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ANTHROPOLOCICALTHEORYAN INTRODUCTORYISTORY

THIRD EDITION

R,JonMcceeRichard.Warmssaqth||5t T*ds Stdt uhiw'sity

sangkoka.goldcacasKuaaLumpulsydBykpei ldolo

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2/20

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3/20

luna ft. tsn $!s compdle No aasons olaLout murl dudidn. fl 5 setronil dt.hotontcdnbina wiih Fddnl inreresb,Pbtdundlysr'D;n4 rhe EiG Nuer iE h villrcG P.rhdon th. bEG d{ lodls .na ndg6 dr do!.d oErsfttch$ o{ lLshrly cleBtd selbd, ,nd engagei' rhecultiv,tion of nilGi and briz., D'e couo

!r phich nftruna betwe. lilll3. a.d ijllase,beinsEoE or b$ nooded or 3ir no.ds,is theo unsunaue or habtbdon, aaicunuE, [email protected]/rh,nsrcm 6a D Mnty mil4 m5 !rrsEk neshlo!trg qll.ss whilt eEd{ dlr\1 dE md ol th: rins, th. popL bum the

F$$ b pdvid. ne$p*Ld@nd Ie rheirvil-lags b r6de h lnall .mp! uhn thr dirshtbccoD* *wrq th. inh ca of.hese inrqmedi_Dti*. Althouqh 66e noves arc nudr PimanryIdr rhc sak";f $d .anl., they al". dblc th.Nuer to frsh,vhich is g.nmlty impo$ihle fion;Uag. sits, a!d, b a l.si d.s@, b hunr odolled dla 6uia rnd ms, wh.D th. nini *ti. again, t|ey eiud to $en dlhss, rnere thecatle havepotdtion and the hisbs grcund Pe!

t he dibihrtion of the Nue! is dekmined 6vrhe pbdcdl cdnditions ald Dode oI Iife !e Mou'lired. DurhsA. min!.nua35 re *P8BkJ.thouqh h! nd m.anr isolrhd, li.n then ieiShbo!; 6y ncrn.d sErch.s ot g*sland, .nd locrlsmDuniti& rE th.rfoe very dktinct uni6.Dudng thc dnuchq pspL of dl0.ren! dlbs$ otrhe !@e distict ffntrlly.oncehE on p. rmanert wstcr$pplies md side .onmo! cmpiOo tho oth.r hand, son tadjlies of a ilhge n,yco to dnc camp md sone tu anathq thonshihe tuioriry ro; R lcal dimunity 'hrcughouti""i*ra". ,^.",-r"."tr."a.a ,rcgi'nlns of th. Din, it; ofen insusictnt forthen nc.nsr Inded,t ma be $id th* they 3re

nr Nw aJ e suthe1 rdq E E Eery P,x.h"asenedllyon '; vers fwen, lnd lfid .lm faFJE rhy taa hod or k$ swE bmine Inths condiiionr, it b u'deBtaoJaLle thd thetrn hu.h shsnoEoI food in the sEc vilaee, .sPc_.,llr smongmenhs. of ?daced honcb'dr'nd hsmles.Irldushai gnvdme 5omememMumar hm norc.5t e md sFh rhrn otheE, andrh.se ne rhar pnsE psE$to6, popEe5t nonc eno'Iqs honsE d! d feats rnd i dsilvnek, and fdod n in oth.r u,ri shnd, td suchan dfll $d one n.y speJ( ol a .omdon nm(Boa L non abnndst fiom the md oI Sat n-Lr to the niddL of Dec.nbei in 3 rcrmrl )taa.d jt b dunns $6e DoDths that nod ..n'DoDid, dancq &c.j bl pl,ce,'l1r Nud haw a wry'ftn coubtry lscls jon ,nd $one and th. nu*ba rn'l !a ety or fts ,n smell,?od lh.y ri.seneElly NiuLkd ror con*ru.rit purponi obtrrhenLu'ldne Tlh palciry otEw mr.n*, rosethersith r melgE tood sufl br conti,cb sociartis, dm*in* th. Fopte of villqe or.amp .losai. r noml kns, ror they are i! .ohs.qu.ncehisily incdepende rnd $eft P,tonl, hun!ug, tuh,ns, e.d, b ! lcier d.grq d.r acnculrudl d,uri6 aE of neasryrohL undefuldnssThk h espei.lly eiddr in rhe dly *r.on, wh.nlhc cdde of @Dv fsn li.s aE bthend in a conhon krol ma ddven s s sinsle i'ed ro the sE_inegrcundrThun vhile ln, naEoq &Ds. tbe cconotucu.it is thc hou5dhold, the hrsei io$l conmuriries arc, dnedly d indiredl, ctuFrrtirc srcups.onbiniN to ruinbin a*enca, 3nd coaoEtions o;i4 nr.unl couns and shanng hth.ir mloir io.. I. the emrll& local soupi thc.o.one;h.. rDndioi' "- moft d,Er "' d {rdenL han 'n fi b4er dhA, btrt rhe @lkdnetunctjo! dI obblnins tor themrelrcs the De.essides oI lif. Ibn fie sue Gourcs h in she d+greecomontoalllocaj.onmuniti$hn.hc

Th6" [email protected] corDunidd rrc ihe nonosmousfamit ,rbched b a dngle hut, the fiotrschold

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4/20

136rdpyins i ,ngh hdmGhd the himlr|h!.ellaq., rhe onr the disdd tnbd rdrons orvd,bs r4, rh. rnbe, hc PeoPre,aidh. nrer-;.'"r --m!"rb thc lhr' or \h(h rre 3Nucr's ecrl horLdn.6 we eeard dt hmilv, thehouschold, ani rho h.mh as d.he$ic' dth'!ll.n polidcil, sEdln sd no nor dccu$ then

Th. Jistiburion of thee local .dmmuniiiB nq4 10,:seb dqmin.d br p\Ftul.ondjno!caDE llr by the pi.!fle ot sround wircn Eo^,ns aholenood.lN n rhe dn aid uiPq_nared *.t$ *Iich suoivcs ihe drcusht l n arvvi Js, l'e !n( ol plpuladon Dd the amngncn' ofhomd dr bddemin.d bvthe nduruof the,c $Gtn Frchd or !n isoleEd oo ,homska'ls {e .rc$&d to3erhd! shen $ruogouLJonss ddsp rhcyee noE dd. YrP6iereai3ndqhcn lprod oEr d brcld u.rch d hrsln2rcund $rrolhundEd Fde m,Y n'Mie bciren ore hJmkrs'd e ndl In mr hae irla!e.,h. homnksds aF Fdpd in d*reE orh;l$, thermb olqh ch 'm crne'dllrcr"!ekinsmcn ald rheir sDou*s It i not Pssibk rosiv. noE $!D , sush indidtion of rhe ste oi; ql,se popdlauon, d ir n Y b. $'d b sn6- io @&vml hundrcd ds tu ssrcgr 0r

