european union before the eu european law and life culture 第十七單元： european union before...
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European Union before the EU
European Law and Life Culture
第十七單元：
European Union before the EU
Lecturer: Tim Baker, Associate Professor, History Department, National Dong Hwa University
Unless noted, the course materials are licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Taiwan (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)
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What is the background of these different attitudes to EU membership?
• Reading history “backwards”- Avoid a deterministic view of history- Avoid the idea of a first cause
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Aspects to be considered• Cultural interchanges – religion, education, arts• Political power and nationalism- Regionalization- North and South- East and West• Economy- trade and access to raw materials• Wars and treaties- Desire for one nation to dominate all of Europe vs.
ideal of international cooperation3
When did the EU begin?• 2002 – Common currency (Euro)• 1993 – Maastricht Treaty?• 1985 – Shengen Agreement (open borders)?• 1957 – European Economic Community?
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Schuman and Monnet• European Coal and Steel Community - - Part of rebuilding Europe after WWII- Steel and coal produced by France and Germany to be
marketed and sold together• Schuman Declaration 1950• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
File:Schuman_Declaration.ogg• Long-range goals- Develop a broader common economic market for Europe- Evolve into a supra-national government- Support other, less developed, areas like Africa
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Philosophical Developments• Responding to an ideal of European unity that had been
formulated by Enlightenment Period thinkers such as Leibniz.
• “French” Enlightenment was a pan-European movement that affected not only France (and its Revolution)
- Prussia – educational reforms of Frederick the Great- Russia – Cultural Europeanization begun by Peter the Great
continued by Empress Catherine
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Regional Associations• OAS (Organization of American States)- Initially proposed by Bolivar in
1828 as an organization of former Spanish colonies
- Organized as the OAS by the US in 1898 with headquarters in Washington DC
• Deals with issues of trade and crime• Following WWII, other areas such as Asia, Africa, Arab
nations7
World War I• The World Wars can be considered one thirty-year
war with a long break in the middle.• Collapse of the system of “Great Powers” that had
maintained peace in Europe for 100 years. • Treaty of Paris did not establish
a stable pattern of government in Europe
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Congress of Vienna• Concluded the wars with France (Revolutionary and
Napoleonic• The Holy Roman Empire replaced by a loose relationship of
the “Great Powers”- England- Austria-Hungary- Prussia- Russia- France
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Before WWI - Concert of Europe (The Great Powers)
• Alliances developed with the Great Powers• Partly due to desire to limit the expansion of
some of the individual Great Powers• Also due to religious differences, such as the
Orthodox Christianity of Russia• Ultimately failed due to expansionism of Prussia-
Germany and Russia10
Napoleon’s “Continental System” 1806-1814
• Response to British naval blockade of France• Intended to increase European self-sufficiency in
manufacturing and trade (similar to EEC)• Hurt French economy and its relations with allies
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The Holy Roman Empire ?-1806• “Something that was neither holy, nor Roman, nor an
empire”
• Could also be considered something that was surprisingly successful at maintaining peace and stability
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• Francis II, HR Emperor declared the end of the HRE in 1806 when he saw that defeat by Napoleon was inevitable.
- Napoleon had already taken the title of emperor of France.
- Dissolving the HRE was the only way Francis could prevent Napoleon from taking the title of HR Emperor.
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• The HRE grew weak, not because of its complexity, but because of the strength of Prussia and the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
- This led to conflicts between the two and each one of them dominating the Empire over the smaller states.
- Today’s Germany and France?
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Peace of Westphalia 1648• An end to Thirty Years War• Increased definition for the Holy Roman Empire• Development of the
concept of national sovereignty
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Holy Roman Empire after the Peace of Westphalia
• Essentially a league of Germanic states
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• Characteristics - Few formal rules for centralized governing- Emperor was elected by member states- Power of the emperor was restricted by the lack of an central army and
limited ability for taxation- Supported formal communication in the form of conferences- Contained separate, sometimes conflicting, links between member states- Very flexible to allow for changes as some states divided and some
united
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• Very loose and complex organization- Allowed more personal liberties and religious
diversity than in the large centralized states like England or France.
- Very similar, and in some ways superior, to the current EU.
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• States grouped into areas of common currency. - Each state could mint its own coins.- But the value of the coins was determined
relative to one of several regional currencies.- Each area was responsible for checking the
currency minted by the local states.
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Hanseatic League• Began to form from 1250-1350• Based on trading on the Baltic
and North Seas• A group of cities that agreed to
trade that their merchants could freely with one another and that trade with others would be limited
http://familypedia.wikia.com/wiki/Portal:Brimberry_family_history/
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1241 LŰBECK AND HAMBURG AGREEMENT FOR MUTUAL PROTECTION
• Protection from pirates(1) Each city shall, to the best of her ability, keep the sea clear of
pirates, so that merchants may freely carry on their business by sea
(3) If a citizen is seized [by pirates, robbers, or bandits] he shall not be ransomed, but his sword-belt and knife shall be sent to him [as a threat to his captors].
