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er 4

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04 N

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entr

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r S

usta

inab

le T

ouris

m a

nd T

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da,

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herla

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NH

TV

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TT

Con

tent

s of

the

pres

enta

tion

•M

etho

ds a

nd M

uST

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odel

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urop

ean

tour

ism

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urop

ean

tour

ism

tran

spor

t

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nviro

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tal i

mpa

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of to

uris

m tr

ansp

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ome

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dsan

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nism

s

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oncl

usio

ns

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The

MuS

TT

pro

ject

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he M

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roje

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ti-st

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r E

urop

ean

Tar

gete

d A

ctio

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sort

ium

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ject

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ectiv

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owth

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enco

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initi

ons

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ll tr

ips

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e th

an o

neni

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ess

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one

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isur

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ber

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mem

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ince

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e 20

04.

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: EU

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10.

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lus:

EU

25 p

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garia

, Rom

ania

, Nor

way

, Sw

itzer

land

.

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nter

cont

inen

tal t

ouris

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omes

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ts s

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ng w

ithin

thei

r ow

n co

untr

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port

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rmal

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iden

ce a

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tinat

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.

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MuS

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rists

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;

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mpt

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led

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ir tr

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;

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ferr

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.

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pose

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isit

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inat

ion

0%20

%40

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Eur

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No

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Bu

sin

ess

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rce:

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003;

fig

ures

for

200

1

NH

TV

CS

TT

EU

tour

ism

(2)

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n flo

ws

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rce:

WT

O, 2

003;

fig

ures

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200

1

NH

TV

CS

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Tou

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t (1)

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al s

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Mo

dal

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lit (

pkm

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EU

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ail

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lA

irF

erry

Sour

ce: E

uros

tat (

left

) an

d M

uST

T m

odel

(ri

ght)

; fig

ures

for

200

1

NH

TV

CS

TT

Tou

rism

Tra

nspo

rt (

2):t

ouris

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shar

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r m

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To

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e p

er tr

ansp

ort

mo

de

0%20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Car

Coach/bus

Rail

Air

Ferries

Total

Share of tourism transport (%)

To

uri

smO

ther

Sou

rce:

WT

O, 2

003;

fig

ures

for

200

1

NH

TV

CS

TT

Env

ironm

ent (

1): e

mis

sion

s fa

ctor

s

020406080100

120

CO

2C

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Ox

Relative emissions (score/pkm)

Air

(S

H)

Air

(LH

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ail

Car

Fer

ries

Co

ach

Sour

ce: M

uST

T m

odel

; fig

ures

for

200

1

NH

TV

CS

TT

Env

ironm

ent (

2):e

xter

nal c

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E

U-p

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tour

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OD

-tra

nspo

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0102030405060

Car

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ir(C

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G)

External costs (billion €)

Acc

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ir p

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ois

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Sour

ce: I

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S pl

us M

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T m

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; fig

ures

for

200

1

NH

TV

CS

TT

Env

ironm

ent (

3):n

oise

How

ever

:

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ng d

ista

nce

tour

ism

ra

il/ro

ad tr

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elat

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y m

ore

thro

ugh

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trys

ide:

le

ss p

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e →

less

nui

sanc

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oad

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ated

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t.

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ving

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e is

just

per

cept

ible

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No

ise

tota

l ext

ern

al

cost

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r to

uri

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tran

spo

rt

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Car

Co

ach

Rai

lA

ir

Sour

ce: I

WW

/IN

FRA

S pl

us M

uST

T m

odel

; fig

ures

for

200

1

NH

TV

CS

TT

Fro

m tr

ips

to im

pact

: per

mar

ket

NH

TV

CS

TT

EU

Tou

rism

trip

s

EU

25 c

itize

ns

dep

artu

res

(nu

mb

er o

f tri

ps)

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8%6%

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mes

tic

EU

15

EU

10

Oth

er E

uro

pe

ICA

Tot

al:

