eurosys 2008 - netfpga tutorial 1 s t a n f o r d u n i v e r s i t y presented by: john w. lockwood...
TRANSCRIPT
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 1 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Presented by:
John W. Lockwood & G. Adam Covington(Stanford University)
Andrew Moore (University of Cambridge)
Monday March 31, 2008
9am-5pmGlasgow, Scotlandhttp://NetFPGA.org
Building Gigabit-rate Routerswith the NetFPGA: EuroSys Tutorial
at University of Glasgow
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 2 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
FPGAFPGA
MemoryMemory
1GE1GE
1GE1GE
1GE1GE
1GE1GE
What is the NetFPGA?
PCI
CPUCPU MemoryMemory
NetFPGA Board
PC with NetFPGA
NetworkingSoftwarerunning on a standard PC
A hardware acceleratorbuilt with Field Programmable Gate Arraydriving Gigabit network links
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 3 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Introduction
Who uses the NetFPGA• Teachers• Students• Researchers
How they use the NetFPGA1. To run the Router Kit2. To build modular reference designs
• IPv4 router• 4-port NIC• Ethernet switch, …
3. To create new networking systems
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 4 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
FPGAFPGA
MemoryMemory
1GE1GE
1GE1GE
1GE1GE
1GE1GE
Running the Router Kit
User-space development, 4x1GE line-rate forwarding
PCI
CPUCPU MemoryMemory
OSPFOSPF BGPBGP
My ProtocolMy Protocoluser
kernelRouting
Table
Usage #1
IPv4RouterIPv4
Router
1GE1GE
1GE1GE
1GE1GE
1GE1GE
FwdingTable
FwdingTable
PacketBuffer
PacketBuffer
“Mirror”
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 5 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
FPGAFPGA
MemoryMemory
1GE1GE
1GE1GE
1GE1GE
1GE1GE
Building Modular Router Modules
PCI
CPUCPU MemoryMemory
Usage #2
NetFPGA DriverNetFPGA Driver
Java GUIFront Panel(Extensible)
Java GUIFront Panel(Extensible)
PW-OSPFPW-OSPF
In QMgmtIn Q
Mgmt
IPLookup
IPLookup
L2Parse
L2Parse
L3Parse
L3Parse
Out QMgmtOut QMgmt
1GE1GE
1GE1GE
1GE1GE
1GE1GE
Verilog modules interconnected by FIFO interfaces
MyBlock
MyBlock
VerilogEDA Tools
(Xilinx, Mentor, etc.)
VerilogEDA Tools
(Xilinx, Mentor, etc.)
1. Design2. Simulate3. Synthesize4. Download
1. Design2. Simulate3. Synthesize4. Download
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 6 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
FPGAFPGA
MemoryMemory
1GE1GE
1GE1GE
1GE1GE
1GE1GE
Creating new systems
PCI
CPUCPU MemoryMemory
Usage #3
NetFPGA DriverNetFPGA Driver
1GE1GE
1GE1GE
1GE1GE
1GE1GE
My Design
(1GE MAC is soft/replaceable)
My Design
(1GE MAC is soft/replaceable)
VerilogEDA Tools
(Xilinx, Mentor, etc.)
VerilogEDA Tools
(Xilinx, Mentor, etc.)
1. Design2. Simulate3. Synthesize4. Download
1. Design2. Simulate3. Synthesize4. Download
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 7 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Tutorial Outline• Background
– Basics of an IP Router (Andrew)– The NetFPGA Platform (John)
• The Stanford Base Reference Router– Demo1 : Reference Router running on the NetFPGA (Adam)– Inside the NetFPGA hardware (John)– Breakneck introduction to Verilog (John)– Exercise 1: Build your own Reference Router (Adam)
• The Enhanced Reference Router– Motivation: Understanding buffer size requirements in a router (Andrew)– Demo 2: Observing and controlling the queue size (Adam)– Exercise 2: Enhancing the Reference Router (Adam)
• The Life of a Packet Through the NetFPGA– Hardware Datapath (Adam)– Interface to software: Exceptions and Host I/O (John) – Exercise 3: Drop 1 in N Packets (Adam)
• Concluding Remarks– Using NetFPGA for research and teaching (John)– Group Discussion (All)– Survey (You)
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 8 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Basic Operation of an IP RouterR3
A
B
C
R1
R2
R4 D
E
FR5
R5F
R3E
R3D
Next HopDestination
D
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 9 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
What does a router do?R3
A
B
C
R1
R2
R4 D
E
FR5
R5F
R3E
R3D
Next HopDestination
D
16 3241
Data
Options (if any)
Destination Address
Source Address
Header ChecksumProtocolTTL
Fragment OffsetFlagsFragment ID
Total Packet LengthT.ServiceHLenVer
20
byte
s
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 10 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
What does a router do?
A
B
C
R1
R2
R3
R4 D
E
FR5
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 11 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Basic Components of an IP Router
Control Plane
Datapathper-packet processing
SwitchingForwarding
Table
Routing Table
Routing Protocols
Management& CLI
Softw
areH
ardware
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 12 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Per-packet processing in an IP Router
1. Accept packet arriving on an incoming link.
2. Lookup packet destination address in the forwarding table, to identify outgoing port(s).
3. Manipulate IP header: e.g., decrement TTL, update header checksum.
5. Buffer packet in the output queue.
6. Transmit packet onto outgoing link.
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 13 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Generic Datapath Architecture
LookupIP Address
UpdateHeader
Header ProcessingData Hdr Data Hdr
ForwardingTable
ForwardingTable
IP Address Next Hop
QueuePacket
BufferMemoryBuffer
Memory
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 14 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
CIDR and Longest Prefix Matches
The IP address space is broken into line segments. Each line segment is described by a prefix. A prefix is of the form x/y where x indicates the prefix of all
addresses in the line segment, and y indicates the length of the segment.
e.g. The prefix 128.9/16 represents the line segment containing addresses in the range: 128.9.0.0 … 128.9.255.255.