(4) Any merchant ransoming him shall lose all his possessions in all the cities which have the law of Lübeck.
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• Agreement on laws(5) Whoever is exiled from one city for robbery or theft shall be exiled from all.(8) If any man marries a woman in one city, and another woman from some
other city comes and proves that he is her lawful husband, he shall be beheaded.
(6) If a lord besieges a city, no one shall aid him in any way to the detriment of the besieged city.
(7) If there is a war in the country, no city shall on that account injure a citizen from the other cities, either in his person or goods, but shall give him protection
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• Port of Lübeck. - Cannons on ship- Guild house- Italian clothing- Crane for lifting- Print is both advertising
and merchandise
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• Grew to include smaller cities, such as Novgorod• Connected to Italy through land trade
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• Overlapped with parts of the Holy Roman Empire, but its cities often were considered “independent and free” from the states where they were located
• Declined in the 16th century - Due to wars between states in which the cities were located- Internal conflicts, such as the Reformation- New trade routes to North America and Asia
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• The League included both England and Russia, expanding the boundaries of what could be considered Europe.
• Mediterranean countries such as Spain, Italy and Greece were not included since they were part of a separate trade network - marking the separate cultures of North and South.
• But there was vigorous trade between the Hanseatic League and these countries, especially Italy.
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Charlemagne • Crowned emperor 800• Alcuin- Monk and scholar- Studied in England- Moved to Charlemagne’s court and
established court schools- Exemplified internationalism of European
medieval scholarship27
Byzantine Empire• Macedonian Dynasty ca. 850-950- Increased strength of the empire after internal
divisions of Iconoclasm conflict were settled
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- Extended Orthodox Christianity to Balkan regions- Established diplomatic-commercial-religious relations with
Russia. (Russian separation from Europe)- Led to internal conflicts in Balkans following Ottoman conquest
of that area (WWI and Balkan conflict of 1990-1999)
Political Roman Empire• Tying Northern provinces of Gaul and England to southern provinces of the Iberian peninsula
and the homeland of the Italian Peninsula• Religious “Roman Empire” of
Catholicism that tied Europe together through a tightly organized religious structure and systems of monasteries
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The Beginning?(not yet)
• The EU was formed - is forming – by the forces of:
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• Cultural interchanges – religion, education, arts- Divisions between Catholic and Protestant that led to the
Thirty Years War, but resolved by the Holy Roman Empire
- Orthodox Christianity in the Balkans and Russia led to a different cultural identity for these regions
- Europe was tied together by movements of scholars and students
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• Political power and nationalism- Expansion of Prussia- Strong central state of France• Regionalization- Divisions of northern states - France and Germany from
southern states of Spain, Italy and Greece- Division of eastern states such as Russia, Baltics, and the
Balkans from western Europe
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• Economy- trade and access to raw materials- European Coal and Steel Community preceded
by Hanseatic League- The Euro preceded by currency standards set
in regions of the Holy Roman Empire
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• Wars and treaties- World War I-II- Napoleonic Wars- Thirty Years War
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“Deep is the well of the past; should we not call it bottomless? “The deeper we delve and the farther we press and grope into the underworld of the past, the more unfathomable become those first foundations of human history and civilization, for again and again they retreat further into the bottomless depths… offering us only illusory stations and goals, behind which we discover new stretches of the past opening up.”
