europeancommission carbon, food security and sustainable development carbon, food security and...
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European Commission
Carbon, Food Security and Sustainable Carbon, Food Security and Sustainable
DevelopmentDevelopment
MRV systems for carbon in soils and
vegetation:
a development perspective
Philip Mikos, Head of Philip Mikos, Head of UnitUnitSustainable Management of Sustainable Management of Natural ResourcesNatural ResourcesDG EuropeAid Development DG EuropeAid Development
and Co-operationand Co-operation
26th January 201126th January 2011
European Commission
Development framework
EU food security policy
Role of smallholders
Key issues for agriculture:
Sustainable development and agriculture
Agriculture and carbon
Agriculture and mitigation
Maximising development outcome
European Commission
EU Policy ObjectivesEU Policy Objectives
Framework of the MDGs
Inclusive Growth, leading to poverty reduction
Food Security
Sustainable Development
Human Development
COM (2010) 629. EU development policy in support of inclusive growth and sustainable development (green paper)
COM (2010) 127. An EU policy framework to assist developing countries in addressing food security challenges.
European Commission
Food Security Policy: 2010 CommunicationFood Security Policy: 2010 Communication
Ensuring a more comprehensive approach to address food security challenges in developing countries
In rural and urban areas
Across all 4 pillars:
1) Increasing availability of food
2) Improving access to food
3) Improving nutritional adequacy of food intake
4) Enhancing crisis prevention and management
Recognising that strategies need to be country-owned and country-specific
European Commission
Smallholders are central to the Food Security Smallholders are central to the Food Security PolicyPolicy
Sustainable small-scale food production as a main focal area of EU assistance:
Ecologically efficient intensification
Value chain approach (with due attention to financing, processing and markets)
Governance is key - particularly around land
Demand-driven research and innovation (incl. CC adaptation)
Reducing post-harvest losses
Regional integration
European Commission
Key issues in Sustainable DevelopmentKey issues in Sustainable Development
Climate change: combining mitigation requirements with adaptation needs
Biodiversity: reducing losses
Access to energy
Managing forests and wetlands
Ecosystem services
Conserving and efficiently managing land and water resources
Limiting environmental pollution
European Commission
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
19
82
19
83
19
84
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85
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year
pe
rce
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ge
-30
-25
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-15
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0
5
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15
20
25
rainfall variation around the mean
GDP growth
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
19
82
19
83
19
84
19
85
19
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19
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94
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96
19
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98
19
99
20
00
year
pe
rce
nta
ge
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
rainfall variation around the mean
GDP growth
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
19
82
19
83
19
84
19
85
19
86
19
87
19
88
19
89
19
90
19
91
19
92
19
93
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
year
pe
rce
nta
ge
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
rainfall variation around the mean
GDP growth
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
19
82
19
83
19
84
19
85
19
86
19
87
19
88
19
89
19
90
19
91
19
92
19
93
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
year
pe
rce
nta
ge
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
rainfall variation around the mean
GDP growth
-10.0
-5.0
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
19
79
19
80
19
81
19
82
19
83
19
84
19
85
19
86
19
87
19
88
19
89
19
90
19
91
19
92
19
93
Years
Real
GD
P g
row
th (
%)
-4.0
-3.0
-2.0
-1.0
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
Vari
ab
ilit
y i
n R
ain
fall
(M
ete
r)
Real GDP grow th (%)
Variability in Rainfall (Meter)
Ethiopia 1982-2000
ZWE 1978-1993
Rainfall & GDP growth
Source World Bank, WDR 2008
European Commission
Carbon and sustainable developmentCarbon and sustainable development
Natural synergy between mitigation and development:
Carbon held in soils and vegetation limits CO2 emissions
Richer forests provide more resources for sustainable management and multiple use
Carbon in soils increases water and nutrient holding capacity and resistance to erosion
Richer soils and vegetation provide better ecosystem services (e.g. water supply from upland catchments)
Developing countries have most potential for mitigation by agriculture, avoided deforestation or land use change
Poor smallholder farmers, pastoralists and forest dwellers manage carbon sources and sinks
European Commission
Agriculture significant emitter of GHGs C sequestration potential in soilsLargest potential in developing countries
The poor farmer has an extremely low carbon footprint
Poorest as custodians of public goods – soils and forests
Mitigation as a co-benefit of development (incentivise carbon friendly practices)
Market-based incentives should be accessible to, and not disadvantage, smallholder farmers
Synergies exist between mitigation, adaptation and development – but trade-offs may need to be made
Mitigation must be development led Mitigation must be development led
European Commission
How to Maximise Development OutcomesHow to Maximise Development Outcomes
A clear rationaleUnderstanding of benefits. More C = more productive soils = improved food security (+ adaptive capacity)
Net reduction of GHG emissions is a global public good
A straightforward methodology for MRVCost effective and easy to apply in developing countries
Link to international standards
Link to monitoring of development outcomes
An equitable incentive mechanismBenefiting poor smallholders/ forest dwellers / pastoralists
Safeguards to prevent elite capture
Subsidy or market based?