uuap.! l,uc sthn , B{xu whth 'llo$ e6 'h.;-;-;-stu' rc."x ' d,{i(i" rhisnnds poldc,l souP fori can oilvhcdrriord IGl on to ea.h ull,smiv be induded tn moE $an ohe disdcti endse dood rccri , locol ommudrvs i po ldlgmu! unls;'nePopl! whoonpnr r lpol drh.mFhes * I omndirv bv onh{

qndhq codmun,da of 'he eme kind ud *e 'oce.ded bv ouBid(r Ndhclcs i Jkddt.;ds b !o;dd wi akdBrtu'brlsdonnJir6 neh{A ofro.i.lt6 *e $hd sj$ th e 's?!don mrh of 13.ol 6ion P@Prcotse5amedr'tdct onen eh,rc co@dn crhps io the drcughlond 'h,yrr.nd of 'ndhtrs {ddhg5 'nd oLherleEEoni.i Tlq inkmcv 'nd henc'n;b RihMen theft.lEs nanv amnal .nd @8nadcr'lationships rhich, asslll b. scn lab! crtsbhe

v!X..e,, th . Fl'bcsl unb ofNuqlend Bie"-"'td.o rnla *o,o* $sere o" wr;ruli Eih$ rc 'hr ren + th. Nile lhich comD!* onll J fs rdFlen' ell,ss ln LheL'rdidb- io ih. *d or rhN,L.md i' ' l lthe Lnb6b the e$ dl it, w 6!d tl):t ik hibai 're i drvided ine , nunbq df Eoblial $cdoN 5ep*Fted lry nretchB or lno.cuPid counrry wnn

^NdGl| , lEldud'ai9fr l thi 'ns{udyL-se

;b;,cM".Fsd. 'h"e.b". * "dr E'- ';hi"d, dvo N! " "* mdci"k" d m" q!a'olderc*dmdo]^iAbEstPcnsud.ivhth]uiddin.| . .d' ldelmcfui l 'PKb'dl ld;sLFdhNlocndd'cqi?$Arcpo6mldeby:naoibpoqa

LdNoryrzuidedne)

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5/20

nE N4' qt th. sdkd \a4 L. E. Etuw.pnEkdtnGrene ako beMeen rbe n aGt habibnons oI

tu a1lNuei lort tien v as.s b camp rcarw5t 4 thq havo d scond dirldbntion in rhe dr3cedo. when rhey cmP ato.s , iEr, ins;.mF 3dmdins su.ced on. aDo.hei d.ry fqyniLi btrr {hen lhey clnp Nund iij,nd pddle,lu.hry b ,itrty niln ofren 3epeek oru caDDrmn rh. nsr n. i(rbtur tinoetc dr Nu;,porncd sbucbre is deply qEditi.d by $,5n,1misnridn. PeopleqLo 6'm 5epamb vilt,go .omconp in lno drousht. Lil{i5e, p.opt. of d,esame viuage hayjoin dilTecDr Empr, Al$, it roften n csary iDrhe laqe! dhq for nmb.Bor a villase b rnveEe uidc ihds ol coun4 oc-cupiedby olh* tuarc conbuoiri4. ro r.cir w-te4 and thcir enD nav lie clo* to wr otheduos.s. To &oiJ thi: o;plce 6$ or d;en h.rdshy indelpst or .dDe orhd hisfonune. Nuei of-kn disrdbut rhe hetrb in ssedl camps.

h Ns6h Nue od, whert rh ,ibB aceeo.cuy smauei ih,n b thc ed oI thc Nitelrhre ! usuatty hnry or \qrs lod pa{umcernd n n pcaibt., thcrctnr fb r qusF rcnmdnilis of rhe nins rd nainBin r FladE ielationin rhe drcushi Btrr yiqe, s in tlE l,u nibe,ror qDpte, {arcny oI Mrer and pa*unse con...hr,rron, porle uho,c Ery lidely &d6ukdnay bE oore sociar 6nkd sith dDe anolhqrhan; rbec6e in waEo Nu.rtmd. rhe nob,riob and Dronony o[ locrl conmuilrie5 3re bm,kn up by ecomnic necssfty and thl d4 ofrhe pdlftai snnp n dEEby entarged. nrk toctras 6 be considercd ii cladon b the 6nhe!|3c. rhat .o rh. qn of th Niie !iJ.r 5rdcbsof clsrd rund ,llos larye! tocat coDcenradons in rh. cins rl'an b BuJ b lhe k+ df thinsi Nldftmn sesonJ cdncenrmrioooft 6 ane\tandio!, rhoush by Do Dea.s ' full on, ot$o ruc*ion of nihat Lound.nes, sin.e rbry aFderehined no1 only by the dftiburrdo of tdlascs, bur Jso by ihc djrdio. in Rhii $eplopr. luh h (heir mow b dryeson pa q.-nus .he dhcr of th. zenf vrlev tsl hdct dDthe zda! Riyr and th.Etore do ;r slak clnpsfrth the r4u l.ibe, .nd rh part of rLe Lu dbc

and noih{a$ @aG theircanF on rh. NFndns siqrrhd un rhe upFrreach.!ofthe P$orunddo not5hec G! wiqlnd pa{u( srfi ih.j,llny hber, Nho moG brhe uPq Ea.h.s ot rhc Sohd end rh loserrcr.nes oI rhe Piboi Ftrnlemore, rhd imeoI $. IErgerNuer dh& * rble b presede a dEcR ol rdhal u.it Mrhout sormmenhl ds,Dsnay ln pan be a.libuted r. a &sond niFtion, lnlce, 4 explrib.d "Loe, the di$.enr losr *cdoDs arc fo(.d hy ae sernty ot thebrnlde bb nurual oturd aDd dftlop sotu'nesue df rqbeeane and Ncognitbn of mh

Lik "{k, a bib.t s.dion i r d ind seq-nenr no ron! L.aur iB qlt,g6 o


6/20


7/20

11 . N@oJ . sbdie, sida'. E E..wDftkedNoneof rhe aboe'mentioned an ihuh clc.rLynrl a foEll Jktirdb! be.vE a dbe adn bdivkions. TlE dq)k* dennition nacs th aFibe i! t]le la@{ conmuonv which coD5idd!