0 232-1
128.9/16
128.9.0.0
216
142.12/19
65/8
128.9.16.14
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 15 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Classless Interdomain Routing (CIDR)
0 232-1
128.9/16
128.9.16.14
128.9.16/20128.9.176/20
128.9.19/24
128.9.25/24
Most specific route = “longest matching prefix”
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 16 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Techniques for LPM in hardware
• Linear search• Direct lookup
– Currently requires too much memory– Updating a prefix leads to many changes
• Tries– Deterministic lookup time– Easily pipelined– But requires multiple memories/references
• TCAM (Ternary CAM)– Simple and widely used– But low-density, high-power– Gradually being replaced by new algorithms
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 17 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
An IP Router on NetFPGA
SwitchingForwarding
Table
Routing Table
Routing Protocols
Management& CLI
Softw
areH
ardware
Linux user-levelprocesses
Verilog on NetFPGA PCI board
ExceptionProcessing
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 18 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
NetFPGA Router
Function – 4 Gigabit Ethernet ports
Fully programmable– FPGA hardware
Low cost
Open-source FPGA hardware – Verilog base design
Open-souce Software– Drivers in C and C++
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 19 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
NetFPGA Platform
Major Components– Interfaces
• 4 Gigabit Ethernet Ports• PCI Host Interface
– Memories• 36Mbits Static RAM• 512Mbits DDR2 Dynamic RAM
– FPGA Resources• Block RAMs• Configurable Logic Block (CLBs)• Memory Mapped Registers
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 20 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
NetFPGA System
User Space
Linux Kernel
NIC
GE
PCI-ePCI
Browser& VideoClient
MonitorSoftware
GE
GE
GE
GE
GE
CADTools
NetFPGA RouterHardware
VI
VI
VI
VI
Packet Forwarding Table
(eth1 .. 2)(nf2c0 .. 3)
Web &VideoServer
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 21 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
NetFPGA Hardware
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 22 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
NetFPGA System Implementation• NetFPGA Blocks
– Virtex-2 Pro FPGA– 4.5MB ZBT SRAM– 64MB DDR2 DRAM – PCI Host Interface– 4 Gigabit Ethernet ports
• Intranet Test Ports – Dual Gigabit
Ethernets on PCI-e
• Internet – Gigabit Ethernet
on Motherboard
• Processor – Quad-Core CPU
• Operating System– Linux CentOS 4.4
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 23 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Dell 2950: Another support NetFPGA host
NetFPGA properlyInserts in PCI / PCI-X slot
Dell 2950 with PCI-X and PCI-Express Slots
Thanks: Brian Cashman for providing machine
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 24 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
NetFPGA Lab Setup
(eth1 .. 2)
Nf2c3 : Adj. ServerCPU x2 Net-FPGA
Dual NICGE
PC
I-eP
CI
Client
NetFPGAControl SW
GE
GE
GE
GE
GECAD Tools
InternetRouter
Hardware
Eth2 : Server
ServerEth1 : Local host
Nf2c1 : Adjacent
Nf2c2 : Local Host
Nf2c0 : Adjacent
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 25 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Net-FPGA
NetFPGA Hardware Set for Demo #1
Net-FPGA
GE
GE
GE
GE
InternetRouter
Hardware
CPU x2
Net-FPGA
NICGE
PC
I-eP
CIVideo
Display
GE
GE
GE
GE
GE
CAD Tools
GE
GE
GE
GE
InternetRouter
Hardware
InternetRouter
Hardware
CPU x2
PC
I-eP
CI
VideoServer
NICGE
PC
I-e
GE
…
Server deliversstreaming HD videothrough a chain of NetFPGA Routers
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 26 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Tutorial Outline• Background
– Basics of an IP Router (Andrew)– The NetFPGA Platform (John)
• The Stanford Base Reference Router– Demo1 : Reference Router running on the NetFPGA (Adam)– Inside the NetFPGA hardware (John)– Breakneck introduction to Verilog (John)– Exercise 1: Build your own Reference Router (Adam)
• The Enhanced Reference Router– Motivation: Understanding buffer size requirements in a router (Andrew)– Demo 2: Observing and controlling the queue size (Adam)– Exercise 2: Enhancing the Reference Router (Adam)
• The Life of a Packet Through the NetFPGA– Hardware Datapath– Interface to software– Exercise 3: Drop 1 in N Packets
• Concluding Remarks– Using NetFPGA for research and teaching (John)– Group Discussion– Survey
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 27 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
HDDisplay
Topology of NetFPGA Routers
VideoServer
Demo
1
Demo
1
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 28 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Setup for the Reference Router
Each NetFPGA card has four ports
Port 2 connected to Client / Server
Ports 0 and 3 connected to adjacent NetFPGA cards
NetFPGA
Video Client
Demo
1
Demo
1
NetFPGA
NetFPGA
Video Server
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 29 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Subnet Configuration
.1.1
.1.2.3.1
.30.2
.4.1
.4.2
.6.1.3.2
.7.1
.7.2
.9.1
.6.2
.10.1
.10.2
.12.1
.9.2
.13.1
.13.2
.15.1
.12.2
.16.1
.16.2.15.2
.28.1
.28.2.27.1
.30.1
.25.1
.25.2.24.1
.27.2
.22.1
.22.2.21.1
.24.2
.19.1
.19.2
.17.1
.21.2.18.2
.5.1 .8.1 .11.1 .14.1 .18.1
.20.1
.23.1.26.1
.29.1
.2.1
Video ClientShortest Path
Video Server
Demo
1
Demo
1
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 30 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Physical Configuration
• Qnty = N * – NetFPGA
• Mrg Part#: NETFPGA from DigilentInc.com
– Ethernet Adapter• Intel Pro/1000 Dual-port Gigabit PCI-Express x4 NIC• Mfg Part#: EXPI9402PT from Buy.com
– Category 5E Gigabit Ethernet Cables• Loopback (Red, 1’ = 30cm)• Network (Green, 3’ = 1m)• Adjacent Host (Blue, 3’ = 1m)• Configuration (Yellow, 9’ = 3m)
• Additional Parts– RJ45 Cable connectors, Qnty=2
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 31 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
3210
12
nf2c
eth
12
3210
12
nf2c
eth
11
3210
12
nf2c
eth
9
3210
12
nf2c
eth
8
3210
12
nf2c
eth
7
3210
12
nf2c
eth
6
3210
12
nf2c
eth
5
3210
12
nf2c
eth
4
3210
12
nf2c
eth
3
3210
12
nf2c
eth
2
Cable Configuration• NetFPGA Gigabit Ethernet Interfaces
– nf2c3 : Left neighbor in network – nf2c2 : Local host interface– nf2c1 : Direct connection to adjacent server– nf2c0 : Right neighbor in network
• Host Ethernet Interfaces – eth1 : Local host interface– eth2 : Direct connection for adjacent client
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 32 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Photos of Machines During Setup
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 33 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Working IP Router
• Objectives – Become familiar with
Stanford Reference Router
– Observe PW-OSPF re-routing traffic around a failure
Demo
1
Demo
1
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 34 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Streaming Video through the NetFPGA
• Video server– Source files
/var/www/html/video– Network URL :
http://192.168.Net.Host/video
• Video client– Windows Media Player– Linux mplayer
• Video traffic– MPEG2 HDTV (35 Mbps)– MPEG2 TV (9 Mbps)– DVI (3 Mbps)– WMF (1.7 Mbps)
Demo
1
Demo
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 35 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Step 1 – Observe the Routing Tables
The router is already configured and running on your machines
The routing table has converged to the routing decisions with minimum number of hops
