european sustainable consumption and production policies

8/13/2019 European Sustainable Consumption and Production Policies

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European Sustainable Consumption and Production Policies

To live sustainably, the Earths natural resources must be used at a rate at

which they can be replenished. However, our consumer-driven society is putting

enormous pressure on the planet. The way we produce and consume is

contributing to many of todays environmental problems, such as global

warming, pollution, the depletion of natural resources and biodiversity loss. The

impacts of our consumption are being felt globally: the EU is dependent on

imports of energy and natural resources and an increasing proportion of

products consumed in Europe are produced in other parts of the world. [1]

The great challenge faced by economies today is to integrate

environmental sustainability with economic growth and welfare by decoupling

environmental degradation from economic growth and doing more with less.

This is one of the key objectives of the European Union, but the consequences

of climate change and the growing demand for energy and resources are

challenging this objective. It is now time to move towards an energy andresource efficient economy.[3]

Businesses and civil society have also shown to be dynamic actors in the

promotion of SCP. Indeed, many information-based policies and schemes are

voluntary and based on principles of corporate social and environmental

responsibility (CSER). An increasing number of businesses have implemented

resource efficiency, safer and cleaner production and environmentalmanagement programmes. Similarly, civil society worldwide civil society

organizations are important channels for informing, training, enabling and

empowering citizens.[2]

Sustainable development requires radical and systemic innovations. Such

innovations can be more effectively created and studied when building on the

concept of business models. This concept provides firms with a holistic

framework to envision and implement sustainable innovations. For researchers,


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the concept provides an analytical tool that allows them to assess the interplay

between the different aspects that firms combine to create ecological, economic,

and social value. In addition, the business model concept provides a link

between the individual firm and the larger production and consumption system

in which it operates.[4]

Consuming sustainably concerns our lifestyle, buying behavior and how

we use and dispose of products and services. Sustainable production focuses on

reducing the environmental impacts of production processes and designing

better products.

Resource and energy efficiency are the basis of Europes future

competitiveness. Sustainable consumption and production maximizes the

potential of business to transform environmental challenges into economic

opportunities while providing a better deal for consumers.

The European Union and its Member States recognize that a shift to more

sustainable economies and lifestyles is vital and is taking action. In July 2008,

the European Commission presented an Action Plan on SustainableConsumption and Production and Sustainable Industrial Policy.

EU measures on sustainable consumption and production focus on four

main objectives: better products, smarter consumption, leaner and cleaner

production, and supporting global efforts.[1]

Sustainable consumption and production (SCP) is an overarching

objective of and an essential requirement for sustainable development, asrecognised in the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation (JPOI) of the World

Summit on Sustainable Development in 2002. That Summit called on all

stakeholders to encourage and promote the development of a 10-year

framework of programmes (10YFP) in support of regional and national

initiatives to accelerate the shift towards sustainable consumption and

production to promote social and economic development within the carrying

capacity of ecosystems by addressing and, where appropriate, delinking


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raising activities. The Marrakech Process informed the elaboration of the

10YFP, which was one of five themes at CSD 18 and CSD 19.[5]

The Goals of The Marrakech Process are:

to assist countries in their efforts to green their economies to help corporations develop greener business models to encourage consumers to adopt more sustainable lifestyles.[6]

The 10YFP was one of five themes reviewed and negotiated at CSD

18( Commission on Sustainable Development) and CSD19. The willingness of

both developed and developing countries to develop and implement a 10YFP

was clear during these meetings. Unfortunately, while an agreed draft of this

framework was developed at CSD 19, it was not adopted due to differences

between countries on other issues. It is, however, currently proposed for

adoption at the UNCSD (Rio+20).

Rio+20 is a unique opportunity, two decades after the Earth Summit, to

strengthen worldwide cooperation on SCP, to achieve this central objective of

sustainable development. Adoption of the 10YFP at the Rio+20 Summit would

provide broad, solid, inclusive and coherent framework for this cooperation,

implementation of which could follow quickly after the Summit.[2]


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3.1.The Sustainable Consumption and Production and Sustainable

Industrial Policy Action Plan

EU policies have achieved a good deal of success in cleaning up

industrial production and encouraging more efficient processes, leading to

significant reductions in pollution and waste and higher levels of recycling.

However, more needs to be done to promote the efficiency of materials and

propel the most innovative technologies into the mainstream.

Improving resource efficiency reduces dependency on raw materials,

encourages optimal resource use and recycling, and can significantly reduce

running costs for businesses. Resource productivityhow much economic

value is created per resource usedhas improved in the EU by 2.2% annually

over the last ten years, largely through improvements in efficiency and the

growing role of services in the economy. Under the action plan, further tools are

being developed to monitor and benchmark resource efficiency.