$ar dnpuks Ldwen it n.nbes should 5e {!Lle,l 'y nb"rduon ,nd Lhr tr orsl{ to (onbiieiFh*orhd.onmunr a ofrh. ame Ln,l . , idrsr*GR'qis5 ln rha. ruo a.Ped5 'hct k.; ba- plik"l s-'n G* ,h" -b" ^d "l lsn'lkr politildl souls {e s.dions or irwithio ' ribe,Ler t hq theE n ma.hincnfor scthc drlDqcs nd moalobliFLon 'uon'dudc th; !o;n.r or L,kr lr , mdn ld 15 r


8/20

Nu{ tibs. nnd. on th OrlL' $erc wn.frcdrd.*sh.Ran h'b*lGse [' Lh'!4trrre;dbGorJiFed hrbsNffcoeEsd r m$tks.chould El v m thc ruPnorLdbctrolrEdonsolrhe *m tn& bdrlodGheYdo

@nbffi :srmt rorcrcnss ardidrrr8rm{

rh< Dink , tidgh 'hetw's n'nomLodr3snorhdo so. ,hedl l 'enQ$* otshod durrLor uN'lE allk5 (onJuded thetropmroii

hrePeno.dh sen shcn n lill.ho6doiAi.h.p..Nh.. 'N*.". .d..***oi,!h b;{ed rry DnL'!N o(h th. tne lJnd ot }'eritd s}!rm sth.tro4, '! the rcmp'Eeaonsm{or oDs"rhour.edmljtJ so{mFeil Fromme (s'd h{ the Nwrhrtben h8hLhshe urnerd hr{ h&n geredl\ on 'h t dk6{ seLno$ tfid ddiinsth. ffd hdltot the rdt"niury"aE5 qr NrrbDke fm n th ' r homdaid

ro o*et of rhcNrk un b rltr DinL hn d r' s' Eol $d t nd rhr tha @nqusd rn o eioAed (h e inh?hLEdsn dod or wh:t E noNe*Ed Nudsnd $h. NwrdL ngubhbrRenNdA .n,!, rhe 'homd;n'lind N/,t il 'ri, ihc'm'srdn s 'snm Nuo.ftrhnnrLdws 'h . so P@PrG tr @nrmRo."l i rhc;rc.e"tM.buL'hr*don'or ' 'ppe-'md n:ad.br4rr 'FrelkE Ji. reN nsEo,4b; L*. n*h .hins of bdbry d'nns-h'lutfih1rs Th t sss'di misrLion aJ b{Lhd h$ m berrlen 'nbeount N' i ho ( E-lakJ.a i . i ' t \E rqrh 'orno-Phv ih!tsGmhbrn hq{ kdbfl![r sndnumcnG$ Lidn

rnele ofonqrc* $J lklemen' rM sMoiPd;;r DnL, on - '.Prc*&dd * "*"

.on. cffa, on rlE misr*inshoEsTo rh iofth '}. Nfr i( n sMns rt-sre"f ro,br !trh AdLs rh' PoPhs d rhe tuorH'll!. th s Do a ul shrlldl rdnsdomandenon.-ill@r;umnss DiitunglBruomd hma$h .brheesiandrcudbvft. cslls df Erh'oru rhe4nu'L 'nd th' berlhse xop|d, they rc ho*ik h 'h6rer-A;h ;a { F dcE rrom Lh eNdh{i ruorDrtudlJ h{.md 'hq. intufh< more?'c'slorr"odbo' ol Nuqhnd 'i the 5dond hatr or rB;-e'sih crnt'a hs n"$hc( dd rh'] etrrhc uDer h3r'dd ndrcd ma k a mrko rr"-.; ' - 'l * N* i "h " 'np"*d

*" ' ^;o.sl\ $ th o R.Lrcd l'r' 6' tsfun '- '-.;;. -hi.h "d."-k -

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-"-,id ** b."!- -d 'h'r** '*9""-',r;; .If-'". "d.i""*n-of$tr h+oL-d h 'hrrr hnbd be r!'r moni d rehr ( re^.hed n 'hrnbHF rc ramilDboreqdlihndm "nJ otnddd h:bnrv ,4o'Hs sE*ed ltum rm e 'o dm' 'n hshnnsa ;bc n Ll,ddeJ 'o trriiond isnciaqhtrh G6 d thcnsehs a5 (Pffit @nmcir'!a. w;rerbrlJ'vilosra nb r s pnmnie(oodrc an d rctrury'nL'al

$c un! .frrm'n*.u".'.8 *F.'rs of ' hl " *'o'r'3d !c '

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9/20

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tu N4r4dc sorrrd qlrtr E E EruPrikr.a

I"., f l"*,ffi*"* l**.n4 oJDir4, N4n sntr 'r'an'qk

do6 are $gmeds of a pnmnry rdbn, md t{'i

^;rM^ *d,on is d'"J.d,nb dll,gs..d ' l'laso inr;domartr s'oup5A membsor22 Edi'an ,hurion ot rnbe B ie5 hinr | 3 a nemhq or7i -,nmunih in rcl.iion !o zr, hdt he reFdshi elf asa;hbcr otY2dn dnd olz in rekrionbYL. Lik wLc, he reFrJs lnosll sR mehbsolY ardnd of12, h elnio! bx. He !cadsfinsdr 5 a hcnblr of tib. B, !.d not or ns prima edenr m rek' on b r'b. A Thu5 oi J{ddlElolane, LhcErhedcriniionofr polrsLsEuP fo' r ft n L imdbsoftr 'i vi'rucuf hir non membeEhiPorho soups of lJlc sdnc A?e which he sand!

ou*ide of, ,nd he is lirqise no! a Denb{ ot rhesrmecomnuniN n i& ol hisDen6eKhf of asegment of it whth *!nds in oPposiion to r'dthd rsnenb. Hme, m. eu{s s. meobs of a DoliticFl aroup in onc situdion 3nd nor er nemberofit in a diflercnt iuadob,c s heiarcnber of a tribe ! rlelion b dher iiibes aoJhe ! noi . nerbq ol I in so a! s hi. *smeor01 rhe tibe h oppos.db dhef cgmniirr ln$udFs the Nu* Flidcairherefoc c$enddl thar \E riew it bEether *'hdrcs of rLen dnehie! 6 a sincle political 3rs.co,for $e dlGbndins irudonl chaBdeistic dNua polrtal cmul)s i then dsddtl A uibd$rent n a political goup in Erarion b oths

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10/20

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*gmen6 dl rhe eDe bDd, ard ihevjoindy formi hi6d dnly in chdon b orhq Nuer tnhcs RndFadjaent lotisn dbe whrL fon F of thcnlirdc hcanihs ad Le atu.hd b $e concepb tqtdLc',

'nd tib,l segont. Tl* dre diildb!.nd individu,liry oI r pdlili..l grcup t h Ehib!to grouDsof the srme kod c a seDeEli4iion th*ehLrec*,ll Nkr localcoomuDrie!. ilD the'flrc relstioh ll.r*eeo ri6$ ud betuen,es,n.b6 of , aibg *hi.h gk rheh polidcar ud9and di in tion b one df oppdsidon. Berwee!ribs, or f.demdons ol dbs, a.d forcisn peo,plA lhi3 opposjtion exPr$4, on the Nu.! 5i&rl rny dei hy @nhmpi s.d leBistcn. FidinsL

oftcn cMied ou. in a rccld.$ and brubt mmnqBc6ven Nuer uibs, oppGirion is dpr$cd b,&bd mdaE oi by a.cpt3n.c !he. a dispuk can-.oqaDd ousl,ino!, o bc sddcd n anyod.r raL:r! inte nb, urhrc, horcve4 \s,n.D ond chir.*gDD6 of rhl qn db., oppoeition qTr$edby tle ilsrirurido ol dr lod. a 6sht brsen ps