Next, break a link …
Demo
1
Demo
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 36 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Step 2 - Dynamic Re-routing
Break the link between video server and video client
Routers re-route traffic around the broken link and video continues playing
.1.1
.1.2
.3.1
.30.2
.4.1
.4.2
.6.1.3.2
.7.1
.7.2
.9.1
.6.2
.10.1
.10.2
.12.1
.9.2
.13.1
.13.2
.15.1
.12.2
.16.1
.16.2
.15.2
.28.1
.28.2.27.1
.30.1
.25.1
.25.2.24.1
.27.2
.22.1
.22.2.21.1
.24.2
.19.1
.19.2
.17.1
.21.2
.18.2
.5.1 .8.1 .11.1 .14.1
.18.1
.20.1
.23.1.26.1
.29.1
.2.1
Demo
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 37 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Tutorial Outline• Background
– Basics of an IP Router (Andrew)– The NetFPGA Platform (John)
• The Stanford Base Reference Router– Demo1 : Reference Router running on the NetFPGA (Adam)– Inside the NetFPGA hardware (John)– Breakneck introduction to Verilog (John)– Exercise 1: Build your own Reference Router (Adam)
• The Enhanced Reference Router– Motivation: Understanding buffer size requirements in a router (Andrew)– Demo 2: Observing and controlling the queue size (Adam)– Exercise 2: Enhancing the Reference Router (Adam)
• The Life of a Packet Through the NetFPGA– Hardware Datapath (Adam)– Interface to software: Exceptions and Host I/O (John) – Exercise 3: Drop 1 in N Packets (Adam)
• Concluding Remarks– Using NetFPGA for research and teaching (John)– Group Discussion (All)– Survey (You)
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 38 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Integrated Circuit Technology
Full-custom Design – Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS)
Semi-custom ASIC Design – Gate array– Standard cell
Programmable Logic Device– Programmable Array Logic– Field Programmable Gate Arrays
Processors
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 39 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Combinatorial Logic
AB
CD
Z
Look-Up Tables
Combinatorial logic is stored in Look-Up Tables (LUTs) – Also called
Function Generators (FGs)– Capacity is limited only by
number of inputs, not complexity– Delay through the LUT is constant
A B C D Z
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 1 1
0 1 0 0 1
0 1 0 1 1
. . .
1 1 0 0 0
1 1 0 1 0
1 1 1 0 0
1 1 1 1 1
Diagram From: Xilinx, Inc
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 40 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Slice 0
LUT Carry
LUT Carry D QCE
PRE
CLR
DQCE
PRE
CLR
Xilinx CLB Structure
Each slice has four outputs– Two registered outputs,
two non-registered outputs
– Two BUFTs associated with each CLB, accessible by all 16 CLB outputs
Carry logic run vertically – Signals run upwards– Two independent
carry chains per CLB
Diagram From: Xilinx, Inc (Courtesy Jeff Weintraub)
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 41 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Field Programmable Gate Arrays
CLB– Primitive element of FPGA
Routing Module– Global routing– Local interconnect
Macro Blocks– Block Memories– Microprocessor
I/O Block
4 LUT
G4
G3
G2
G1
G
4 LUT
F4
F3
F2
F1
F
3 LUT
H
S
R
D Q
S
R
D Q
H1
Din Clk
YQ
Y
XQ
X
M
M
M
M
CLB
GRMLocal R outing
CLB PIP
...
...
...
... ...
......
3rd Generation LUT-based FPGA
Pad Routing CLB M atrix I/O
M acroBlock(uP,M em)
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 42 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
NetFPGA Block Diagram
NetFPGA platform
1GE
M
AC
1GE
M
AC
1GE
M
AC
1GE
M
AC
Virtex II-Pro 50 FPGA withuser-defined network logic* Hardware specified with
- Verilog source code- Pre-generated cores
* Software written for - Embedded PowerPCs - Soft core processors
(Microblaze, LEON ..)
18Mb
SR
AM
1GE
P
HY
1GE
P
HY
1GE
P
HY
1GE
P
HY
FPGA w/provided infrastructure64M
BD
DR
2S
DR
AM
Linux OS - NetFPGA Kernel driverHostcomputer
User-defined software networking applications
Four G
igabit Ethernet Interfaces
18Mb
SR
AM
FIFOpacketbuffers
Control, PCIInterface
3 Gb
SA
TA
Board-B
oard In
terconnect
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 43 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Details of NetFPGA
• Fits into Standard PCI slot– Standard Bus : 32 bits, 33 MHz
• Provides Interfaces for processing network packets– 4 Gigabit Ethernet Ports
• Allows hardware-accelerated processing – Implemented with Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) Logic
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 44 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Tutorial Outline• Background
– Basics of an IP Router (Andrew)– The NetFPGA Platform (John)
• The Stanford Base Reference Router– Demo1 : Reference Router running on the NetFPGA (Adam)– Inside the NetFPGA hardware (John)– Breakneck introduction to Verilog (John)– Exercise 1: Build your own Reference Router (Adam)
• The Enhanced Reference Router– Motivation: Understanding buffer size requirements in a router (Andrew)– Demo 2: Observing and controlling the queue size (Adam)– Exercise 2: Enhancing the Reference Router (Adam)
• The Life of a Packet Through the NetFPGA– Hardware Datapath (Adam)– Interface to software: Exceptions and Host I/O (John) – Exercise 3: Drop 1 in N Packets (Adam)
• Concluding Remarks– Using NetFPGA for research and teaching (John)– Group Discussion (All)– Survey (You)
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 45 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Hardware Description Languages
• Concurrent– By Default, Verilog statements
evaluated concurrently
• Express fine grain parallelism– Allows gate-level parallelism
• Provides Precise Description– Eliminates ambiguity about operation
• Synthesizable– Generates hardware from description
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 46 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Verilog Data Types
reg [7:0] A; // 8-bit register, MSB to LSB // (Preferred bit order for NetFPGA)
reg [0:15] B; // 16-bit register, LSB to MSB
B = {A[7:0],A[0:7]}; // Assignment of bits
reg [31:0] Mem [0:1023]; // 1K Word Memory
integer Count; // simple signed 32-bit integerinteger K[1:64]; // an array of 64 integerstime Start, Stop; // Two 64-bit time variables
From: CSCI 320 Computer ArchitectureHandbook on Verilog HDL, by Dr. Daniel C. Hyde :
http://eesun.free.fr/DOC/VERILOG/verilog-manual.html
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 47 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Signal Multiplexers
From: http://eesun.free.fr/DOC/VERILOG/synvlg.html
Two input multiplexer (using if / else) reg y; always @*
if (select) y = a; else y = b;
Two input multiplexer (using ternary operator ?:)
wire t = (select ? a : b);
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 48 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Larger Multiplexers
Three input multiplexer
reg s; always @* begin case (select2)
2'b00: s = a; 2'b01: s = b; default: s = c; endcase end
From: http://eesun.free.fr/DOC/VERILOG/synvlg.html
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 49 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Synchronous Storage Elements• Values change at
times governed by clock
Clock Transition
t=0 t=1 t=20
1Clock
time
Clock Transition
S0Dout
t=0
A B
A B CDin
t=0
Clock
Din DoutQD
– Clock• Input to circuit
– Clock Event• Example: Rising edge
– Flip/Flop• Transfers Value From Din
to Dout on Clock event
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 50 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Finite State Machines
Copyright 2001, John W. Lockwood, All Rights Reserved
Combinational Logic
Inputs (X)
S(t) S(t+1)=(X,S(t))
Outputs (Z)
StateNext
State Storage
...
