ZUNI

BLACKFOOT

DAKOTA

APACHES

CREEK

SEMINOLE

NEXT PAGE

CHICKASAW

totem polespoles created by Native

Americans by carving and painting representations of ancestor or animal spirits

on long pieces of wood

130130130

federalismsystem of government in which power is shared by the national

government and the states

The CONSTITUTION The new government still operates today. It is based on the

principle of federalism: balancing power between the

national government and the state governments in a DIVISION OF POWER, and balancing strong central authority with

popular sovereignty.

The three branches of federal government are:

A system of separation of powers and

checks and balances keeps any one branch

from getting too powerful.

The Constitution is the supreme law of the land

and no state can create a law that goes against it.

The Constitution can be amended so that it stays flexible

and is a “living document.”

THE LEGISLATIVETHE LEGISLATIVETHE LEGISLATIVETHE LEGISLATIVETHE LEGISLATIVETHE LEGISLATIVETHE LEGISLATIVETHE LEGISLATIVETHE LEGISLATIVETHE LEGISLATIVETHE LEGISLATIVETHE LEGISLATIVETHE LEGISLATIVETHE LEGISLATIVETHE LEGISLATIVETHE LEGISLATIVETHE LEGISLATIVEBRANCHBRANCHBRANCHBRANCHBRANCHBRANCHBRANCHBRANCHBRANCH

the Senate and House of Representatives, where

laws are made

THE JUDICIAL THE JUDICIAL THE JUDICIAL THE JUDICIAL THE JUDICIAL THE JUDICIAL THE JUDICIAL THE JUDICIAL THE JUDICIAL THE JUDICIAL THE JUDICIAL THE JUDICIAL THE JUDICIAL THE JUDICIAL BRANCHBRANCHBRANCHBRANCHBRANCHBRANCHBRANCHBRANCHBRANCH

the courts, where laws are

interpreted

THE EXECUTIVE THE EXECUTIVE THE EXECUTIVE THE EXECUTIVE THE EXECUTIVE THE EXECUTIVE THE EXECUTIVE THE EXECUTIVE THE EXECUTIVE THE EXECUTIVE THE EXECUTIVE THE EXECUTIVE THE EXECUTIVE THE EXECUTIVE BRANCHBRANCHBRANCHBRANCHBRANCHBRANCHBRANCHBRANCH

the president and his office, where laws are appliedlaws are applied

popular sovereignty

authority of the people

131131131

FEDERALISTS and ANTIFEDERALISTSThose who were in favor of ratifying the Constitution called themselves FEDERALISTS. The Federalists promoted their views in a series of essays called the FEDERALIST PAPERS. Written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay, but published under a pseudonym of “Publius,” the FEDERALIST PAPERS argued that the Constitution would protect people from tyranny. The ANTIFEDERALISTS felt that the Constitution gave too much power to the federal government.

Just as the Declaration of Independence was inspired by John Locke, the Constitution was influenced and based on Enlightenment philosophy, the Magna Carta, the English Bill of Rights, and Thomas Jefferson’s Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom.

In 1788, the Antifederalists published a pamphlet called “Observations on the New Constitution.” It was written by a woman, MERCY OTIS WARREN, the sister of James Otis, the Boston lawyer who argued for no taxation without representation. Warren became a well-respected historian, playwright, and poet.

224224224

the nation and the world educating people about their lives as slaves.

The UNDERGROUND RAILROADIn the mid-1800s, a network of abolitionists, free blacks, and former slaves helped slaves escape to the North or to Canada. The UNDERGROUND RAILROAD (not an actual railroad) organized transportation and hiding places for FUGITIVE SLAVES. Its most famous guide, or “conductor,” was HARRIET TUBMAN, a former slave who made more than a dozen trips to guide slaves to freedom.

FUGITIVESLAVESSLAVES

Frederick Douglass wrote Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave and delivered one of the most important anti-slave

orations on July 5, 1852, which became known as “What to the Slave Is the 4th of July?”

FREE STATE

SLAVE STATE

TERRITORY

CANADA

UNORG.TERR

TX

FL

GALA

AR

MOKS

TERR

NBTERR

UNORG.TERR

MN

IA

WI

IL

MI

MI

INOH

PA

NY

NJ

CTMA

VTNH

ME

RI

VAKY

NC

SCTN

ALMS

M DDE

ROUTES

MIMI

FL

NJNJNJ

DEDE

RIRIRICTCTMAMANHNHNH

M D

MSMS

fugitivea person fleeing from intolerable circumstances;

a runaway

UNDERGROUND RAILROAD ROUTES 225225

OPPOSITION to ABOLITIONISMTo Southerners, abolitionism was a threat to their way of life. Even in the North, some people worried that free blacks would take jobs from whites. Abolitionists faced violence and persecution.