$d Eode oI qE$bD io thes diltueor FliFeuds fequc.dy SEak out bekn ection:of the i.me uihe rid rhq iE often df loDg J!i'ton. They arc noe difficdr b ietle tle lalg.rrhescdions nsnd. wnhn r vilhse eu& rt.c,sily srl.d and 'ithin a bdiiry dh,l edioithcym condudedoondo.lrki btrrwhen illhlld srouF are nvolvcd tley n,y new. ll. nLded, specioilyf h,nr pc6dn!on e er sid.haveben hlled in a bis 6ghiA ribsl sdion hs nos ol rhc arriburs of ardb. .an., sen cof pariolcmi a donibanr in?-sgerembnel disrindionj cononic esouEes.sn,l so forh. E ch G d uibe ib ninian,re, andrhw dificr 6.F ribs orJy n 3ne, n dexre. ofint.e$tio., and in that rlEr unire lor Rd ,ndeknowledseaconnon Fn.iplc orju$icc.llre in .srh of the scn.ih.nr .$oci.ted v*IlocslBDupsn rcughly eletiva o hcir.tc Fccl.ine of u.i.) in a nib. ir weal{ Lh8n .eline ofuniN vithib i6 sections $e sbrllei Ae lomlsrcup, rh non tfic .onhds n5 memhb hr*

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'aeNGdeicfisi5t@q"blltw6+ltbdpodol lhe que56di By My of dplamnoi toai+frirhadidt /rfffi@rs fulshmf ,it com'ylrtur$$@ m6 he ere n,i h rods sd sk him heem

Fred rura Erlibh5 b rheqowi iw 5Ge e$ar [r

nfteemPh$Lh6LF$a8corc,dhe&4nkb|6@Bhl6'hfls.h{.61d!yed$'hrcFlogycmrb$wl,!y$4n aliiii$ q:(hn'{hsrms dsprios dTl lhL$nel}?edEhtbialegums|Kluhtl I


11/20

" trh onc rnothtr .nd the ooE thcse .onkcb itlqopcrdin an


12/20

de$ended liom rhe foun,len bu. rhsc de.d p.Fsons ue only 'ignilicanr in thd thch sene.losi.altssithn rpkhs rhearationship besecn rhe liv,i4. nre ddc! &Fdr lindrip n Ecosnized ihetun6{ be k J$cent has ro be tBced, so dft

Thc Nuc!clan, heiDghu shighly gmenred.l*s dany of Ge lltacden*ic5 Nhicb re haveIound . ribal rnrcruE. 16lireag$ ardnindsroul)sonly in rela.ion ro ei.A dhei T6us, h thek a sd'F oi! by wPsrdon b I D n a grcuPonly br oruotrion b E, ana so on. ftqe; alslys tusion or .ollarenl linerges oI rhe snebEnch; relation o o colar.ral hisn!}, e.s. Drhe di.8En\ L and M aR no loned sp,idte niniDar lineases,hut aft a sinsl. ninor linesgs, H,h oppositionro L a.d D and E an no long* *paEh najor lin6ss, bur ere a sinsle nanmar 1inea8e, B, h opposition to c. H.ncc Mo lin.lgesnhih F equal .nd opposnc rc conposird in rt

l bn b ! $inl, so h* a nan t r nenLd dlaE.DhqofriD rclatbnb a differed!rctrp.Lineages e thus $enlirlly Glalivesmw!, lir.6Lal rdbns, aDd, ike heo, als {c dyD,oiccmlpi Thd.Idft Aey cin dnlr he ddscdLci ir.nfa.rdlnyh bos dl Elus lnd siudidnr.,5NLor Lhca8ca aR nor .orp.nr. lo.rlhcdcohnhldcsi6 thoLch hon dlnLm onci h,vcrn a$o.irLionRrh i locilty,nd spcaldtth.lo$rny s. thotrd it *fi. rn ddusiv. rgndi.soop. Ev&y Nuo villsgc il aso.iatcd *ilh a liF$3c, and thoqh de n.n[.6 ot ir oftcn .on.pnsc tr snall propo.ior ot the conDunirr il hidentiff.d !*h rhm in such , vav !lD! we N\speak ol n es an aesre$t oI penons clNt.cdnound a. rgn.ri. nud.u. Tfie ass.g.te is Iinsundcallv identifr.d vi.h the nucl.us by tlr. dc!ianarjon of rhevill.ge com'nuniry by rh. name oI.he liiHga I is oDly n rcfeftn.e ro des ol .toglEv and canain ntual icdvities !h.r on. ncedsas conplekly aubnomousrup' ln sial ljfe senerall)t hey undion withjnlocal comDunities, ofall !iz.s fion the vjlla8e rothe dbc, and as pan or drcm U/e cmnot heEdncu$ thc Mys by lhich residenrirl grcups be.comeandworkor kinihip ics nrniasc, adopbut .he rcsuir G.d. todn as*i coE, ' lhe ruLs of qosamy bei4 rhopenrhgPdncipleo rin kndencyNw! dar5 aE 4$th{e m(h dnpsd.io rh{ ir anr iiuase or camp onc 6Dds repr.sodans. snaf rileags haenowd fccly ore! Nudland and hare ertled heE

!^ o?.do .@'@i/ I orc !ho* neie6 jqht!


13/20

Itu Ntu oJih. sotth.ftlnd thqe ana 6av. lgsregar.i lhd$ls to re-ldically urclahd eleD.nrs in lo.rl cobhMitie!. MisDdon aDd rie ahso+don of Din[, luhen circuD*anc$ fap!;Dg rhe dispesl ddDku. of clals. Beiq a .onqdenng, pesbralpedpk aDd d ha6s rn .n..$ml .ult, .hc NugI ve n*r bed bound ro anyparicul.r spot by

N4!dhele$, ihue n o snisht ret rion be-Me poldcal taduft ,nd $e .lan irsen, Iorr .1,4 o! s nqimal linseq is asociated lilhea.L tdbe, in $Aicl n o*upia5 a dorinbr Fosiof ib egmen6 @bds o he a$ociatcd lith a s.g.ncnt of lhs uibc in su.$ a waytlsi theE i e co.rcq,ondene, snrl olien a linsundc idcntiffcation,bs.cn th. patu of a clan and .h. I,rns of atribe. Thus if ru comprre Di.sr.m ll and lll andsupporeclrn A b L. the dohim.t clan in aib. B,dEn hdldal lin.as.r B abd c com.ron'l io pn.mary selions x and ! mejor linesrs D a.d Ecorcq,oml to $condaly sec'ion xr and x2i m&jor tine.*es F and c co.e+o.d b lcoodary fedo!, 1 l od \2j end mi.o! rirsg.s J ald K @r-Espond h t 4ie!y s.dioDs zr end 22.W. *cak of a cla. \tlicL is dorinad i! adbe as lhe ansbcdc cla!, althoush, qcept onrrE reiiph.r of Nuq .+ach. eesiqrds, iirPrdoDioaneg,PcsdgEthq'h{Pidle8e.l ris nedeE ne iD a Dioon9-olt. rrery ,DeI Dhd9-h $e d6e. Ndl,ll hen-beE ol the aisbcft cla! li b tlE tuihe wherjt t domirrnl 6r nany aE als found iD odEhi6s. Nd el1 clans are 6so.bkd lnh . dh. inthL naoo.a A Dan ; only in ad*ddr ih A.one dbe in vlJch hL cGD doDidnt. If he ivainhdhstdbe, he n nor f kto.drh.E.TLse js co!'equon y in elery tibc $ne $..i,l didqenrbtion. TlrcE se ansosa6, Nuer of