932

mil

lion

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ce: M

uST

T m

odel

; fig

ures

for

200

1

NH

TV

CS

TT

EU

Tou

rism

tran

spor

t

EU

25 c

itize

ns

dep

artu

res

(nu

mb

er o

f pkm

)

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36%

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9%

24%

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mes

tic

EU

15

EU

10

Oth

er E

uro

pe

ICA

Tot

al:

1739

bil

lion

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ce: M

uST

T m

odel

; fig

ures

for

200

1

NH

TV

CS

TT

EU

Tou

rism

CO

2-e

emis

sion

s

EU

25 c

itiz

ens

dep

artu

res

(CO

2-e

emis

sio

ns)

16%

37%

1%14

%

32%

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mes

tic

EU

15

EU

10

Oth

er E

uro

pe

ICA

Tot

al:

398

mil

lion

ton

Sour

ce: M

uST

T m

odel

; fig

ures

for

200

1

NH

TV

CS

TT

EU

Tou

rism

tran

spor

t NO

x em

issi

ons

EU

25 c

itize

ns

dep

artu

res

(NO

x em

issi

on

s)

29%

37%

2%

9%

23%

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mes

tic

EU

15

EU

10

Oth

er E

uro

pe

ICA

Tot

al:

858

mil

lion

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Sour

ce: M

uST

T m

odel

; fig

ures

for

200

1

NH

TV

CS

TT

EU

Tou

rism

tran

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t PM

em

issi

ons

EU

25 c

itiz

ens

dep

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res

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em

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on

s)

57%

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1%

3%

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mes

tic

EU

15

EU

10

Oth

er E

uro

pe

ICA

Tot

al:

16.7

mil

lion

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Sour

ce: M

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T m

odel

; fig

ures

for

200

1

NH

TV

CS

TT

Fro

m tr

ips

to im

pact

s: p

er tr

ansp

ort

mod

e

NH

TV

CS

TT

EU

Tou

rism

trip

s

EU

25 c

itize

ns

dep

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res

(nu

mb

er o

f tri

ps)

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7%

2%5%

27%

Car

Co

ach

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ryR

ail

Air

Tot

al:

932

mil

lion

Sour

ce: M

uST

T m

odel

; fig

ures

for

200

1

NH

TV

CS

TT

EU

Tou

rism

tran

spor

t

EU

25 c

itize

ns

dep

artu

res

(nu

mb

er o

f pkm

)

37%

4%1%

3%

55%

Car

Co

ach

Fer

ryR

ail

Air

Tot

al:

1739

bil

lion

pkm

Sour

ce: M

uST

T m

odel

; fig

ures

for

200

1

NH

TV

CS

TT

EU

Tou

rism

CO

2-e

emis

sion

s

EU

25 c

itiz

ens

dep

artu

res

(CO

2-e

emis

sio

ns)

23%

0% 0% 0%

77%

Car

Co

ach

Fer

ryR

ail

Air

Tot

al:

398

mil

lion

ton

Sour

ce: M

uST

T m

odel

; fig

ures

for

200

1

NH

TV

CS

TT

EU

Tou

rism

tran

spor

t NO

x em

issi

ons

EU

25 c

itize

ns

dep

artu

res

(NO

x em

issi

on

s)

37%

2%4%

1%

56%

Car

Co

ach

Fer

ryR

ail

Air

Tot

al:

858

mil

lion

kg

Sour

ce: M

uST

T m

odel

; fig

ures

for

200

1

NH

TV

CS

TT

EU

Tou

rism

tran

spor

t PM

em

issi

ons

EU

25 c

itiz

ens

dep

artu

res

(PM

em

issi

on

s)

85%

5%

0%

4%6%

Car

Co

ach

Fer

ryR

ail

Air

Tot

al:

16.7

mil

lion

kg

Sour

ce: M

uST

T m

odel

; fig

ures

for

200

1

NH

TV

CS

TT

Lo

ng

er d

ista

nces

in 2

020

00,

511,

522,

533,

544,

5

010

0020

0030

0040

00

Ret

urn

dist

ance

[km

]

Growth factor trips [2000=1.0]

NH

TV

CS

TT

Gro

wth

of p

km In

tra

EU

-plu

s to

uris

m

(200

0=1.

