evaluation of selenium nanoparticles as a potential ... · microorganisms in the synthesis of...

International Journal of Pharmaceutical

Biological and Chemical Sciences

e-ISSN: 2278-5191

International Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences (IJPBCS)

e-ISSN: 2278-5191 | OCT-DEC 2013 | VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 4| 38-46 www.ijpbcs.net or www.ijpbcs.com

Research Article

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EVALUATION OF SELENIUM NANOPARTICLES AS A POTENTIAL CHEMOPREVENTIVE

AGENT AGAINST LUNG CARCINOMA

Ali E N1, El-Sonbaty S M

2 and Salem F M

3

1 Department of Radiation biology, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology,

Atomic Energy Authority. 2 Radiation Microbiology, Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology,

Atomic Energy Authority.

3 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Helwan University.

*Corresponding Author Email: [email protected]

INTRODUCTION

Worldwide, lung cancer remains the leading cause of

cancer death. Decades of smoking and other

environmental and occupational risk factor in older

adults will continue to produce millions of new cases of

lung cancer worldwide. Several studies have reported

reduced risks of lung cancer in people in the higher

categories of selenium intake, although other studies

have failed to confirm this association, [1, 2, 3].

There is an increasing evidence that cancer and other

mutation-related diseases can be prevented not only by

avoiding exposures to recognized risk factors but also by

favoring the intake of protective factors and by

modification of defense and DNA repair mechanisms of

the host organism. Selenium, an essential trace element,

belongs to the most extensively studied

chemoprevention compounds. Some human ecological

studies have reported associations between low selenium

intake and increased cancer mortality. Selenium

deficiency is related to the occurrence of specific

chronic diseases, including cancer in humans, while

adequate selenium intake is associated with the lower

incidence of certain cancers in humans, [4].

Selenium is a necessary trace element in mammalian

and human. It is well supported that selenium has

chemopreventive effects, and emerging evidences

suggest that selenium has chemotherapeutic potential by

inducing cancer cell apoptosis with minimal side effects

to normal cells within a proper dose range. Selenium

induces G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in

colorectal cancer cells via mitochondrial pathway, [5].

The mechanisms of apoptosis for selenium compounds

ABSTRACT:

Selenium nanoparticles (Se-NPs) have garnered a great deal of attention as potential cancer therapy. The use of

microorganisms in the synthesis of nanoparticles emerges as an eco-friendly and exciting approach. This study was

designed to assess Se-NPs synthesized by Bacillus Licheniformis as chemotherapeutic agent against lung cancer induced by

ferric-nitrilotriacetate (Fe-NTA).

Se-NPs were synthesized through the reduction of aqueous selenium ion using the growth culture supernatants. This

method is capable of producing Se-NPs in a size range of about 50-80 nm and characterized by transmission electron

microscopy. Thirty sex male rats were divided into four groups as follows: Group 1: control, Group 2: oral administrated

with Se-NPs 0.2 mg Se/kg body weight, Group 3: intraperitoneal injected with Fe-NTA, Group 4: pretreatment with Se-

NPs then injected with Fe-NTA with contentious administration with Se-NPs. Treatment with Fe-NTA caused significant

reduction in glutathione level, glutathione peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase activities with marked elevation

in lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide, C-reactive protein and TNF-α level. Lung tissue histological analysis of Fe-NTA treated

rats showed islands of hyperplasia cells. Pretreatment with Se-NPs significantly restored glutathione level, glutathione

peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase activities and ameliorated oxidative damage parameters of lipid

peroxidation, nitric oxide, and inflammation parameters C-reactive protein and TNF-α level with noticed improvement in

the pulmonary tissue histological analysis and disappearance of hyperplasia cells.

Microbial synthesized Se-NPs shows promising era in the management of lung cancer as Se-NPs was able to: restore

antioxidant state; reduce oxidative stress, inflammation accompanied with disappearance of hyperplasia in lung tissue.