other d.*, a.d Dinln, b thes *a nr nordas$ and th. kcood aoi rhnd e prpdlv tobe Esaded r akprei Efiq thrn s sm;prThe Dnka who ha,e hee! abtoihcdhb NEsieq h.ve ben foi rlE Doi p{t hconomleddo rhsr Lnlhf ,*kE by adopbon iLl moi.d:g. rnd lonqucr hs io' hd b fie dewropneot or.ir*s or ca$ss rtis :s,pqh,Ps. b bendbubdi h patr ,4 dkj ro the fad rharthe Dinld, lilc rh Nuq, aE lhtrfty ts{oElkbaod tttd ii dher 6*ds lhe; waF oI lit G

$tuIdut psrios aU rhe eddence and frdldrt ndrng eyery qu'li6cdim, k *bmpr an qprahdion ot {hy Nud cl.ns, sFcially rhr doEin:nr .lDs, aE segn.nkd inb lid6g6 b 3 la!gn2ter d.sk than n u al aho4A&ican p@ples. In oLf deq rL4 fe legoeord bccausrh! pqlidal *rucrue b *hicll rlEy corespond; rgmeded iD !h. vay \ hlE dscnb.d. socbl oblig,rioD! anone thc NuefuE qE$ed.hiefly in a knship idion and lhe iharct*idnsof lo$l connunities dthin . lnLe 're d.ffnedin rcrms of agadc Ebdonship Th!reiorc, asrh. db. smeob rh. cla. $snen6 *i$ n,hd rh. point ot sepamtio. hd*en rle dbalth. Poi of dive4cnce inrhc .lan rtudure or 'he linessG r$ociakd *irh.ach sedion, Fon 4 rc hlE seen, ctnns .ndthet lineags,re nor did.d cotPoEh sroups,but aE embodicd jn ld..l .dnmunids, thoushuhich th.r tundidD *rudralv such beinsd'e .as, it i5 not surprisios th* ther eL theforn of th. Shre vht L giyes tlEh co4oEh

ThGe dans Nhic} ae,skided fiL\ dbsdcprh rhan thos *{ich .i. not so aso.jrted,aod rh. iaqe. rie nibe $e norc sisbiffcanc. rhc

nc&hn,'Jlfudeybddgi@dbyeemmibs

$@d lveefr,rbi 6$ 6e bm b@'?b,e lems'5p4'ca.bbyhdiid@|NWruyb!miuFd I.*


14/20

sso.hrb! ha fo! $e Nu{ h h itr lh hrssttriben rcdoially and nuE{icrllr a.d rloseqbi.l, h.r c4arded mon and asimnie'l honrorisbcn, liltc drc Lou afd [6to Gaaj* sndCaajol tjL.., th,t tr. ffnd rlic sreah$ arkoridhpaid o d. dnind ind doninanrPo,irionof theui5bcftri. clmr Indeed,oronly,lopolirica! relaiid atf.c. thc da! *rududl tom,splitths n inro stcDcfb along dt lincs or PolidcalA$ion.M. .ko nr da ! q*sD mN 6e$id Lolrd!d !o!$po Ld'g x' oouo rlt|dircl *ruftn li 3 roituson of Lrt^A.s nr dil:ferd clrn ongin.nd h a! aEoi?hous dwakol coFati. links, dr DotiiiGl n cturc is gn6cons6rc tonn, in thc la.guose or ljndiP, Lyone .l,n a sinsJe rshF of lincrsG-heinemaJs b .oiiespod b the tjb .nn to jts dructur oloppc.dsegmn6.16lasrisnn. nemLs or r dbal s.gmei oppsttl 10o.hd sgmenbol thc $n. ods and * also nchL,s or ihedbd sli.h enbnccsaUrhse scgnenh,,o rsohc is a nenb{ or a lincrse olPosed b dthfrlioc,ces f.lre snneod{ snnyd aho rNedhcrof rh. clcn which eDbacs rll these lineass,lDJ dErc n . $id cod*ponde.ce bebleeb$s. rrc sB oI arfflado's,since he iNagc is.nbodie in the rrcrr rh,l rhe clan in ih.tib. Moreovcnhdisbicc in darsruduaLe.\en r$o riDages f a doDinanr dan bnds rocotrrspond the disknccin dbal:hrduRberweeD rh rxo sdions dil, whth $q rf associtud. Thus llre srstcmdominanr laneDahlcshc NuB to rhi![ ol rheirftitc iD rhhishly odtrcnt |nm or dan $ructurc.ln cach Fcnl Lhl nd\rcnt of [nlhjp tjesaE sntD unit! ann col,oeDce y dri.onmonkladonshipb rh.lineeseof r1E'loFha'r cl othar resiJq rh{e, rid as ther rp{dc line

r rholc tihc i5 l,trih around u Jdsive asnath lram$oli Tl$ush the fdions n,y krd

lalue,sha?d hy Lhe loFinanrinersc on.aincJ

IV ACE-SETSYSTEMAnorhd ribal in*rudon c rlt agert sy*.n.I'which is so.hlly moP sisniffcant among rhc NuerGr! amons orhc! Nilodc l,coplesot ih. s .ciNle [oys pr$ inb th? gddc or nanho.J rhmughi s$r orde, a.d ! *!i6 of ds conncd.n !id'it. Ils. inithrioos trk Pl&e when*r drcrc are, suffr.ient nunb{ of [oys or trcm ,bout fourtc.n to snke! yerB of aec n a illr8c or dinnctAll $cIodhslLo hav. b.en htulrednr.5uc.Asiv. Dumb{ oI year helons b onc agcact,ind ihere s a l;urrtr intenalbd*.cn rhc rnLdch oI inidres ot onc si and dt liKt hath orlhc n.xr ler an dduine .hi inkn,l io bols malbc iDitiakd. Tle ihiiiarion Peliod n opn fo!ahoutseyea6, d rhar,dih the {o!r ycaFof th eclo$d penod, rlpE arc sbout ten yms be$eendr coNmcoceme of any agc at rnd .l'. comncncernnr of dt se. thRt pccedes or rucceedrn. t he aBcaG *s not orgaliad i . .'tl.Nuq aqc$b are e 'nbal in ution ir theseDseh* , in rL d brscr Fbe d riy nk. .ll thesecdols ol r trilx heve rhe lmc open .nd do*dDerbdsaoJ dll thc *h by th sxnc namcs Thoare al,o the mo$ chraded*i ol ell Nuq !a.ioial hnirurions, for i.ihdon 3.,is are $e st!of thet coorunion and l|e Lrdg. ol.hi 5upLcmerro Moreovcr, housh er.h big tiib. h6 itsadjrcn. iibes coodjodc rhen ss in pqbds $d nomencrarut, orh* thd$/c$en Nuex rhoE8$er Nuenand hcccntcl Nu$Fnd b fall inro lhrc dii'oni i"rh! rtspect. But evenvhen a man rk koh o.ecnd of Ndcl.d b dr dthe( he c.n al{aF,,ndc6iln pdccirc,he rt |htrh is equn{knt tu hk