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頁碼 作品 版權圖示 來源 / 作者
1Wikimedia commons / Maycoll F. Vieira - Flags of the European Unionhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:EU_flags.jpg本作品屬公共領域之著作。瀏覽日期： 2013/12/31 。
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Wikimedia commons / Glentamara - Members of the European Economic Communityhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:European_Economic_Community.svg?uselang=zh-tw本作品屬公共領域之著作。瀏覽日期： 2013/12/31 。
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Wikimedia commons / Immanuel Giel - Europe of the Sixhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:EGKS.png?uselang=zh-tw本作品以創用CC「姓名標示－相同方式分享」3.0版授權釋出。瀏覽日期：2013/12/31 。
7Natural Resources Canada - The Organization of American States (OAS)http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/reference/international/oas依據著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。瀏覽日期： 2013/12/31 。
版權聲明
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頁碼 作品 版權圖示 來源 / 作者
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Wikimedia commons / 作者不明 ; Underwood & Underwood - Steel-helmeted Scotts Entrenched and Cheerily Awaiting a Counterattack; User: Infrogmationhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:WWIScottsEntrenched.jpg本作品已超過著作財產權存續期間，屬公共領域之著作。瀏覽日期： 2013/12/31 。
9Wikimedia commons / Jean-Baptiste Isabey – Congress of Viennahttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:CongressVienna.jpg依據著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。瀏覽日期： 2013/12/31 。
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Wikimedia commons / Erwin Hoheisel - Flag of the Holy Roman Empire from 1438http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire.gif?uselang=zh-tw本作品以創用CC「姓名標示－相同方式分享」3.0版授權釋出。瀏覽日期：2013/12/31 。
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Wikimedia commons / Friedrich von Amerling - Emperor Franz II. of Austria (1768-1835) wearing the Austrians imperial robes; 來源 /攝影者：Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien; also http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/html/v/vivien/http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor_by_Friedrich_von_Amerling_003.jpg?uselang=zh-tw依據著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。瀏覽日期： 2013/12/31 。
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頁碼 作品 版權圖示 來源 / 作者
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Wikimedia commons / Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres - Napoleon on his Imperial throne; Current location: Musée de l'Armée Link back to Institution infobox template; Source/Photographer: http://napoleonbonapart.hit.bg/index.htmhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ingres,_Napoleon_on_his_Imperial_throne.jpg依據著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。瀏覽日期： 2013/12/31 。
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The British Museum / Wenceslas Hollar - The Peace of Munster view of square in front of Antwerp town hall; © Trustees of the British Museumhttp://www.britishmuseum.org/join_in/using_digital_images/using_digital_images.aspx?asset_id=764858&objectId=3239817&partId=1依據著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。瀏覽日期： 2014/04/11 。
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The Holy Roman Empire: European disunion done right / The Economist - Holy Roman Empire1648 Main territorieshttp://www.economist.com/news/christmas/21568659-old-empire-offers-surprising-lessons-european-union-today-european-disunion-done依據著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。瀏覽日期： 2013/12/31 。
20Portal:Brimberry family history / Brimberry - Hanseatic League Maphttp://familypedia.wikia.com/wiki/Portal:Brimberry_family_history/The_Brimberry_Surname依據著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。瀏覽日期： 2013/12/31 。
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頁碼 作品 版權圖示 來源 / 作者
21-22Each city shall, …but shall give him protection.
The Hanseatic League / Alan Kimballhttp://pages.uoregon.edu/kimball/grd.Hanse.htm依據著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。瀏覽日期： 2013/12/31 。
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Life in the Harbor of the Hanseatic League / PixelDeluxe Interaction Design Rotterdamhttp://historywallcharts.eu/view/life-in-a-harbor-of-the-hanseatic-league依據著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。瀏覽日期： 2013/12/31 。
24The Hanseatic League / Alan Kimballhttp://pages.uoregon.edu/kimball/grd.Hanse.htm依據著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。瀏覽日期： 2013/12/31 。
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Wikimedia commons / Heidas - Nowgorod 2005http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nowgorod_2005_w.jpg本作品以創用CC「姓名標示－相同方式分享」3.0版授權釋出。瀏覽日期： 2014/02/05 。
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Wikimedia commons / unknown - Charlemagne and Pippin the Hunchbackhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Karl_der_Grosse_-_Pippin_der_Bucklige.jpg本作品已超過著作財產權存續期間，屬公共領域之著作。瀏覽日期：2013/12/31 。
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頁碼 作品 版權圖示 來源 / 作者
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Wikimedia commons / Raphael (1483–1520) - The Coronation of Charlemagne (1516-1517); Current location: Stanza dell'Incendio di Borgo, Palazzi Pontifici, Vatican; Source/Photographer: Web Gallery of Arthttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Raffaello_Sanzio_-_The_Coronation_of_Charlemagne_-_WGA18761.jpg依據著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。瀏覽日期： 2014/02/05 。
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Wikimedia commons / Cplakidas - The Byzantine Empire and its provinces (themes) at the death of Basil II in 1025 ADhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Byzantine_Empire_Themes_1025-en.svg?uselang=zh-tw本作品以創用CC「姓名標示－相同方式分享」 3.0 版授權釋出。瀏覽日期：2013/12/31 。
29A Short History of the Gallic Empire / Michael Freedman-Schnapphttp://www.virginia.edu/artmuseum/VirtualExhibitions/Coins/gallic_empire.html依據著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。瀏覽日期： 2013/12/31 。
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Deep is the well of the past; should we not call it bottomless?
JOSEPH AND HIS BROTHERS – Prelude / THOMAS MANN; Translated by H. T. Lowe-Porterhttp://www.compilerpress.ca/Competitiveness/Anno/Anno%20Mann%20Joseph%20&%20His%20Brothers.htm依據著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。瀏覽日期： 2013/12/31 。