The arguments against abolitionism and women’s rights

followed the same pattern:

Some Southerners said blacks were incapable of taking care of themselves and were better off as slaves.

Some people said women were incapable of taking care of themselves and were better off being protected from the world.

WOMEN’S RIGHTSAround the same time, the women’s rights movement was solidifying. Many supporters of abolition, such as the Grimké sisters, Sojourner Truth, and Frederick Douglass, also wanted equality of the sexes. Women couldn’t vote; most weren’t educated; they didn’t receive equal pay for equal work; and if they did earn money, it belonged to their husbands or fathers.

In 1840, ELIZABETH CADY STANTON tried to attend an abolitionist convention in London, but women weren’t allowed to participate. She and her friend LUCRETIA MOTT decided to organize a women’s rights convention. The SENECA FALLS CONVENTION, in July 1848 in Seneca Falls,

338338338

WHAT THEY WERE FIGHTING ABOUTThe exact cause of World War I (WWI), initially called the Great War, is hard to pinpoint. Peace in Europe was so fragile that anything could have set off a conflict-it was a powder keg waiting for a spark from:

Chapter 32THE

GREAT WAR

Chapter 32323232

NATIONALISM A reinvigorated sense

of patriotism

Countries wanted to

prove their might

Ethnic groups wanted to

form their own nations

MILITARIESAn arms race

was happeningIMPERIALISM

Especially in Africa

ALLIANCES THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE:

Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy

THE TRIPLE ENTENTE: Britain, France, and Russia

ENTENTEENTENTE::

ententean understanding or agreement

339339339

Remember the MAIN reasons for World War I using this mnemonic device:

Millions of Slavic people who lived under the AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN EMPIRE wanted to become part of Serbia. On June 28, 1914, a Serbian nationalist named GAVRILO PRINCIP assassinated the ARCHDUKE FRANZ FERDINAND (heir to the throne of the Austro-Hungarian Empire) and his wife, Sophie, in SARAJEVO. A month later, on July 28, 1914, Austria declared war on Serbia.

ALLIANCESPeople defended their allies.

Germany, an Austro-Hungarian ally, declared war on Russia, which supported Serbia.

Germany also declared war on France, a Russian ally.

When Germany invaded Belgium, a neutral country between Germany and France,

Britain, an ally of France and Belgium, declared war on Germany.

MILITARIES

ALLIANCES

IMPERIALISM

NATIONALISM

Germany also declared war on France, a Russian ally.

342342342

In 1916, Allied and Central powers tried to end the impasse on the WESTERN FRONT. In February, the Germans incited the Battle of Verdun. In July, the Allies instigated the Battle of the Somme. The battles caused high casualties.

MORE NEW WAYS of FIGHTINGModern weapons caused far more casualties at a faster rate than ever before. The slaughter on the battlefields led to despair and the destruction of an entire generation of men.

MACHINE GUNS AND ARTILLERY

POISON GAS

SUBMARINES

ARMORED TANKS (first used by the British in 1916)

AIRPLANES

GAS MASK

MACHINE GUNS AND MACHINE GUNS AND ARTILLERYARTILLERY

POISON GAS POISON GAS

ARMORED TANKSARMORED TANKS(first used by the British in 1916)(first used by the British in 1916)

AIRPLANES AIRPLANES

SUBMARINES SUBMARINES

artilleryguns too big to carry, such as

cannons or rocket launchers

NO-MAN’S-LAND

FRONT-LINETRENCH

DUGOUT

SUPPORTTRENCH

DUGOUT

NO-MAN’S-NO-MAN’S-NO-MAN’S-NO-MAN’S-NO-MAN’S-NO-MAN’S-NO-MAN’S-NO-MAN’S-FRONT-LINEFRONT-LINEFRONT-LINEFRONT-LINEFRONT-LINEFRONT-LINEFRONT-LINEFRONT-LINEFRONT-LINEFRONT-LINEFRONT-LINE SUPPORTSUPPORTSUPPORTSUPPORTSUPPORTSUPPORTSUPPORTSUPPORT