15/20

n. N@. ,4 th to'tr.d s'r,m, L E. EhFhLrra6n jn cacb aEa. The asesd slsrcn, aeretdF,likc Ae .LD $bm, whit$ having r bihrt corno.Drion l5no,boundbl l in6ofrolrucJldeaase.rh&< 5 surr\

'ns.h rnh! r min \rcf

pftdosc jt c ro opcD and close niri'ddn peiodsard b sile each 5d ib Dan. Thn h'n he1ory3b o.e or rhop rinclFs which hrve 3 spc.jrl ntua l el,donrhipb cdde aDdaE knownai 'Meiof thc carle. Hl oDensand closes hitiaddn Fnods n Ln oM dilrdd. ondorherdbri.b oliisfib. follos suit. oDc a r{iod hes ben opeod,eachvillile ald disdd in iarer i6 b4s vhen irPl.a$.TheiF5dsblvenocoi!.nlc".liddsind .anno! bc sid 10havspeciffcpoliri.al tuhc,bDs.Ber. *e no Fdes of s?rtiorc'ehd cldeB concffneJ frth the adnini$rtion ol thecoulrrrr ahd the sers are nor re 'ne.ts, for aBan fsh6 vni rheEemhesofhis tocat.ohrtroirr irrespediy! of ag. ID rhe drer of iiri lonth.c ir .o ducadye o! noml daininc. Thqe L

'lnere arcpmbsblt !4r morerh.n six ts inineoce at Bb' rihe, siDces& !.b cover abontsknr)'68 ycas. Ar e$ st di.r irs mn. is rc.hdmberd only lor r ge,q{ion or $o, Esch setLecoD$ morc ienior I llc tsas go on, sd rhat, ha! dseshom r jinid! to a middk, and hon eFembefor! soup The"'6bri( on of'he 3s..scr syieD r dus a funhq .rmptification ofthc Fo.jph or segnenra.ion*LicI E h e $ento b. r ch,Edensi. of rhepolidcn od kindrirsr,$eru.:: lhec is lu.her *alilicadon vithinech ser, b 6i5 is not oI gRd imponance, lorthc *1sq itseri ' n res 6y dhes, s !nunJividcd sDup in relarion b dld Eq and ibdividoft bedme Det3d a thc ser b.coh6 moE

nembs.hip.bur tr ! Jrco6kdh.ha;p narhen psirbn! i^ (r,hutr h rhc $tot. sskm.rher i ,l$ a ..r,ih rulldi$ ar4rt $s; sh!i6edfbsihilff 6th,tuendcdahodbihat rcdons andctans,tor, vhtlc ther keD {ren dnrine'ion, 'hec is oftn a s uarid;i tuslon of hrc sRin reldiD ro a thid.,ftis k sEcirth aDD{enr* tr*. wrdhtr , rct G-s.idcd,: t;ror orequr depmd3 mt only on ib p6iri.. D the asesd studuie butalsoonrhei6tusofE $iit {concnedh mysiru id!, aiendcncrdue.o het rhiiins behavjour ric wev duri.r and Dri.'lcge, aE ctfeccd by s rrnidon tmh hoyhmdto n"nhdod, Al$. in vjrruc of l|e Fsnjdn of his3et n the$tudure, ercryn,le Nuqisin a r4uso! rnbnq cquriry. ofjunrtriry ro,qrd5 ocrydhq Nlqmn.50n. m.nrre 116 oo!. 50meht ibo$qr," aDdsom. h* ,l rLss.,,t wrhour cnctns L{e hro turh&Jhit, ft hay syrhd thc *dtude of a nan totun! mher hei dfhn comnuniLy n hry.lv dercfrioed by their Fsp.drvc posftioG in rhe ag.{ol ,FreD. Henccagc crarjdns, Ltc kinshiDrehrion!. m $ructucld.tcmin,Db oI behavi;ui Il0 ase.{t a$emnrr nokor4 be rcxaded ar I Ftidc.t icti:tribdL\ :nd rin(! r dLqd$ : n,b! s tu st mrle menbcF aE con.(ned fb qrclpsb6ed oD 6ge,qta.h nand,n a d.ffnru;r;nb eRchorhr we dd nor considei ho{eEr, thrn has rny dicc. ,ccord fr$ the iiibal nuc,

le hN Ecolded. $d poliiico.tenirorisl sFkD

II:i

I

'l

i.;

I

rgdsliug'a6*vafurtddd&trfrrclshwhthchrt|yhlllqcdbyM&$'lho3.s!!ndiao5inpe+


16/20

193

V FEUDS NDOTHERDISPUTESTh. Flittll synon op.6te' l{s.ly, rc drink,rhnuqh the io*rllion oI lhc teud *Itich n rqr_Lkd ;y a -khrnLn kno.n a" th" 'lsp.'d.Lnch.f," a dtle we rchiq drhough tle.PFlhddnol chbt ' i mnbadins ,l This pe6on n onc oithose sDdirlkb uho ar corcernod, in a udcaDaciq wiih v,iious depuroens ol Nue! $.iallitu:nJ of nd!rc. Lopud,kn (hi.rs beluns'oG(ah I'n.,gs oiL) th@sh notallmenhcE otLhs In4sca d'[r,he r hec'li 'ar] ntui Fd{'es . rD ho! of Nucrlaod, h. rin.ase ft no.bFncies oldon ..nr dans.whcn a man has lducd inothq he dus atonce gd ro a chii, lho cuh hn an so rhd d'eblood mv flo$ Until this malk or caiq hs be.nrudq r[ days Day lenhs e* nor dnnk rrhe lesB v..scance, as n oomally th! .se, hecmrins at fic chcrt hode, tor n ! sndua'twnlin the ne* few monlh! lne chidt .licib&oh ih. dayer'! 1do ths. lhey &e PcPsEd bDay conl,ns*ioo b i6id a leud 3!J h. P.snades he dead Elns k $* rha ought toacc.p. compen$tion. Dunns thb Fiod mjlhqpeny Dry d or dinl fron rhr smc $d5as rhe oths aDd hr may.d, thedoa, eal nthc homc ol t6 sdc third pe6o!. The chbrrhen collc$ the catte till cceorly some ortvro 6f!y bcans ,nd 6kes thn io th. de.d DD!hon., !h*c hc rc*bns yiiions sciffcs olcLansins arJ donc'nor such b rhe pmccdurc