KEYWORDS: Lung, cancer, selenium nanoparticles, ferric-nitrilotriacetate.

mailto:[email protected]

El-Sonbaty S M * et al; EVALUATION OF SELENIUM NANOPARTICLES AS A POTENTIAL CHEMOPREVENTIVE AGENT AGAINST LUNG CARCINOMA

International Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences | e-ISSN: 2278-5191 | OCT-DEC 2013 | VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 4 | 38-46| www.ijpbcs.net

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mainly involves a mitochondrial pathway, protein

kinases, tumor necrosis factor, activation of caspases

and reactive oxygen species, [6].

Nanotechnology plays a very important role in many

key technologies of the new millennium. The

application of nanoscale and nanostructure materials

within the range of 1 to 100 nm is an emerging area of

nanoscience and nanotechnology. Nanomaterials may

provide solutions to technological and environmental

challenges in the areas of solar energy conversion,

catalysis, medicine, and water treatment, [7].

The prospect of natural resources for metal

nanoparticles synthesis has become to be a competent in

the perspective of cost effective and eco-friendly points.

Researchers prefer a biological synthesis because the

distribution control of particles obtained from this

method is better than other methods, [8]. Nanoparticles

may be synthesized either intracellularly or

extracellularly employing yeast, fungi bacteria or plant

materials. The biological synthesis of nanoparticles is

highly eco-friendly and possesses distinct advantages

such as enhanced stability, better control over the size,

shape, and monodispersity of the nanoparticles, when

compared with the more traditional physical and

chemical methods which often involves the use of

hazardous chemicals creating environmental concern.

Metal nanoparticles have received significant attention

in recent years owing to their unique properties and

practical applications,[9]. Nanoparticles are

biosynthesized when the microorganisms grab target

ions from their environment and then turn the metal ions

into the element metal through enzymes. The

intracellular method consists of transporting ions into

the microbial cell to form nanoparticles in the presence

of enzymes. The extracellular synthesis of nanoparticles

involves trapping the metal ions on the surface of the

cells and reducing ions in the presence of enzymes, [10].

Aim of the work was to evaluate the efficacy of Se-NPs

with further insight into the possible mechanisms by

which selenium may impact lung cancer risks. We

employed an animal model of lung carcinoma that is

induced by oxidative damage via Fe-NTA to examine

Se-NPs synthesized by bacteria as cancer protective

agent.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Preparation of Fe-NTA solution

The Fe-NTA solution was prepared according to, [11].

In brief, disodium salt of nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA)

(0.64 mmol/kg body weight) and ferric nitrate

enneahydrate (0.16 mmol/kg body weight) were

dissolved in distilled water, and the pH was adjusted to

7.0 using sodium bicarbonate. The molar ratio of Fe to

NTA was 1:4. Nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) is used as

polyphosphate substitute in detergents in various

countries; it forms water-soluble chelate complexes with

metal cations at neutral pH.

Biosynthesis of selenium nanoparticles

Bacillus licheniformis strain (B. licheniformis) ATCC

10716, was obtained from Microbiological Resources

Centre (Cairo MIRCEN). 2g of wet B. licheniformis

biomass was taken in an Erlenmeyer's flask. 1mM SeO2

solution was prepared using deionized water and 100

mL of the solution mixture was added to the biomass,

and kept in a shaker at 37°C (200 rpm) for 24 h for the

synthesis of nanoparticles. Finally, the resulting solution

was filtered through a 0.22 µm filter (Millipore), [12].

Transmission electron microscopy analysis

Synthesized Se-NPs by B. licheniformis were analyzed

by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Samples of

Se-NPs were prepared by placing a drop of the

suspension of Se-NPs on carbon-coated copper grids

and allowing water to evaporate. The shape and size of

nanoparticles were determined from TEM micrographs.

The software (Advanced Microscopy Techniques,

Danvers, MA) for the digital TEM camera was

calibrated for size measurements of the nanoparticles.