TRENCHTRENCHTRENCHTRENCHSUPPORTSUPPORT

NO-MAN’S-NO-MAN’S-NO-MAN’S-NO-MAN’S-NO-MAN’S-NO-MAN’S-NO-MAN’S-NO-MAN’S-NO-MAN’S-LANDLANDLANDLANDLANDLANDLANDLANDLANDLANDLANDLANDLANDLANDLANDLANDLANDLANDLANDLANDLANDLANDLANDLANDLANDLANDLANDLANDLAND

TRENCHTRENCHTRENCHTRENCHTRENCHTRENCHTRENCH

DUGOUTDUGOUT

TRENCHTRENCHTRENCHTRENCH

DUGOUTDUGOUTDUGOUTDUGOUTDUGOUT

SUPPORTTRENCH

BARBED WIRE

RESERVETRENCH

ARTILLERYT R E NC H WA R F A R E

343343343

The LUSITANIANaval warfare also changed. The Allies blocked off German ports. The Germans retaliated by targeting Allied ships with submarines called UNTERSEEBOOTS, or U-BOATS.

On May 7, 1915, a U-boat sank the British ship LUSITANIA, killing 1,000 people, including over 100 Americans. There were ammunitions and unlawful goods in the cargo, but the LUSITANIA was a passenger ship, and the civilian deaths seemed inhumane. Still determined to remain neutral, Wilson convinced Germany to make the SUSSEX PLEDGE (named after another ship torpedoed by U-boats) and promise not to target ships that didn’t carry weapons.

The war had cost the lives of millions of Europeans. Wilson was reelected president in 1916 on the slogan “HE KEPT US OUT OF WAR.”

Pilots who shot down lots of enemy planes were called ACES. The most famous German ace was Manfred von Richthofen, also called the Red Baron. The most famous American

ace was Eddie Rickenbacker.

“UNDERSEA-BOATS ”“UNDERSEA-BOATS“UNDERSEA-BOATS“UNDERSEA-BOATS“UNDERSEA-BOATS“UNDERSEA-BOATS“UNDERSEA-BOATS“UNDERSEA-BOATS“UNDERSEA-BOATS“UNDERSEA-BOATS“UNDERSEA-BOATS””“UNDERSEA-BOATS“UNDERSEA-BOATS“UNDERSEA-BOATS“UNDERSEA-BOATS“UNDERSEA-BOATS“UNDERSEA-BOATS””“UNDERSEA-BOATS“UNDERSEA-BOATS“UNDERSEA-BOATS“UNDERSEA-BOATS“UNDERSEA-BOATS“UNDERSEA-BOATS“UNDERSEA-BOATS“UNDERSEA-BOATS“UNDERSEA-BOATS“UNDERSEA-BOATS“UNDERSEA-BOATS“UNDERSEA-BOATS“UNDERSEA-BOATS“UNDERSEA-BOATS“UNDERSEA-BOATS“UNDERSEA-BOATS“UNDERSEA-BOATS“UNDERSEA-BOATS“UNDERSEA-BOATS“UNDERSEA-BOATS“UNDERSEA-BOATS“UNDERSEA-BOATS“UNDERSEA-BOATS“UNDERSEA-BOATS“UNDERSEA-BOATS“UNDERSEA-BOATS“UNDERSEA-BOATS“UNDERSEA-BOATS“UNDERSEA-BOATS“UNDERSEA-BOATS“UNDERSEA-BOATS“UNDERSEA-BOATS“UNDERSEA-BOATS“UNDERSEA-BOATS“UNDERSEA-BOATS“UNDERSEA-BOATS“UNDERSEA-BOATS“UNDERSEA-BOATS“UNDERSEA-BOATS“UNDERSEA-BOATS“UNDERSEA-BOATS“UNDERSEA-BOATS“UNDERSEA-BOATS“UNDERSEA-BOATS“UNDERSEA-BOATS“UNDERSEA-BOATS“UNDERSEA-BOATS“UNDERSEA-BOATS“UNDERSEA-BOATS“UNDERSEA-BOATS“UNDERSEA-BOATS“UNDERSEA-BOATS“UNDERSEA-BOATS“UNDERSEA-BOATS“UNDERSEA-BOATS“UNDERSEA-BOATS“UNDERSEA-BOATS“UNDERSEA-BOATS“UNDERSEA-BOATS“UNDERSEA-BOATS“UNDERSEA-BOATS“UNDERSEA-BOATS“UNDERSEA-BOATS