of sedlins a leuJ, ,id bctoE the pEsc.t ednint,sdon it hd olcn to be !sd, for thc Nuff aFa tulbuleDr p{oplc Nho neh couEse thc high'cs dfrue ard sk in lighti4 the nod i.c6sryaccomplilh.nrln $ Ui.l. des;prion, one mry civc dr. 'mDE$id! rha! $e chtf lddecs t\e ..$ ,nd co,r;," -d06rc. or hr d;;oi. Ndhhe ould h"irfther li;h .he uc6. 1c chier L hor skd bdelie! r iudqemcd it {otrld trd d..ur to Nuerdr* dm ;; requned. Hc sppeB io rorce therdn of lhc de.d @D rd 3.cqt ohpcn$uon rryhi iisis..ne, leD to thc Pona of rhre.teni.g rdcu* th.n, but jt n ,n cnablihcd convntio!rhrt L. shrll do 5o, n or,le! th{ thc bereaEd reld!.s bsv EhiD rhdt le*ire wl$t seeru c.lly to ha;e co""ted *; th; ,.knowledse-."rof .onmunitt tiescencd. a.d hoce or rhc no.rl oblisa.ion b srde rhc .tfar 6y t$ .cccPhnc. of s hditionalp.F.r.j lnd the wish, on bdh sid.s, to awid,lor the rimc bbq et sny Ek, ftrnher honiliks rsA f.ud dnedly offeded dnlt close asdtLnsnen on bdh siJes One did not aven&e ne*lfon.oFds or on dntalt,3i,ta. NeEfrhelss. Ne bdift rbd thc feud hJ a pidr s4i,icobrobtion andd-!.h.Ein lier rsPoliiiBlsisnificRnce we nui AFt recosnirc th.t reuds 3emorc e$ily *nlcd ihe sE,llcr the grdup in'!ol,ed. whe! 3 han ldu5 , ber b$Da! or aclose neislboda thc Ddt! b quickly do*d bvconDensdioo. oi.cn on a educrd $ale, beineso; orclei aDd a.cephd, rdr when a homicid.occus dthiD s vill4c gerqxl oPinio! defrands.n e ly $tdcnent, since ji is obiols ro dflone th* wrc venqeao.e rlloved coaoraie lirelould he impo$ible.Ar rhe olhq end or dE

mif iaredttrc,3h'hei{ t '6d6eud'To9n

nd6,d mrciddr h N,--.ie,r d i ds-.oGmbem[ddsnYfr EEis Pkhd aqG 'ri,

nlhg'h0dcfupllochodqbdipMduljnpadoD

5Fn{Mnqb}'


17/20

$ale, Nh.n Rhooici'le c.uB bttueen Fnirvoi fcondafl $ctions ol I tibe, thee is rildc.hance of rn .a y seflDent xnd' o ns ro dL-hne. neanc. n not edlv,chi.td, 3o hnunstleJ 6uds a(rmulah such hodciJcs 1*EoeDllv rhe rcsult of inkndh3l ffs!6 in qhth;eEdl i.Mns aft killed rlii not onlv ilcieasesthe Jimcultv of ienlened,tueen th. $;tioE the mutoal lctili.v th* r.asion d lhe ffchr fo4 nor olly lhe d6! agnadcki.snen of r d!ad, but endro leal conmunifts af involv.d. Fedd, a! a choice betw.D diEdE nq n c and @ cps n c o . ompens ' lon qi dodihc n.e$ Lrof,nmeJ!'c*tkmenL bd re'ouiins*ntalconclu n, s.spccialf ' condiftD ihst flouishes berwcenvill.ces of tl\. encdtkld.lhe kinsmen f lhc derd naD ef ne'enoush to sdke d $c lljlsi.n oI the slsvcr andhr oodqh Fom'nembPsm t, kmPqadst;Eot hodnN bdqen d,e lo.,l .ommrnnis rd$ 6i.h the ;dt5 Lclonr Foi uhole comnu niii.s* of n;sry jnrclEd, thoush thev ac no'{bj(r b rhe nsid DhdG thd a homicide.im';oi,i. $q thruac.ed *ith venseancc.Nq'.Ftheles- then n.nheE aP, es a ru]., dcdt e_lared by coenati or al$n:l des to the piinciPJs".il n'i{ ^ssct Lcm l the o ir Rnop!! 6alr At$e $m.1ime, the* conduniis have equenr!u!,lonkd5 so h*+dDll, ihe mahnLm!f rh teoplrd5ltn chbf hs ro l, enploltJ LooFvcnt th;i cdnpleh d.location T1l. fe d thusi&es on a rdidsl mmpl.rion and qpres$ th.ho$iliq bebccn Doriddr scennb 4Thc balaoccdoPP6iion of pohi.dl $smenbn. v. beliqe, lilse\ n insined bv lhc insdtu-don of the fed L!4ri.h p*mi6 a *.k d htenrho*ilfty hrse.n lo.,l onmunnies, 6ur rrro\*

T,IcN@. ot *. sa'rEa sqd4r, E E Eva Pibedal$ rlti tulion in , Iriss soup. we $! thd $choiiliry i laeot hs6u$ cveo 'hen a reud tbei4 nosecutcd ther is no uninternpFd e!d-v;u:. b q.ct.ieeanc., bd rhe hnsm." orthe deRdmay bk any dptontrnid tb* preselbitrell 6 acconplch th.n pnaosei a.d, also, tecau5g eEn *h.n compcnsa.ion has been ac'ccpEJ rh.ei! mnl.le!rnd'h frud ma, in spireofedleheni, hR,loutJsa n. ror N' er recognL?$d n {nr m.n, e leud re 3 Di lo' oer Th .koprnalin chiel dcs not nle and judsr, butads as nedidor rhrcush lhdn .omsunries de'snous of enJios op. hdsdhy .a. condud! macdrc s6te ot fcud. The fcud. i.cludiDs thc mhDkved io it by the chif, is thus a Dchrnim r,y;hich the litical *ddurc n.intdls ftclr in

The leoDaRl{l{i! chicf my alsoad a' rcdh'hr in disFues colcenine oqnelshiP of cRtdqmd hc and tLe cld{s dn both sids nay e!,!e$thdr oprion of 'h m.nts or ! (u Bd th c.hir d;s nd luDdon $e drfend,nE to, [.hds neither co!fr nor junsdidioo ard, no!qeihos no mcins ot lontsll'os compl'rn(e All herdn do L to ro reth LheDlainifl and one lrde6of fiis comn-unity to tU home ol ttu aelendlnta.d h ck hih .nd H' hnsmen b dkcu5s themdrui O.ly iI borh sid$ "re qillinc to suhiit .o{bihtion c,n ir be rftleJ Al$, iltholqh thechtl, eLer conuitatbo n nL rhe eldeF, aD giv.a vddici this vcrdid h dch.d by setrccl sgrce'nent a.d in a la{e mcsuE, therelbrt, ans.sEom sn .cknowledsem.n Ly the delendadt o!plaindft s p.v that tle othei p{ty h6lusticc oDiis Jdc. lt n. howeEi v.ry sel om th* r .hict !6kn to act ai Dedidor, end there G no onc cLe{ho has au,hdty rd inrenene h dsPresi wltbarc $illed 6y ot]ff rhan lcsal ddhods.