[Moore](S(t))
[Mealy](X,S(t))
-or-
Q D
Q D
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 51 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Synthesizable Verilog : Delay Flip/Flops
From: http://eesun.free.fr/DOC/VERILOG/synvlg.html
D type flip flop with data enablereg q; always @ (posedge clk)
if (enable) q <= d;
D-type flip flop reg q; always @ (posedge clk)
q <= d;
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 52 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Tutorial Outline• Background
– Basics of an IP Router (Andrew)– The NetFPGA Platform (John)
• The Stanford Base Reference Router– Demo1 : Reference Router running on the NetFPGA (Adam)– Inside the NetFPGA hardware (John)– Breakneck introduction to Verilog (John)– Exercise 1: Build your own Reference Router (Adam)
• The Enhanced Reference Router– Motivation: Understanding buffer size requirements in a router (Andrew)– Demo 2: Observing and controlling the queue size (Adam)– Exercise 2: Enhancing the Reference Router (Adam)
• The Life of a Packet Through the NetFPGA– Hardware Datapath (Adam)– Interface to software: Exceptions and Host I/O (John) – Exercise 3: Drop 1 in N Packets (Adam)
• Concluding Remarks– Using NetFPGA for research and teaching (John)– Group Discussion (All)– Survey (You)
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Eurosys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 53 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Reference Router Pipeline
• Five stages– Input– Input Arbitration– Routing Decision and
packet modification– Output Queuing– Output
• Packet-based module interface
• Pluggable design
Exerc
ise
1
Exerc
ise
1
MACRxQMACRxQ
CPURxQCPURxQ
MACRxQMACRxQ
CPURxQCPURxQ
MACRxQMACRxQ
CPURxQCPURxQ
MACRxQMACRxQ
CPURxQCPURxQ
Input ArbiterInput Arbiter
Output Port LookupOutput Port Lookup
MACTxQMACTxQ
CPUTxQCPUTxQ
MACTxQMACTxQ
CPUTxQCPUTxQ
MACTxQMACTxQ
CPUTxQCPUTxQ
MACTxQMACTxQ
CPUTxQCPUTxQ
Output QueuesOutput Queues
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 54 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Make your own router
Objectives: – Learn how to build hardware– Run the software– Explore router architecture
Execution– Start synthesis– Rerun the GUI with the new hardware– Test connectivity and statistics with pings– Explore pipeline in the details page– Explore detailed statistics in the details page
Exerc
ise
1
Exerc
ise
1
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Eurosys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 55 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Step 1 - Build the hardware
Start terminal, cd to “NF2/projects/tutorial_router/synth”
Run “make clean”
Start synthesis with “make”
Exerc
ise
1
Exerc
ise
1
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 56 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
First Breakon 5th Floor
(while hardware compiles)
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Eurosys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 57 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Step 2 - Run Homemade Router
cd to “NF2/projects/tutorial_router/sw”
Type: “tutorial_router_gui.pl” to
use the just built router hardware
The same interface should start again
Exerc
ise
1
Exerc
ise
1
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Eurosys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 58 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Step 4 - Connectivity and StatisticsPing any addresses
192.168.x.y where x is from 1-20 and y is 1 or 2
Open the statistics tab in the Quickstart window to see some statistics
Explore more statistics in modules under the details tab
Exerc
ise
1
Exerc
ise
1
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 59 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Step 5 - Explore Router Architecture
Click the Details tab of the Quickstart window
This is the reference router pipeline – a canonical, simple to understand, modular router pipeline
Exerc
ise
1
Exerc
ise
1
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Eurosys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 60 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Step 6 - Explore Output Queues
Click on the Output Queues module in the Details tab
The page gives configuration details
…and statistics
Exerc
ise
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Exerc
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1
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 61 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Tutorial Outline• Background
– Basics of an IP Router (Andrew)– The NetFPGA Platform (John)
• The Stanford Base Reference Router– Demo1 : Reference Router running on the NetFPGA (Adam)– Inside the NetFPGA hardware (John)– Breakneck introduction to Verilog (John)– Exercise 1: Build your own Reference Router (Adam)
• The Enhanced Reference Router– Motivation: Understanding buffer size requirements in a router (Andrew)– Demo 2: Observing and controlling the queue size (Adam)– Exercise 2: Enhancing the Reference Router (Adam)
• The Life of a Packet Through the NetFPGA– Hardware Datapath (Adam)– Interface to software: Exceptions and Host I/O (John) – Exercise 3: Drop 1 in N Packets (Adam)
• Concluding Remarks– Using NetFPGA for research and teaching (John)– Group Discussion (All)– Survey (You)
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Eurosys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 62 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Buffer Requirements in a Router
Buffer size matters:– Small queues reduce delay– Large buffers are expensive
Theoretical tools predict requirements– Queuing theory– Large deviation theory– Mean field theory
Yet, there is no direct answer.– Flows have a closed-loop nature– Question arises on whether focus should be on
equilibrium state or transient state..
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Eurosys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 63 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
• Universally applied rule-of-thumb:– A router needs a buffer size:– 2T is the two-way propagation delay (or just 250ms)– C is capacity of bottleneck link
• Context– Mandated in backbone and edge routers.– Appears in RFPs and IETF architectural guidelines.– Already known by inventors of TCP
• [Van Jacobson, 1988]
– Has major consequences for router design
CTB 2
CRouterSource Destination
2T
Rule-of-thumb
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Eurosys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 64 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
The Story So Far
)(logO2
2 )2()1( Wn
CTCT
)(logO
22 )2()1( W
n
CTCT
10,000 20# packetsat 10Gb/s
1,000,000
(1) Assume: Large number of desynchronized flows; 100% utilization(2) Assume: Large number of desynchronized flows; <100% utilization
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Eurosys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 65 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Using NetFPGA to explore buffer size
• Need to reduce buffer size and measure occupancy
• Alas, not possible in commercial routers• So, we will use NetFPGA instead
Objective:– Use NetFPGA to understand how large a buffer
we need for a single TCP flow.