Green technologyenvironmentally friendly and resource-efficienttechnologieshas an important role to play in contributing to environmental

protection and to a more efficient use of resources in Europe. Activities in this

field are implemented by the EUs Environmental Technologies Action Plan

(ETAP). The ecoindustries are one of the fastest growing sectors of the EU

economy and an area where Europe is a global leader. Europe has roughly one-

third of the world market for eco-technologies, which is projected to be worthmore than 2200 billion by 2020.

These industries provide solutions for measuring, preventing and

correcting environmental damage to water, air and soil, and for problems such

as waste, noise and damage to eco-systems. This includes sectors such as waste

and wastewater management, renewable energy sources, environmental

consulting, air pollution and sustainable construction.


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One way we can measure innovation levels is by looking at the number of

patents awarded. Eco-innovation patents in the EU are on the rise and the best-

performing Member States grant 3.5 patents per1 billion of GDP. Tools will

be developed to monitor benchmarks and boost uptake of eco-innovation in the

European Union as part of a wider EU innovation policy.

These will include patent-based indicators, statistical tools and annual

surveys. The European Commission is carrying out a study to discover the main

barriers to the expansion of the eco-industries. This will look at administrative

burdens and obstacles to financing innovation. The objective is to foster growth

in eco-industries through the creation of a business-friendly regulatory

environment and by exploring the potential for other sectors, such as

information and communication technology (ICT).[1]

The Action Plan

The Action Plan for sustainable consumption and production (SCP) and

sustainable industrial policy (SIP) aims at ensuring EU continued leadership inenvironmental performance by:

creating a new sustainable product policy, in order to improvethe environmental performance of products on the market and help

consumers to buy more eco-friendly products

encouraging eco-innovation so that EU businesses adapt to the markets of

the future supporting the competitiveness of eco-industries contributing to a low carbon economy internationally.

The Action Plan on Sustainable Consumption and Production and

Sustainable Industrial Policy details the list of actions:

Ecodesign standards for a wider range of products improved energy and environmental labelling


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incentives rewarding eco-friendly products, including green publicprocurement

work with retailers support to environmental industries promotion of sustainable industry internationally.[9]

a. Sustainable product policy

The European Union (EU) Integrated Product Policy (IPP) developed by the

European Commission takes a "holistic" approach to stewardship in the

development, use, and disposition of products and services. Its goal is to help

policy makers identify when and how to take actions in integrated ways that

most effectively achieve sustainability goals. As described by the EU, the IPP is

based on five environmental management principles: 1) life-cycle thinking; 2)

working with the market; 3) stakeholder involvement; 4) continuous

improvement; and 5) flexibility in the use of a variety of policy instruments.

This fact sheet is not comprehensive; rather is provides a starting point forreaders interested in investigating the topic.[27]

Product policy is a key factor for a sustainable future. The focus of

sustainable production varies across the world. In developed economies the

focus lies on environmental improvements under acceptable socio-economic

conditions, whereas the focus in the bottom of the pyramid economies is on

socio-economic improvements under acceptable environmental conditions.The core of the Action Plan is a new product policy which rewards

consumers' eco-friendly behaviours and producers' best products.

Most consumers are aware that their purchases can contribute to protect the

environment. But they need to know which products are eco-friendly or energy

efficient, to make the right choice: Labelling

Consumers may also be put off by higher purchasing price for these

products compared to other products. Manufacturers, if uncertain about the


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future demand for eco-friendly products, are not encouraged to invest in such

products, although this is the key to make them cheaper in the mid

term:Incentives.

Consumers' behaviour also depends on the range of products available on

the market, and of their environmental performance. The worst products should

be phased out, and environmental standardsshould be updated

regularly: Ecodesign.

In the future, as energy and natural resources become scarcer and more

expensive, and as climate change becomes a growing concern, those companies

manufacturing eco-friendly products will benefit from huge market

opportunities. They will also contribute to global stability. Firms investing

sooner rather than later in eco-friendly products and technologies will therefore

be first movers and benefit from competitive advantages.[10]

a.1. The Ecodesign standards

Ecodesign seeks environmentally friendly solutions in product design anddevelopment. It considers both economic and environmental aspects associated

with the entire life cycle of products.

Ecodesign has been defined as a concept thatintegrates multifaceted

aspects of design and environmental considerations into product development

in order to create sustainable solutionsthat satisfy human needs and desires

(Karlsson & Luttropp, 2006).

Fig.1. Origins of the Word Ecodesign


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The factors that motivate adoption of ecodesign are not confined to

environmental benefits. Companies that implement ecodesign practices can also

save costs, gain competitive advantage, improve their corporate image, enhance

the quality of their products, and sometimes even lessen the legal requirements

to which they are subject.

Companies in the automotive electronics industry adopt ecodesign initiatives

for a number of reasons, such as responding to regulatory requirements and

meeting the demands of innovation.[13]

The Ecodesign Directiveprovides a coherent and integrated framework

which allows setting mandatory ecodesign requirements for some products. For

instance, the Ecodesign Regulation on standby requires that many domestic

electrical and electronic products such as washing machines, TV or personal

computers do not consume more than 0.5W in off mode as of 2013.[14]

The ecodesign of products is a crucial factor in the Community strategy on

Integrated Product Policy. As a preventive approach, designed to optimise the

environmental performance of products, while maintaining their functionalqualities, it provides genuine new opportunities for manufacturers, consumers

and society as a whole.