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18/20

ln the $ cr seo,e of ihe !o.d, lhe Nn* haveno lew l-here b !o one dth leeklatiw orjundical functions. nrq { cdrv.nrioh,l parnelbco.sidEd due b a ma! vho hrs suft.ed cetainbjrk-adulkry wni llk {ifq fornjcdion dthhL &ugLbi th.h, brolcn linbq &c. but th6ddo od @L 3 legal sy$eh, lor fiec ! !o coD{itokd snd ihp,nirl ruthonty qho deides on Gc;shb snd *mnss of a dtpure a.d iher L oo dkbal po{er ro cnforc. such a deciion w* itsiven. II a mn hs nshr on hn side,a!d, i! dnmoI lhl! obbins tlE suppoi or hh rdn'he' and$ay are rE|.red to use force, he b6 r sood.l*n.c of obrainirs whn i due to hih, if rheparrier livc ncr to ole anot|ei The 6rJ *Jy ofob-hinjne ore's due ! to sd b the debtort lml andhkc his cahh. ao csLt i to ru. tho nrl ot homicidc and eud. i lens $d lherha,hd hoq adnpute t FhLd depe.& *ry l.qcly on lhc do.liE posidoE ofthe pqson3 .oi.om.d in dr kin.sLip ald aseEr sFtni ,hd lhe dnhnce be.nEe! ihdr comhunlts h tnbal $rudure. lntheorri oDe c,h oLiaih rcdr.s {iom 3ny membsol one s dL, hur, in hd, thcrc is linle cbnce ordoiDs so unls' he i i nenLd ot on.\ lo.alcomDuni9 nnd a Linn,n. $e lorc. of laN"vad$ dth tlle pGnion of th. p,itis in polidcnlsbuduR, rnd $8 Nner'lrv/ n e$.nriallyEh!a,like Lle *ructurc itseltDlnhe tlc yc'r I sp.nr sith the Nuen I .evrheed a .a3ehoing.ondud.d , .idH beforeanhdividu,l or heforc r .ouncil of elden, .nd I Eeivd rhe inprt$ion thai it is very nE for. manto ohbin edies d.ept by force or thrcas orforce. And it rLe Ndq hrs no laq lik sjse helacl! go1nmcn. Thc l.oFrd{kn chicf n nd apoljttal rlihodry,nd lhc Man of lh. Cdtleand dhe! durl ,sonb (toremic spe.ia|nb, anDa[(, fsti.b omon, h6sicia.q divine$, &c)

have o polrisl tit$ or f,'nc.ions. rhoughrhermay becomdpbhin bt 'nd fcarcd in rhi id6l-i+ The mon influendrl nen in a ilhse d gen-edlly 1heh.ds oI joi'r hnilien esprcLny {hcn$er ,ft ich in cdtlc, of {rons ch,Eds! rndnhhca of.he ad*ocrait du. ad lh.t h$tno cl.ady deffned $atus or tuldio!. Every Nueirho soJuct oI a hard und equaljtrirn q,bri"sjns, dc.ply dmooatt. Dd esilt nuktl to iolcncc, coffideB him$lt r sood !s ht ncjghbour:and hmili.s and roint ramiliei lhGl coot'ljnalinc rheir e.niri.s frih th6e oI drcir fellow il-hscE, Esulate thei lr$ift as rhel plese. Evenin Bidn duE t ra litle dFhintion, and ad.Bhip n F*nded b rhe*hde of ffehtins and Lneithe. insdturblalikd nor rdmane.t. It i Politcally sisniGart ony vhcn ni& aE conrdlled.nd orpDi4d by prcphd' No Nuer specbriBcD be said o bepoxticil ,genft and 'o Eprertn(or s}lbolia, lle dty ,nd edusiEne$ ol lo.Jsroups, and, 4sd f-h $e prophea, Dole .,ibe srd ro hsycEoe rLsi locd pDninenca.,llllead6, in rbli vrgue *hse of i,*l!entbl Penonsin a l6ality, &e dults rnd, Mept fo! the o..a

OdDg b rld f'cr rhd Nus prcphds hdbeen the foci oI opposnion to the a;rcmn.nr.they {qe iI dngdca, iid rhc moE iDfiuendJ ofthn under snint o. in hiding, durhg hy \ib Nue rd, $ tLa.I \ss no t ablb r.k d..hiled olaa,lions on thet bchtriour:3 Nder rRunaoinous in idting tht th.r did nor rn.much befoE th. .nd dl tie l.$ century ald rhdwas con.ekd ljth the sprcd or Mahdim.Howvq tl$t hry be, th.re can be .o Joubl therpoErful ptuplpb rmso.bout the riEe ol AmtB;ri5h conqus. rLcy vcd noc $pedod 8nd

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19/20

m. Nw aJ a sdrLq4hd wjdu inthrce rhm arv dher peFotr, Notrndcr'[on ]i$od lh.ns,nc.ion and otkn dry hd rhch, qeiled Nr dlh. rro r. Jndro em. sbnr srDe.Rd rh;driur ol +e 6r J I rhousn lhqe *e B ro Lclodei&m.IhJtdrsr |4pruPh. lsr tmnoru ho ri.uaraAenr,, n. ot rhe uk r onartrp.4 io ha'. trgun b fLLk d!p4c, fl.myHoselef rto! dr.fforjdcal imponan.e Grhq tay.lklvhde. For th.i6L rii. J 5h!. pqion anbo ftd, s!n,rj. anehiJ ,rintuFt om. rhe r,,voti,nte. rorrhirophes"sc.s.ntet\ r,hJIhcurei rhoughrf d th r rd n 3s of sreJr po ,ral ; ll.!rn.e-rh.' rnurnleofi!nc{.ndcdo\e!hbalhund,ds Jn dbrcushr:Lu!ri hr{deFc ofun'qrmongsdrJ.edtrihB rhan tc s,Dea6o

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20/20

pdnicrl nrudue i3 dDeor prcc.$ hthn rhan oInqphohgy The pm.ss cdnsh6 ot coDblemen&ry tendencic! bwrds li$ion and ftsio; lhnhopq{nsir L. na potntrdtsoup. hr 5(E! of!iont 'h r af !ontmlled hvthcchngjqe! Jr !tuirm .mhrc 6 b sqiord rFhh ri b a\ rhrrLt,r nnentrd;ru..ornrrrhde6i, LlL\.hr c orri! !id upN. Lon

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'h,l+ o e.nn< { | eq b n\nsrhm ,hsa'shd trdr.rod in m,,) rr!n, lhcr D{Frrr hrrhes,ouprhkhpDotr$ rm I| !(,orchq hn lqL'r!h qrhn Lh.*nutprc cmnntri r ind(r\hs n,h. {f l4 ot ldu.\th. pnbkn if Lor .cbm,intsi(r (npin,/sotrr.r h.e kh nnq$ orr.u! rclnrn.hhmd,a sL b rhr, atrloo n Lhe$n{ $.trl'prcbr.m n oind rhd I ah goi,rg o rryb h..rrh"m,,.ha' h",!h!.rLt{ "ndrl ; - - . .n/ , ,c!tu\ ma.o,'Jtut t AIn t\stt)

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