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Eurosys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 66 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Rule for adjusting W– If an ACK is received: W ← W+1/W– If a packet is lost: W ← W/2
Why 2TxC for a single TCP Flow?
Only W packets may be outstanding
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Eurosys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 67 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Time evolution of a single TCP flow through a router. Buffer is < 2T*C
Time Evolution of a Single TCP Flow
Time evolution of a single TCP flow through a router. Buffer is 2T*C
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 68 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
NetFPGA Hardware Set for Demo #2
CPU x2P
CI-e
VideoServer
NICGE
PC
I-e
GE
Net-FPGA
CPU x2
NICGE
PC
I-eP
CIVideo
Client
GE
GE
GE
GE
GE
InternetRouter
Hardware
…
Server deliversstreaming HD videoto adjacent client
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 69 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Tutorial Outline• Background
– Basics of an IP Router (Andrew)– The NetFPGA Platform (John)
• The Stanford Base Reference Router– Demo1 : Reference Router running on the NetFPGA (Adam)– Inside the NetFPGA hardware (John)– Breakneck introduction to Verilog (John)– Exercise 1: Build your own Reference Router (Adam)
• The Enhanced Reference Router– Motivation: Understanding buffer size requirements in a router (Andrew)– Demo 2: Observing and controlling the queue size (Adam)– Exercise 2: Enhancing the Reference Router (Adam)
• The Life of a Packet Through the NetFPGA– Hardware Datapath (Adam)– Interface to software: Exceptions and Host I/O (John) – Exercise 3: Drop 1 in N Packets (Adam)
• Concluding Remarks– Using NetFPGA for research and teaching (John)– Group Discussion (All)– Survey (You)
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 70 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Setup for the Demo 2
Each NetFPGA card has four ports
Port 2 connected to Local Host
Port 3 connected to adjacent Server
LocalHost
Demo
2
Demo
2
NetFPGA
AdjacentServer
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Eurosys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 71 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Topology for Second DemonstrationRouters connected point-to-point topologyPort 3 connects to local hostPort 1 connects to adjacent neighborPorts 0 and 2 unused
.1.1 .1.2
.4.1
.4.2
.7.1
.7.2
.10.1
.10.2
.13.1
.13.2
.16.1
.16.2
.28.1
.28.2
.25.1
.25.2
.22.1
.22.2
.19.1
.19.2
Demo
2
Demo
2
.2.2
.2.1
.5.2
.5.1
.8.2
.8.1
.11.2
.11.1
.14.2
.14.1.17.2
.17.1
.20.2
.20.1
.23.2
.23.1
.26.2
.26.1
.29.2
.29.1
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 72 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Enhanced Router
Objectives – Observe router with new modules– New modules: rate limiting, delay, event capture
Execution– Run event capture router– Look at routing tables– Explore details pane– Start tcp transfer, look at queue occupancy– Change rate/delay, look at queue occupancy
Demo
2
Demo
2
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Eurosys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 73 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Step 1 - Run Pre-made Enhanced Router
Start terminal and cd to “NF2/projects/tutorial_router/sw/”
Type “./tut_adv_router_gui.pl”
A familiar GUI should start
Demo
2
Demo
2
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Eurosys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 74 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Step 3 - Explore Enhanced Router
Click on the Details tab
A similar Pipeline to the one seen previously shows with some additions
Demo
2
Demo
2
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Eurosys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 75 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Enhanced Router Pipeline
Two modules added1. Event Capture
to capture output queue events (writes, reads, drops)
2. Rate Limiter to create a bottleneck
Demo
2
Demo
2
MACRxQMACRxQ
CPURxQCPURxQ
MACRxQMACRxQ
CPURxQCPURxQ
MACRxQMACRxQ
CPURxQCPURxQ
MACRxQMACRxQ
CPURxQCPURxQ
Input ArbiterInput Arbiter
Output Port LookupOutput Port Lookup
MACTxQMACTxQ
CPUTxQCPUTxQ
MACTxQMACTxQ
CPUTxQCPUTxQ
MACTxQMACTxQ
CPUTxQCPUTxQ
MACTxQMACTxQ
CPUTxQCPUTxQ
Output QueuesOutput Queues
RateLimiter
RateLimiter
Event CaptureEvent Capture
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Eurosys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 76 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Step 4 - Decrease the Link RateTo create bottleneck and
show the TCP “sawtooth”, link-rate is decreased.
In the Details tab click the “Rate Limit” module
Check Enable
Set link rate to 1.953Mbps
Demo
2
Demo
2
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Eurosys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 77 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Step 5 – Decrease Queue Size
Go back to the Details Panel and click on “Output Queues”.
Select the “Output Queue 2” tab.
Change the output queues size in packets slider to 16
Demo
2
Demo
2
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Eurosys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 78 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Step 6 - Start Event Capture
Click on the Event Capture module under the Details tab
This should start the configuration page
Demo
2
Demo
2
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Eurosys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 79 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Step 7 - Configure Event Capture
Check Send to local host to receive events on the local host
Check Monitor Queue 2 to monitor output queue of MAC port1
Check “Enable Capture” to start Event capture
Demo
2
Demo
2
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Eurosys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 80 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Step 8 - Start TCP Transfer
We will use iperf to run a large TCP transfer and look at queue evolution
Start a terminal and cd to“NF2/projects/tutorial_router/sw”
type “iperf.sh”
Demo
2
Demo
2
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Eurosys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 81 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Step 9 - Look at Event Capture Results
Click on the Event Capture module under the details tab.
The sawtooth pattern should now be visible.
Demo
2
Demo
2
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Eurosys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 82 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Queue Occupancy Charts
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 83 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Tutorial Outline• Background
– Basics of an IP Router (Andrew)– The NetFPGA Platform (John)
• The Stanford Base Reference Router– Demo1 : Reference Router running on the NetFPGA (Adam)– Inside the NetFPGA hardware (John)– Breakneck introduction to Verilog (John)– Exercise 1: Build your own Reference Router (Adam)
• The Enhanced Reference Router– Motivation: Understanding buffer size requirements in a router (Andrew)– Demo 2: Observing and controlling the queue size (Adam)– Exercise 2: Enhancing the Reference Router (Adam)
• The Life of a Packet Through the NetFPGA– Hardware Datapath (Adam)– Interface to software: Exceptions and Host I/O (John) – Exercise 3: Drop 1 in N Packets (Adam)
• Concluding Remarks– Using NetFPGA for research and teaching (John)– Group Discussion (All)– Survey (You)
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 84 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Enhance Your Router
Objectives – Add new modules to datapath– Synthesize and test router
Execution– Open user_datapath.v, uncomment
delay/rate/event capture modules– Synthesize– After synthesis, test the new system.