TEM measurements were performed on a JEOL model

1200EX, [13]. For ultrastructural studies, 24 h old

culture grown in the presence of 2 mM selenium dioxide

and from control were centrifuged at 1844 × g for 15

min, [14].

Animals and experimental design

Male Wister rats weighing about 120-150 g were

provided by the Animal House of the Nile Company for

Drugs, Cairo, Egypt. Rats were housed in plastic cages

and maintained under standard laboratory conditions

(temperature 25 ± 2°C; photoperiod of 12 h) on a

commercial pellet diet and water ad libitum.

Toxicological studies of Se-NPs: A 30-day toxicity

study of Se-NPs was conducted in male rats by studying

serum biological markers, survival and decrease in body

weights. Sixty male rats were divided into sex groups of

ten animals each. Five groups were given Se-NPs of 50,

100, 200, 400 and 500 µg Se/kg, once daily for 30 days.

One group was served as control and given sterile

physiological saline.

After a week of acclamization, thirty four male rats were

randomly divided into four groups of eight animals

each, group 1: control, group 2: orally administrated

with Se-NPs, 3 times a week (each alternate day) in a

dose of 200 µg Se/kg body weight, group 3: injected i.p.

with Fe–NTA twice weekly (9 mg/kg body weight),

group 4: pretreated with Se-NPs for 15 days prior to Fe-

NTA injection, the animals were sacrificed after 6

months.



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Biochemical analysis

Antioxidant parameters were measured in the liver

homogenate (10 % in 0.9 % saline). Glutathione (GSH)

content was measured calorimetrically according to the

method described by, [15]. Glutathione peroxidase

(GPX) activity was measured calorimetrically according

to the method described by, [16]. Superoxide dismutase

(SOD) activity was measured according to the method described by, [17] and catalase activity (CAT) was

measured calorimetrically according to the method

described by, [18]. Lipid peroxides content was

determined according to the method of , [19] using

1,1,3,3‐ tetra ethoxypropane as a standard. Nitric oxide

was determined according to, [20]

Evaluation of tumor necrosis factor- alpha (TNF-α) in

the plasma was carried out according to, [21], using the

"Assay Max Rat TNF-alpha ELISA kit of murine

monoclonal antibody" (ASSAYPRO, 41 Triad South

Drive St. Charles, MO 63394, USA). Data was analyzed

using 990win6 software for DV990BV4 microplate

reader, GIO DE VITA, Roma, Italy. Determination of

C-reactive protein was carried out by

immunoturbidometry method according to, [22].

Histological analysis

Sections of mammary glands were stained with

hematoxylin & eosin (H&E) and examined by light

microscope, [23].

Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis was carried out using Excel and

Results were represented as mean ± SD. SPSS version

15. P value ≤ 0.05 was considered to be statistically

significant.

RESULTS

Studying transmission electron microscope (TEM)

photos of B. licheniformis showed morphological

changes in bacterial cells caused by exposure to

selenium dioxide. Non-treated B. licheniformis cells

showed rod shape while treated cells with selenium

dioxide showed spherical shape Fig. 2. Photos showed

accumulation of selenium inside and on bacterial cells as

precipitations inside and on the bacterial cell.

Characterization of the synthesized Se-NPs was carried

out. The UV-Visible absorption spectra of selenium

nanospheres recovered from the culture broth gave

characteristic peak at 590 nm.

The morphology and size of the biologically synthesized

Se-NPs was determined using TEM Fig.3. The size of

Se-NPs was analyzed by TEM imaging which

demonstrate that the prepared Se-NPs aggregated easily

and their size was not uniform, ranging from 50 to 80

nm diameter. The morphological characterization of Se-

NPs by TEM showed that Se-NPs is of spherical shape,

depicts that they are relatively uniform in diameter and

spherical in shape.