0)

00,

20,

40,

60,

811,

21,

41,

61,

82

Dom

esti

cIn

tern

atio

nal

Tota

l

Car

Air

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er

Sour

ce: M

uST

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.

NH

TV

CS

TT

Gro

wth

of t

rips,

pkm

and

CO

2-e

for

Intr

a E

U-p

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tour

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(20

00=

1.0)

0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,81

1,2

1,4

1,6

1,8

Dom

esti

cIn

tern

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nal

To

tal

Trip

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KM

CO

2-e

CO

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(incl

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Sour

ce: M

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.

NH

TV

CS

TT

Som

ere

mar

ks o

n to

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m tr

ends

and

m

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s

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m s

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s ec

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ly o

n in

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pact

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war

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fect

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tour

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spor

t gro

wth

.

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urre

nt to

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m tr

ends

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ore

freq

uent

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e by

air

and

furt

her

away

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use

stro

nger

gro

wth

of e

nviro

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tal i

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eve

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er th

an th

e ec

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ic g

row

th o

f the

sec

tor.

NH

TV

CS

TT

Em

ergi

ng tr

ends

due

to d

evel

opm

ent

of lo

w c

ost c

arrie

rs

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of a

ll ai

r E

urop

ean

tran

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t in

2010

by

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’s

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two

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s: d

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ly ta

king

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ay p

asse

nger

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om

coac

h an

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igh

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nd ta

king

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ers

over

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h la

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ces

for

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ter

and

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e fr

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nt b

reak

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ven

one-

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. Thi

s m

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mes

the

envi

ronm

enta

l im

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da

y.

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mes

are

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ed a

t lon

ger

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ance

s (‘l

ow c

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r ho

mes

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ar L

CC

dest

inat

ions

.

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irect

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mpl

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my

both

pos

itive

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d ne

gativ

e.

NH

TV

CS

TT

Con

lusi

ons

(1):

tour

ism

and

tran

spor

t

•D

omes

tic to

uris

mha

s la

rges

t sha

re (

59%

) of

in n

umbe

r of

trip

s by

EU

-25

tour

ists

;int

erco

ntin

enta

l onl

y 6%

.

•T

he m

ain

tour

ism

flow

s ar

e di

rect

ed n

orth

-sou

th w

ithin

Eur

ope,

m

ain

dest

inat

ions

bei

ng F

ranc

e, S

pain

and

Ital

y.

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omes

tic to

uris

m is

car

orie

nted

, whi

le in

tern

atio

nal t

ouris

m is

air

orie

nted

; rai

l, co

ach

and

ferr

y ha

ve s

mal

l sha

res.

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ouris

m s

hare

of a

ll pa

ssen

ger

tran

spor

t is

abou

t 17%

of t

otal

, ex

cept

for

air

with

>80

% a

nd fe

rry

with

60%

.

NH

TV

CS

TT

Con

clus

ions

(2)

:env

ironm

enta

l im

pact

s

•D

omes

tic to

uris

m is

rel

ativ

ely

sust

aina

ble;

ICA

is u

nsus

tain

able

; in

tra

EU

25 c

omes

in b

etw

een.

•T

ouris

m e

nerg

y co

nsum

ptio

n an

d im

pact

on

clim

ate

chan

ge is

do

min

ated

by

air

tran

spor

t.

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ir qu

ality

is d

omin

ated

by

(die

sel!)

car

tran

spor

t.

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ouris

m tr

ansp

ort s

afet

y co

st is

dom

inat

ed b

y ca

r us

e.

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ouris

m n

oise

nui

sanc

e is

dom

inat

ed b

y ca

r an

d ai

r tr

ansp

ort.