Exerc
ise
2
Exerc
ise
2
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 85 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
An aside: xemacs Tips
We will be modifying the Verilog source codeSlides show xemacs, but vim also available.xemacs:
– To undo, use ctrl+shift+'-'– To cancel a multi-keystroke command, just type ctrl+g– To select lines, hold shift and press the arrow keys.– To comment some selected lines, type ctrl+c+c– To uncomment a commented block, move the cursor to
one of the lines inside the commented block and type ctrl+c+u
– To save type ctrl+x+s– To search, type ctrl+s search_pattern
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Eurosys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 86 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Step 1 - Open the Source
We will modify the Verilog source code to add event capture, rate limiter, and delay modules
We will simply comment and uncomment existing code
Open terminalType “xemacs
NF2/projects/tutorial_router/src/user_data_path.v
Exerc
ise
2
Exerc
ise
2
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Eurosys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 87 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Step 2 - Add wires
Now we need to add wires to connect the new modules
Search for “new wires” (ctrl+s new wires) then press Enter
Uncomment the wires (ctrl+c+u)
Exerc
ise
2
Exerc
ise
2
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Eurosys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 88 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Step 3a - Connect Event Capture
Search for opl_output (ctrl+s opl_output) then press Enter
Comment the four lines above (up, shift + up + up + up + up, ctrl+c+c)
Uncomment the block below to connect the outputs (ctrl+s opl_out, ctrl+c+u)
Exerc
ise
2
Exerc
ise
2
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Eurosys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 89 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Step 3b - Connect the Output Queue Registers
Search for opl_output (ctrl+s opl_output, Enter)
Comment the 6 lines (select the six lines by using shift+arrow keys, then type ctrl+c+c)
Uncomment the commented block by scrolling down into the block and typing ctrl+c+u
Exerc
ise
2
Exerc
ise
2
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Eurosys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 90 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Step 4 - Add the Event Capture Module
Search for evt_capture_top (ctrl+s evt_capture_top) then press Enter
Uncomment the block (ctrl+c+u)
Exerc
ise
2
Exerc
ise
2
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Eurosys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 91 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Step 5 - Add the Drop Nth Module
Search for drop_nth_packet (ctrl+s drop_nth_packet) then press Enter
Uncomment the block (ctrl+c+u)
Exerc
ise
2
Exerc
ise
2
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Eurosys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 92 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Step 6 - Connect the Output Queue to the Rate Limiter
Search for port_outputs (ctrl+s port_outputs, Enter)
Comment the 4 lines above (select the four lines by using shift+arrow keys, then type ctrl+c+c)
Uncomment the commented block by scrolling down into the block and typing ctrl+c+u
Exerc
ise
2
Exerc
ise
2
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Eurosys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 93 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Step 7 - Connect the Registers
Search for port_outputs (ctrl+s port_outputs, Enter)
Comment the 6 lines (select the six lines by using shift+arrow keys, then type ctrl+c+c)
Uncomment the commented block by scrolling down into the block and typing ctrl+c+u
Exerc
ise
2
Exerc
ise
2
six
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Eurosys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 94 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Step 8 - Add Rate Limiter
Scroll down until you reach the next “Excluded” block
Uncomment the block containing the rate limiter instantiations. (scroll into the block and type ctrl+c+u)
Save (ctrl+x+s)
Exerc
ise
2
Exerc
ise
2
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Eurosys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 95 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Step 9 - Build the hardware
Start terminal, cd to “NF2/projects/tutorial_router/synth”
Run “make clean”
Start synthesis with “make”
Exerc
ise
2
Exerc
ise
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 96 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Second BreakLunch on 5th Floor
(while hardware compiles)
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 97 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Tutorial Outline• Background
– Basics of an IP Router (Andrew)– The NetFPGA Platform (John)
• The Stanford Base Reference Router– Demo1 : Reference Router running on the NetFPGA (Adam)– Inside the NetFPGA hardware (John)– Breakneck introduction to Verilog (John)– Exercise 1: Build your own Reference Router (Adam)
• The Enhanced Reference Router– Motivation: Understanding buffer size requirements in a router (Andrew)– Demo 2: Observing and controlling the queue size (Adam)– Exercise 2: Enhancing the Reference Router (Adam)
• The Life of a Packet Through the NetFPGA– Hardware Datapath (Adam)– Interface to software: Exceptions and Host I/O (John) – Exercise 3: Drop 1 in N Packets (Adam)
• Concluding Remarks– Using NetFPGA for research and teaching (John)– Group Discussion (All)– Survey (You)
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 98 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Full System Components
Software
PCI Bus
NetFPGA
CPURxQCPURxQ
CPUTxQCPUTxQ
nf2_reg_grpnf2_reg_grp
user data pathuser data path
nf2c0nf2c0 nf2c1nf2c1 nf2c2nf2c2 nf2c3nf2c3 ioctlioctl
MACTxQMACTxQ
MACRxQMACRxQ
Ethernet
CPURxQCPURxQ
CPUTxQCPUTxQ
CPURxQCPURxQ
CPUTxQCPUTxQ
CPURxQCPURxQ
CPUTxQCPUTxQ
MACTxQMACTxQ
MACRxQMACRxQ
MACTxQMACTxQ
MACRxQMACRxQ
MACTxQMACTxQ
MACRxQMACRxQ
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 99 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
port0 port2192.168.2.y192.168.1.x
Life of a Packet through the hardware
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 100 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Router Stages Again
MACRxQMACRxQ
CPURxQCPURxQ
MACRxQMACRxQ
CPURxQCPURxQ
MACRxQMACRxQ
CPURxQCPURxQ
MACRxQMACRxQ
CPURxQCPURxQ
Input ArbiterInput Arbiter
Output Port LookupOutput Port Lookup
MACTxQMACTxQ
CPUTxQCPUTxQ
MACTxQMACTxQ
CPUTxQCPUTxQ
MACTxQMACTxQ
CPUTxQCPUTxQ
MACTxQMACTxQ
CPUTxQCPUTxQ
Output QueuesOutput Queues
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 101 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Inter-module Communication
Using “Module Headers”:
IP Hdr
Eth Hdr
…
0
0
0
Last word of packet0x10
Last Module Hdry
……
Module Hdrx Contain information such as packet length, input port, output port, …
Data Word(64 bits)
Ctrl Word(8 bits)
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 102 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
data
Inter-module Communication
ctrlwr
rdy
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 103 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
MAC Rx Queue