In vivo nanoparticles toxicity studies are focused mainly

on examining changes in blood serum chemistry, animal

population count and behavior. Thus the rats groups

injected with Se-NPs at a dosage of 50, 100, 200, 400

and 500 µg Se/kg did not show any symptoms of

toxicity such as fatigue, loss of appetite, change in fur

color, weight loss, behavior change and serum chemical

analysis of alanine amino trasferase, aspartate amino

transferase, urea and creatinie. All the rats survived

throughout the experimental period without exhibiting

any abnormalities.

The effects of Se-NPs (200 µg Se/kg body weight)

pretreatment on antioxidant state of Fe-NTA treated rat

lung tissue. As Fe-NTA treatment significantly reduced

measured antioxidant parameters of GSH level, GPx,

CAT and SOD activities compared to the control.

Pretreatment with Se-NPs caused significant elevation in

GSH level, GPx, CAT and SOD activities compared to

Fe-NTA, Table.1.

Examining the effect of Se-NPs pretreatment on Fe-

NTA treated rats oxidative stress parameters lipid

peroxidation (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) results

showed that Fe-NTA significantly increased MDA and

NO levels, while pretreatment with Se-NPs markedly

ameliorated MDA with non-significant reduction in NO

level Fig.3,4.

Inflammatory marker C-reactive protein (CRP) Fig.5

and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) Fig.6 results

revealed significant increase in CRP in Fe-NTA treated

rats while pretreatment with Se-NPs significantly

ameliorated this elevation in the plasma. CRP level

significantly increased in Fe-NTA treated subjects as

compared to the control. Pretreatment with Se-NPs

markedly ameliorated CRC and increase compared to

control.

The pathological effect of the Se-NPs and Fe-NTA over

the morphological characteristics of the organs was

examined through the histological observations using

light microscope. Histological studies of control lung

tissue showed normal pulmonary architecture, well

formed air sacs or vesicles with normal and wide air

passage also normal bronchial feature (Fig.7a). The

examined reports obtained from the senior pathologist

confirmed that the Se-NPs treated rat lung did not show

any significant morphological changes in comparison to

control. (Fig.7b). Lung sections of Fe-NTA treated rats

clearly showed abnormal pulmonary architecture, a

noticed destruction occurred in the intrapulmonary

structure, very narrow and restricted alveolar ducts and

destroyed alveolar vesicles are present. A great area was

replaced by numerous islets of hyperplasia cells. These

cells have been made a great invasion to the outer

muscular layer of the bronchiole and surrounded



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perialveolar and peribronchial areas (Fig.7c).

Pretreatment with Se-NPs of Fe-NTA treated rats

showed a noticed improvement in pulmonary tissue

structure, well alveolar sacs and ducts and well formed

bronchiole but still some little inflammatory cells

present peribronchiole, normal epithelial cells of the

bronchiole with goblet cells and clear circular muscle

layer around epithelium(Fig.7d).

Fig. (1): Transmission electron microscope of selenium nanoparticles (20000x).

Fig. (2): Transmission electron microscope of B. licheniformis cells, A: control, B: exposed to selenium dioxide

for 48 hr.

Fig.3. Effect of Se-NPs against Fe-NTA induced alteration on lipid peroxidation level of lung.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Control Se-NPs Fe-NTA Fe-NTA+Se-NPs

MD

A (

µM

/g)

A B



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Fig.4. Effect of Se-NPs against Fe-NTA induced alteration on nitric oxide level of lung.

Fig. 5. Effect of Se-NPs against Fe-NTA induced alteration on CRP plasma level.

Fig. 6. Effect of Se-NPs against Fe-NTA induced alteration on TNF- α plasma level.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30


Nit

ric

oxid

e (

nM

Na n

itrit

e/g

)

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5


C-r

ea

cti

ve p

rote

in m

g/L

0

5

10

15

20

25

30


TN

F-α

(pg/m

l )



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Fig. 7. Histopathological sections of lungs showing the effect of pretreatment of rats with Se and Nano-Se on

Fe-NTA promoted lung carcinogenesis. (a) Control (H&E, 100). (b) Nano-Se treated (H&E, 100). (c) Fe-NTA

treated (H&E, 100). (d) Se+Fe-NTA treated (H&E, 100).

