Age of Explorati

on

Europeans wanted to explore for:

GloryGodGold

Glory

• Exploration led to fame for the explorers and their sponsor country

• Demand for new land and glory led to competition between countries

God• European Christians wanted to stop the spread of Islam

and convert non-Christians to their faith• Europeans were encouraged to spread Christianity or

bring missionaries who would focus on it

Gold

• $$$ Money $$$• The Crusades and Renaissance stimulated

European desires for exotic Asian luxury goods

The Problem:• Trade was controlled predominantly by the Ottoman

Empire (Muslim Turks/Arabs) and the Italians because of their great location on the Mediterranean Sea between Europe and Asia

• This caused goods to be very expensive

The solution:

Europeans search for direct trade routes to the East

Spain: Plan to

sail west across

Atlantic ocean

Portugal: Plan

to sail around

Africa to India

New Technology in Navigation

Magnetic compass made sailing more accurate

Astrolabe used stars to show direction

New Technology in Navigation (cont’d)

Cartographers made maps more accurately and used longitude & latitude

The caravel was a strong ship that could travel in the open seas & in shallow water

A moveable rudder made the caravel

more maneuverable

Cannons & rifles

gave ships protection

Europeans conquer Latin America

• Europeans take over the Americas and conquer the natives– Aztecs: conquered by Cortes– Incas: conquered by Pizzaro

Three main reasons for European success in conquest:

• Technology- (guns, cannons, metal armor)

• Disease (smallpox, measles, influenza)

• Legend of Quetzalcoatl (pale skinned bearded God who promised to return from the East to the Aztecs)

• Montezuma: Aztec Emperor who thought Cortez was Quetzalcoatl and paid him tribute.

Effects:

• Spain becomes wealthy and powerful

• Smallpox kills huge numbers of natives

• The land is split into two provinces:• New Spain (Mexico)• Peru

Life in Latin America• Ruling: – A Viceroy, or representative of the

king, rules very harshly over the new territories

• Main product– Sugar cane

Encomienda system

• Spanish settlers are given land and natives

• Spanish have two duties to natives:• Care for them• Christianize them

Result:

• Natives are actually treated like slaves by their owners

• Labor shortage• Natives died of disease or mistreatment• Natives ran away

Solution:• Import new slaves from Africa

Cultural Diffusion

•  Spanish• Learn Native culture and food (corn,

tortilla)

• Introduce Christianity and horses

• Africans– Introduce rice, beans and spices

Social structure in Latin AmericaPeninsula

rSpanish

born settlerCreoles

Spanish parents; born in AmericasMestizos

part Spanish, part Native

Mulattoes part Spanish, part African

Africans, Natives

European and American Ties

• Columbian Exchange– Exchange of plants, animals, technology, and

disease between Europe and the Americas

• To America: grains, livestock, disease• From America: sugar cane, tomato, corn, potato,

tobacco, chocolate

Effect

–Many migrate to Americas– European, African, Native cultures all

become part of Latin America

Ties to Europe

• Mercantilism: System where colonies in

America give raw materials to the mother

country to be made into goods then resold

back to the colonies

Negative Effects

– Price for goods was extremely high

– Colonies can’t develop industry

– Constant dependence on Mother

Country

• In the 1500’s slaves are needed to replace the Natives in America who have died or ran away

Atlantic Slave Trade

• Phase 1–1500-1750–Slave raiding (2-3 Africans capture another 3-5 Africans and sell them to the Middle East and Asia)

Phase 2• 1750-

1900• Whole

tribes are given guns and money to capture other tribes to be shipped to the Americas

Negative effects

• Whole tribes and their cultures are lost• The strong were captured first—Society

suffers

Agenda:• Please take out your vocabulary so that I may

check it• Fill in your BINGO board with the vocab

words (MIX THEM UP!!!)• BINGO!

• Note: – Test Corrections are due TOMORROW– I will grade your essays this weekend

–DO NOT WEAR A SKIRT OR DRESS TOMORROW!!!

Destinations of Slaves Brought to the Americas

OtherEurope/Atlanticislands

North America

Spanish America

Caribbean

Brazil

Volu

me

Year

Top Ten Reasons Slaves Died on the Middle Passage

1. Length of the Trip

2. Waiting on the Ships

3. Waiting in African Forts

4. Rebellions

5. Suicide

6. Murder

7. Disease8. Trauma9. Packing

10. Escape