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 104 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Rx Queue
IP Hdr:IP Dst: 192.168.2.3,
TTL: 64, Csum:0x3ab4
Eth Hdr:Dst MAC = port 0,
Ethertype = IP
Data
0
0
0
Pkt length,input port = 0
0xff
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 105 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Input Arbiter
Pkt
Pkt
Pkt
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 106 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Output Port Lookup
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 107 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
IP Hdr:IP Dst: 192.168.2.3,
TTL: 64, Csum:0x3ab4
IP Hdr:IP Dst: 192.168.2.3,
TTL: 63, Csum:0x3ac2
Output Port Lookup
EthHdr: Dst MAC = 0Src MAC = x,
Ethertype = IP
Data
0
0
0
Pkt length,input port = 0
0xff
output port = 40x04
1- Check input port matches
Dst MAC
2- Check TTL, checksum
3- Lookup next hop IP & output port
(LPM)
4- Lookup next hop MAC address (ARP)
5- Add output port module
6- Modify MAC Dst and Src addresses
7-Decrement TTL and update
checksum
EthHdr: Dst MAC = nextHop Src MAC = port 4,
Ethertype = IP
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 108 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Output Queues
OQ0
OQ4
OQ7
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 109 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
MAC Tx Queue
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 110 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
MAC Tx Queue
IP Hdr:IP Dst: 192.168.2.3,
TTL: 64, Csum:0x3ab4
IP Hdr:IP Dst: 192.168.2.3,
TTL: 63, Csum:0x3ac2
EthHdr: Dst MAC = nextHop Src MAC = port 4,
Ethertype = IP
Data
0
0
0
Pkt length,input port = 0
0xff
output port = 40x04
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 111 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Exception Packet
• Example: TTL = 0 or TTL = 1• Packet has to be sent to the CPU which will
generate an ICMP packet as a response• Difference starts at the Output Port lookup
stage
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 112 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Exception Packet Path
Software
PCI Bus
NetFPGA
CPURxQCPURxQ
CPUTxQCPUTxQ
CPURxQCPURxQ
CPUTxQCPUTxQ
CPURxQCPURxQ
CPUTxQCPUTxQ
CPURxQCPURxQ
CPUTxQCPUTxQ
nf2_reg_grpnf2_reg_grp
user data pathuser data path
nf2c0nf2c0 nf2c1nf2c1 nf2c2nf2c2 nf2c3nf2c3 ioctlioctl
MACTxQMACTxQ
MACRxQMACRxQ
MACTxQMACTxQ
MACRxQMACRxQ
MACTxQMACTxQ
MACRxQMACRxQ
MACTxQMACTxQ
MACRxQMACRxQ
Ethernet
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 113 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
IP Hdr:IP Dst: 192.168.2.3,
TTL: 1, Csum:0x3ab4
Output Port Lookup
EthHdr: Dst MAC = 0,Src MAC = x,
Ethertype = IP
Data
0
0
0
Pkt length,input port = 0
0xff
output port = 10x04
1- Check input port matches
Dst MAC
2- Check TTL, checksum – EXCEPTION!
3- Add output port module
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 114 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Output Queues
OQ0
OQ1
OQ2
OQ7
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 115 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
CPU Tx Queue
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 116 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
CPU Tx Queue
IP Hdr:IP Dst: 192.168.2.3,
TTL: 1, Csum:0x3ab4
EthHdr: Dst MAC = 0, Src MAC = x,
Ethertype = IP
Data
0
0
0
Pkt length,input port = 0
0xff
output port = 10x04
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 117 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
ICMP Packet
• For the ICMP packet, the packet arrives at the CPU Rx Queue from the PCI Bus
• Follows the same path as a packet from the MAC until the Output Port Lookup.
• The OPL module seeing the packet is from the CPU Rx Queue 1, sets the output port directly to 0.
• The packet then continues on the same path as the non-exception packet to the Output Queues and then MAC Tx queue 0.
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 118 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
ICMP Packet Path
Software
PCI Bus
NetFPGA
CPURxQCPURxQ
CPUTxQCPUTxQ
CPURxQCPURxQ
CPUTxQCPUTxQ
CPURxQCPURxQ
CPUTxQCPUTxQ
CPURxQCPURxQ
CPUTxQCPUTxQ
nf2_reg_grpnf2_reg_grp
user data pathuser data path
nf2c0nf2c0 nf2c1nf2c1 nf2c2nf2c2 nf2c3nf2c3 ioctlioctl
MACTxQMACTxQ
MACRxQMACRxQ
MACTxQMACTxQ
MACRxQMACRxQ
MACTxQMACTxQ
MACRxQMACRxQ
MACTxQMACTxQ
MACRxQMACRxQ
Ethernet
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 119 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
NetFPGA-Host Interaction
• Linux driver interfaces with hardware– Packet interface via standard Linux network
stack
– Register reads/writes via ioctl system call (with convenience wrapper functions)
• readReg(nf2device *dev, int address, unsigned *rd_data)• writeReg(nf2device *dev, int address, unsigned *wr_data)
eg:readReg(&nf2, OQ_NUM_PKTS_STORED_0, &val);
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 120 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
NetFPGA-Host Interaction
NetFPGA to host packet transferNetFPGA to host packet transfer
PC
I Bu
sP
CI B
us
2. Interrupt notifies driver of packet arrival
2. Interrupt notifies driver of packet arrival
3. Driver sets up and initiates DMA transfer
3. Driver sets up and initiates DMA transfer
1. Packet arrives – forwarding table sends to CPU queue
1. Packet arrives – forwarding table sends to CPU queue
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 121 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
NetFPGA-Host Interaction
NetFPGA to host packet transfer (cont)NetFPGA to host packet transfer (cont)
PC
I Bu
sP
CI B
us
4. NetFPGA transfers packet via DMA
4. NetFPGA transfers packet via DMA
5. Interrupt signals completion of DMA
5. Interrupt signals completion of DMA
6. Driver passes packet to network stack6. Driver passes packet to network stack
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 122 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
NetFPGA-Host Interaction
Host to NetFPGA packet transfersHost to NetFPGA packet transfers
PC
I Bu
sP
CI B
us
3. Interrupt signals completion of DMA
3. Interrupt signals completion of DMA
1. Software sends packet via network sockets. Packet delivered to driver.
1. Software sends packet via network sockets. Packet delivered to driver.
2. Driver sets up and initiates DMA transfer
2. Driver sets up and initiates DMA transfer
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 123 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
NetFPGA-Host Interaction
Register accessRegister access
PC
I Bu
sP
CI B
us
1. Software makes ioctl call on network socket. ioctl passed to driver.
1. Software makes ioctl call on network socket. ioctl passed to driver.
2. Driver performs PCI memory read/write
2. Driver performs PCI memory read/write
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 124 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
NetFPGA-Host Interaction
• Packet transfers shown using DMA interface
• Alternative: use programmed IO to transfer packets via register reads/writes– slower but eliminates the need to deal with
network sockets
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 125 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Step 10 – Perfect the Router
If interested, go back to “Demo 2: Step 1” after synthesis is done and redo the steps with your own router.
