1. 1. www.inl.gov Plug-In Electric Vehicles Vehicle and Charging Technology Introduction and Real-World Data from DOEs Advanced Vehicle Testing Activity April, 2015 Matt Shirk
2. 2. Outline Comparison of Vehicle Technology Considerations for Plug In Electric Vehicles Comparison of Charging Technology Factors Affecting PHEV Charge Depleting Range Real World PEV Charging Infrastructure Usage Summary
3. 3. Some late 1990s EVs A few 2014 and 2015 EVs Why now? Some reasons: Major advances in battery and electronics technology Plug-in Vehicles have re-emerged!
4. 4. Comparison of Vehicle Technology Conventional vehicle with internal combustion engine (ICE) only 4
5. 5. Comparison of Vehicle Technology Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) with ICE and electric drive Does not plug in to electric grid 5
6. 6. Comparison of Vehicle Technology Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) with ICE and electric drive 6
7. 7. Comparison of Vehicle Technology Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) with electric drive only 7
8. 8. Conceptual Comparison of Vehicle Operation Hypothetical 15 mile drive cycle 8 MPH 0 40 80 time
9. 9. CD + - % SOC 100 50 0 PHEV10 (all-electric capable) PHEV10 (blended) HEV + - % SOC engine on engine off 100 50 0 engine on engine off Conventional vehicle engine on engine off Charge Sustaining (CS) Charge Depleting (CD) CS MPH 80 40 0 BEV (100 mi range) + - % SOC 100 50 0 Conceptual Comparison of Vehicle Operation
10. 10. Some Current Electric Vehicles 2015 Kia Soul EV 2015 Chevrolet Spark EV 2014 BMW i3
11. 11. More EVs 2015 VW eGolf 2013 Nissan Leaf 2012 Mitsubishi iMiev
12. 12. Some Current Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles 2013 Chevrolet Volt 2014 Ford C-Max Energi 2013 Toyota Prius Plug-in
13. 13. EV Window Sticker Source:http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/label/learn-more-electric-label.shtml
14. 14. PHEV Window Sticker http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/label/learn-more-PHEV-label.shtml
15. 15. 15 Utility Battery Range BEV Driving distance per full charge PHEV Charge Depleting range per full charge Charging Time BEV functional range may be extended by distributed EVSE PHEV typically recharged with AC L1 or L2 EVSE Cost Cost of electricity, fuel per mile BEV Electricity only PHEV Electricity, fuel depending on driving, charging behaviors Payback on premium purchase price PEV Considerations Driver/Owner
16. 16. PEV Considerations Fuel Cost 16
17. 17. How do I charge a Plug-in Electric Vehicle? There are a few ways to charge PEVs AC Level 1 Charge AC Level 2 Charge DC Fast Charge At Home Typical outlet EVSE Portable 1.3 kW 15+ hours to charge typ. EV At Home OR Public EVSE Permenently Installed 7.2 kW on 30A Breaker 4-8 hours to charge typ. EV Public charging free or for fee Public 50 kW typ 30 min to 80% 30 more min to full Not all PEVs have fast charge port! PHEVs dont use
18. 18. AC Level 1- Typically 1.4 kW AC Level 2 Typically 3 to 7 kW, ~3-7 hours to charge BEV DC Fast Charge 30 minutes to charge to 80%...30 more to fill Comparison of Charging Technology
19. 19. Charging Safety & Interoperability An electric vehicle charging station is safer than an extension cord Why? The contacts are not energized until plugged into the car The power shuts off when the plug is removed from the car Any modern PEV (2011+) will work with any modern AC Level 1 or AC Level 2 charging station but There are 2 types of DC Fast charge stations in US that are not compatible AC Level 1 or AC Level 2 Same charge connector DC Fast Charge CHAdeMO OR SAE Combo Connector
20. 20. Public Charging Availability Extend BEV range (fast charge) Extend PHEV electric range Example resources to find stations: Proprietary station networks may have different access controls or require membership do your homework before relying on a station! http://www.afdc.energy.gov/locator/stations/www.plugshare.com
21. 21. Charge Depleting Mode and Range by Temp Climate control set to 72 deg F Cold weather necessitates heater, uses engine blended mode Mild weather no heat or air conditioning Hot weather air conditioner power increases battery energy usage per mile, affects range
22. 22. Charge Depleting Range and Mode by Speed
23. 23. More PHEV Climate Effects on Range
24. 24. EV Climate Effects on Range
25. 25. Public EVSE EV Project 25http://avt.inl.gov/pdf/EVProj/EVInfrastructureUsageARBMay2014.pdf
26. 26. Charging Location Behavior Charging Preference for Leafs and Volts with Access to Workplace Charging, by frequency Nissan Leafs (707) Chevrolet Volts (96)
27. 27. EVSE Installation Costs Residential AC L2
28. 28. 28 Power Demand - Utilities Time of Use, Localized impacts, Demand Response, Aggregate Cost to EVSE Operators Demand charge Fee for exceeding power threshold for 15+ minutes No TOU Rates TOU Rates ($ Incentive) PEV Considerations Electrical Infrastructure
29. 29. EV Fast Charging OK for my Battery? Manufacturer has recommended maximum INL study 2x manufacturer suggested max 2012 Nissan Leaf Fast charged cars lost more battery capacity (range) than the AC level 2 charged carsbut not much compared to overall capacity loss Testing was in Phoenix, AZ HOT! Occasional fast charging when needed will likely get you a lot more utility than it will cost you
30. 30. What Vehicle is Right for Me? A few Plug-in Electric Vehicle considerations What do my daily driving needs look like? How often would I need to rent or use a second car if the battery range wont make a trip? What are the fuel and electricity costs in my area? Fuel costs vary almost daily, but electricity costs are relatively stable, though they vary among markets. What are my heating and cooling needs? A battery electric vehicle sacrifices range for comfort when hot or cold What incentives are there for me to buy a plug-in vehicle? Check federal and state tax incentives Where might I charge? Do you own or rent your property? Are you or your property owner willing to install EVSE? Look at those costs as well. What are the benefits to me and my community? PEVs can minimize tailpipe emissions, and depending on your power generation mix, can be much cleaner than an ICE car. Is my decision purely financial or do I have other reasons to want a PEV.
31. 31. More Information http://avt.inl.gov This work is supported by the U.S. Department of Energys EERE Vehicle Technologies Office Acknowledgement INL/MIS-12-24433