Table (1): Effect of Se-NPs and Fe-NTA on glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, catalase and superoxide

dismutase.

a: Significantly different from control, b: Significantly different from Fe -NTA group.

DISCUSSION

In the present study, Se-NPs synthesis by the strain B.

licheniformis formed reddish cell suspension which

indicated its ability to reduce the toxic, colorless, soluble

selenium ions to nontoxic, red elemental insoluble form

of selenium (Se0). Under the stressful condition of toxic

selenium ions the morphology of the cells was altered

resulting in decrease in cell size. The organisms reduce

their cell size and increase their relative surface area for

better uptake of the nutrients for survival under

environmental stress conditions. Analyzing B.

licheniformis cells exposed to selenium by TEM

confirmed the spherical intracellular and extracellular

deposits of SNPs. However, our data showed formation

of intracellular and extracellular nanometer-sized

particles of elemental selenium (Se0). Intracellular Se-

NPs accumulation was inside the cytoplasm or

periplasmic space of the bacterial cell as in TEM images

and confirmed by other research groups, [24]. TEM

confirmed the spherical shape and size range of 50-80

(a)

(b)

( c)

(d)

Group

GSH (mg /g) GPx (µmol oxidized

GSH/ min/g)

CAT(μM H2O2/g) SOD (µg/g)

Control 21.0± 2.2 171.0± 5.8 97.6± 4.6 12.1± 0.4

Se-NPs 27.1± 1.4a 169.7± 5.5 102.8± 6.1 11.8± 0.4

Fe-NTA 14.6± 0.8a 117.6± 6.8a 43.0± 3.9a 9.4± 0.3a

Fe-NTA+Se-NPs 19.0± 2.1ab 139.8± 8.4ab 95.9± 4.5ab 11.8± 0.5ab



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nm. Nanoparticles having dimensions of the order of

less than 100 nm have attracted great attention due to

their unusual and fascinating properties, and

applications advantageous over their bulk counterparts,

[25].

In the present study, iron administration markedly

reduced antioxidant markers GSH, GPx, CAT and SOD

activities and inflammation markers CRP and TNF-α in

the lung followed by tumor promotion. This is possibly

due to generation of free radicals in the tissue forming

FeCl3 and •OH by a reaction of Fe-NTA with H2O2 in

vivo might be involved in carcinogenesis, [26, 27].

Oxidative stress and inflammation are closely associated

with tumor promotion, [28]. Iron deposition within

tissue is often related to generation of reactive oxygen

species, leading to oxidative damage, lipid peroxidation

and concomitant increase in serum toxicity markers and

depletion of renal GSH content, [29].

This is a unique experimental model, useful in search of

antioxidant compounds by the pretreatment for 2 weeks

and of chemopreventive compounds by oral

administration for several months. We observed that oral

pretreatment of Se-NPs protected lung tissue from iron

ions induced damage. We demonstrated that Se-NPs

inhibited elevation of oxidative injury markers of MDA

and NO and maintained the levels of reduced GSH,

GPx, CAT and SOD activities and ameliorated

inflammation markers CRP and TNF-α in lung.

Selenium pretreatment may play roles to protect the

living organism from iron ions-induced oxidative stress.

Selenium remarkable biological effect in eukaryotes is

related to a unique function of various selenoproteins by

being incorporated into as selenocysteine and included

such as glutathione peroxidase, thioredoxin reductase,

manganese superoxide dismutase, cytosolic glutathione

peroxidase and selenoprotein P which have antioxidant

and detoxification functions. selenoproteins family play

critical role in cellular protection from oxidative damage

and infection, male fertility, thyroid hormone

metabolism and DNA synthesis [1,2,30,31].