You can also change the bandwidth and queue size settings to see how that effects the queue occupancy evolution.
To run your router:1- cd NF2/projects/tutorial_router/sw2- type “./tut_adv_router_gui.pl --use_bin
../../../bitfiles/tutorial_router.bit”
Exerc
ise
2
Exerc
ise
2
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 126 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Drop 1 in N Packets
Objectives – Add counter and FSM to the code– Synthesize and test router
Execution– Open drop_nth_packet.v – Insert counter code – Synthesize– After synthesis, test the new system.
Exerc
ise
3
Exerc
ise
3
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 127 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Step 1 - Open the Source
We will modify the Verilogsource code to add acounter to the drop_nth_packet module
Open terminalType “xemacs
NF2/projects/tutorial_router/src/drop_nth_packet.v
Exerc
ise
3
Exerc
ise
3
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 128 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Step 2 - Add Counter to Module
Add Counter using the following signals:counter – (16 bit signal)rst_counter – resetinc_counter – increment
Search for insert counter (ctrl+s insert counter, Enter)
Insert Counter and Save(ctrl+x+s)
Exerc
ise
3
Exerc
ise
3
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 129 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Step 3 - Build the hardware
Start terminal, cd to “NF2/projects/tutorial_router/synth”
Run “make clean”
Start synthesis with “make”
Exerc
ise
3
Exerc
ise
3
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 130 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Third Breakon 5th Floor
(while hardware compiles)
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 131 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Step 4 – Test the RouterYou can watch the number of received and sent packets to watch the
module drop every Nth packet. Ping a local machine (i.e. 192.168.7.1) and watch for missing pings.
To run your router:1- cd NF2/projects/tutorial_router/sw2- type “./tut_adv_router_gui.pl --use_bin ../../../bitfiles/tutorial_router.bit”
To set the value of N (which packet to drop)type “regwrite 0x2000704 0xN” – replace N with a number
To enable packet dropping: To disable packet dropping:type “regwrite 0x2000700 0x1” type “regwrite 0x2000700 0x0”
Exerc
ise
3
Exerc
ise
3
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 132 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Using the NetFPGA in the Classroom
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 133 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
NetFPGA in the Classroom
• Stanford University– EE109 “Build an Ethernet Switch”
• Undergraduate Course for all EE students• http://www.stanford.edu/class/ee109/
– CS344 “Building an Internet Router”• Quarter-Long Course • Taught Spr’05, Spr’07, Spr’08• http://cs344.stanford.edu
• Rice University– Nework Systems Architecture
• Spr’08• http://comp519.cs.rice.edu/
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 134 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
Components of NetFPGA Course
• Documentation– System Design– Implementation Plan
• Deliverables– Hardware Circuits– System Software – Milestones
• Testing– Proof of Correctness– Integrated Testing– Interoperabilty
• Post Mortem– Lessons Learned
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EuroSys 2008 - NetFPGA Tutorial 135 S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
NetFPGA in the Classroom
• Stanford CS344: “Build an Internet Router”– Courseware available on-line– Students work in teams of three
• 1-2 software• 1-2 hardware
– Design and implement router in 8 weeks– Write software for CLI and PW-OSPF– Show interoperability with other groups – Add new features in remaining two weeks
• Firewall, NAT, DRR, Packet capture, Data generator, …
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softwarehardware
SwitchingForwarding
Table
Routing Table
Routing Protocols
Management& CLI
ExceptionProcessing
InteroperabilityBuild basic router Routing Protocol(PWOSPF)
Integrate with H/W
Emulatedh/w in VNS
Routing Table
Routing Protocols
Management& CLI
ExceptionProcessing
Emulatedh/w in VNS
Routing Table
Routing Protocols
Management& CLI
ExceptionProcessing
Emulatedh/w in VNS
Routing Table
Routing Protocols
Management& CLI
ExceptionProcessing
Command Line Interface
1 2 3 4 5 6
• Innovate and add!• Presentations• Judges
4-port non-learningswitch
4-port learningswitch
IPv4 routerforwarding path
Integrate with S/W Interoperability
SwitchingForwarding
Table
Learning Environment Modular design
Testing
CS344 Milestones
Final Project
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Typical NetFPGA Course PlanWeek Software Hardware Deliver
1 Verify Software Tools Verify CAD Tools Write Design Document
2 Build Software Router Build non-learning switch Run Software Router
3 Cmd. Line Interface Build learning switch Run basic Switch
4 Router Protocols Output Queues Run Learning Switch
5 Implement Protocol Forwarding path Interface SW & HW
6 Control Hardware Hardware Registers HW/SW Test
7 Interoperate Software & Hardware Router Submission
8 Plan new Advanced Feature Project Design Plan
9 Show new Advanced Feature Demonstartion
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CS344 Project Presentations
http://cs344.stanford.edu
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Network Systems Architecture at Rice
http://comp519.cs.rice.edu/
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Networked FPGAs in Research
1. RCP: Congestion control• New module for parsing and overwriting new packet• New software to calculate explicit rates
2. Packet Monitoring (ICSI)• Network Shunt
3. Deep Packet Inspection (FPX)• TCP/IP Flow Reconstruction• Regular Expression Matching• Bloom Filters
4. Ethane: Network security• New switch (“managed flow-table”) deployed
5. Buffer Sizing• Reduce buffer size and measure effect on network
performance.• Need a way to set buffer size, and measure buffer
occupancy.
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The NetFPGA.org Community
http://netfpga.org/
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Group Discussion• Your plans for using the NetFPGA
– Teaching– Research– Other
• Resources needed for your class– Source code– Courseware– Examples
• Your plans to contribute– Expertise – Capabilities– Collaboration Opportunities
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Survey
• How did you like this this tutorial?– What did you find useful?– What should be improved?– What should be removed?– What should be added?
• Can we post the video from this event?– If not, please let us know.
• Complete On-line survey– http://netfpga.org/tutorial_survey.html
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Acknowledgements
Jianying Luo, Glen Gibb, Nick McKeown, Greg Watson, Jim Weaver, Jad Naous, Ramanan Raghuraman,
Paul Hartke, John LockwoodAlso (not shown): Adam Covington, David Erickson,
Brandon Heller, Neda Beheshti, Sara Bolouki
David Miller, University of Cambridge
NetFPGA Team at Stanford University: January 2007
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Major support for this Tutorial
Previous Tutorial Hosted By:
SIGMETRICS
Special thanks to Joe Sventek
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Acknowledgements
• Support for the NetFPGA project has been provided by the following companies and institutions
Disclaimer: Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this material do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation or of any other sponsors supporting this project.
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Reference on the Web
NetFPGA homepage
http://NetFPGA.org