Supra-nutritional levels of selenium have benefits in

preventing several types of cancer, including lung

cancer, colorectal cancer, and prostate cancer. It is well

supported that selenium has chemopreventive effects,

and chemotherapeutic potential by inducing cancer cell

apoptosis with minimal side effects to normal cells

within a proper dose range, [31,32,33,34,35]. However,

the precise mechanisms by which selenium activates the

apoptotic machinery remain poorly understood, [36].

In the present work, the cytokine TNF-α was highly

elevated in Fe-NTA treated rats and markedly reduced

by Se-NPs pretreatment. The cytokine TNF-α is highly

expressed in tumors and has powerful and toxic

systemic side effects, it is also a potent anti-vascular

cytokine at higher doses and can be used clinically to

destroy tumor vasculature. TNF-α is able to initiate

cellular apoptosis and it is possible that these apoptotic

pathways are deactivated in tumor cells, [37]. In the

present work Se-NPs pretreatment significantly

normalized CRP level. This liver synthesis protein, a

marker of inflammation, can amplify the anti-

inflammatory response through complement activation,

tissue damage, and activation of endothelial cells and

play a key role in the innate immune response, [38, 39].

Elevated plasma level of CRP is associated with

increased risk of lung cancer, and possibly colorectal

cancer and is associated with greater risk of cancer

patient early death, but do not cause cancer, [40].

Plasma CRP levels decreased in the presence of

antioxidant as Pycnogenol and vitamin C was reported,

[41], and significantly associated with the biomarkers

of oxidative stress malondialdehyde, [42]. The impact of

antioxidants on plasma CRP may be mediated by effects

on upstream cytokines, in particular interleukin-1 (IL-1),

TNF-α, and interleukin-6 (IL-6), which are the main

inducers of the acute phase response. In this study, Se-

NPs inhibited the lipopolysaccharide-induced TNFα

production, as well as CRP production, suggesting

oxidative potential mechanism. Oxidative damage leads

to an inappropriate activation of the transcription factor

nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and subsequently to an

overexpression of inflammatory proteins. This potential

oxidative mechanisms consistent with our observation in

the present dataset that plasma TNF-α, and biomarker of

oxidative stress MDA in lung tissue was significantly

reduced by Se-NPs treatment accompanied with

activation of antioxidant parameters GSH,SOD,CAT

and GPx , [41].

In our study, histological/histopathological assays

provide evidences over the morphological changes

confirming biochemical studies, evidencing that toxicity

correlate with changes in tissue and cell morphology.

The histopathological findings of the non-toxic effect of

the Se-NPs over lung were observed. Significant

morphological changes induced by Fe-NTA implicated

to iron ions oxidative stress damaging effects which

probably cause changes in cellular DNA inducing

hyperplasia cells appeared in TEM images. Pretreatment

with Se-NPs ameliorated FE-NTA histological changes

with disappearance of cancer cells as a result of

protective effect of selenium on DNA, [43].

Supplementation of selenium compounds reduced cell

proliferation in vitro, as well as a decreased incidence

and severity of cancer in vivo , [44]. Selenium was

reported to induce apoptosis via mitochondrial pathway



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dependent on caspase-3 activation regardless of P53,

[45].

CONCLUSIONS

Based on these findings, we conclude that the

aerobically produced Se-NPs by the microbe B.

licheniformis, ATCC 10716 induces chemoprevention

against lung cancer induced by iron ions via induction of

antioxidant state and reduction of oxidative stress and

inflammation markers of CRP and TNF-α. This study

provides useful information for the use of Se-NPs to

treat lung cancer.

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*Corresponding author address:

Dr Sawsan M. El-sonbaty

[email protected]

Radiation Microbiology Department,

National Center for Radiation Research

andTechnology,

Atomic Energy Authority.

mailto:[email protected]

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