A coherent framework for the application of Community ecodesign

requirements for energy-related products should be established with the aim of

ensuring the free movement of those products which comply with such

requirements and of improving their overall environmental impact. SuchCommunity requirements should respect the principles of fair competition and

international trade.

The Directive 2009/125/EC seeks to achieve a high level of protection for

the environment by reducing the potential environmental impact of energy-

related products, which will ultimately be beneficial to consumers and other

end- users. Sustainable development also requires proper consideration of the

health, social and economic impact of the measures envisaged. Improving the


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Green purchasing is also about setting an example and infl uencing the

market place. By promoting green procurement, public authorities can provide

industry with real incentives for developing green technologies. In some

product, works and service sectors, the impact can be particularly signifi cant,

as public purchasers command a large share of the market (in computers,

energy-effi cient buildings, public transport, and so on).

b. Eco-innovation Action Plan

The Eco-innovation Action Plan (EcoAP) comprises seven actions to help

build stronger and more stable market demand for eco-innovation. These

actions focus particularly on market supply and demand, on research and

industry, and on policy and financial instruments. They will bring together

stakeholders, the private and public sectors, and the European Commission.[7]

The EcoAP will therefore focus on boosting innovation that results in or

aims at reducing pressures on the environment and on bridging the gap between

innovation and the market. It will, inter alia, take further some actions identifiedin the Resource Efficiency Roadmap. Eco-Innovation is any form of innovation

resulting in or aiming at significant and demonstrable progress towards the goal

of sustainable development, through reducing impacts on the environment,

enhancing resilience to environmental pressures, or achieving a more efficient

and responsible use of natural resources. [8]

1. Environmental policy and regulationEuropean environmental policy has moved European industries towards greater

sustainability. The goal now is for eco-innovation to be at the heart of the

revision of EU legislationfrom air and water to waste and infrastructure. The

Commission wants to perform a selective screening of European regulations in

these areas, leading to specific and evidence-based recommendations for action.

2. Demonstration projects


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However promising they may look on paper, many eco-innovation technologies

still fail to make the leap from lab to market. Starting in 2012, the Commission

will fund eco-innovation demonstration projects. Participation is open to all

industrial sectors and themesfrom demolition waste and soil remediation to

pesticides and climate change adaptation. This approach will be continued under

the Horizon 2020 programme, the next EU research and innovation framework

programme, from 2014 to 2020.

3. Standards

Eco-innovation benefits from ambitious standards and performance targets.

Working with Member States and international standardisation bodies, the

Commission is to launch a dialogue to identify and prioritise areas where

standards and targets could have the biggest impacts. Areas likely to be

included are waste treatment, drinking water, sustainable construction materials,

and building insulation.

4. Funding and SME support

Public sector finance is crucial to accelerate eco-innovation in the private sector,especially in SMEs (small and medium-sized enterprises). To bring new

investors onboard, the Commission will create a European network of eco-

innovation financiers. It will also launch new funding instruments, in order to

offer targeted debt and equity facilities in support of eco-innovative businesses,

and expand other services to SMEs, so they can find and exploit eco-innovation

opportunities in the EU and beyond.5. International cooperation

Emerging economies such as China, India and Brazil offer new market and

partnership opportunities for European eco-investors. To capitalise on these

opportunities, the Commission will promote the establishment of European

business and technology centres in support of European businesses seeking to

expand their market.

6. Skills and knowledge


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EU Skills Panorama is a Commission initiative mapping out current and future

skills needs in Europe, with a focus on green jobs. The aim is to drive forward

the transition to a green economy by equipping tomorrows labour force with

relevant skills and knowledge. The Commission will also facilitate information

exchange between Member States on training schemes targeted at eco-

innovation.

7. European Innovation Partnerships

European Innovation Partnerships are initiatives that aim to bring together

public and private actors in key sectors where eco-innovation could contribute

to create greater resource efficiency. Partnerships are being set up for raw

materials, sustainable agriculture, and water.[7]

c. Eco-industries

Identifying and addressing market failures and regulatory barriers that

hinder the competitiveness of environmental industries and influence the uptake

of more sustainable solutions by other industries is a key objective of the ActionPlan on Sustainable Consumption and Production and Sustainable Industrial

Policy.

A first step in the process of developing policy initiatives for

environmental industries consists of carrying out acompetitiveness analysis of

environmental industries in Europe, with the view to identify areas for future

policy initiatives. Analysing which key factors influence the competitiveness ofthese industries is of utmost importance.

All enterprises, including service enterprises, having energy and

environment issues as the core source of income are considered part of eco-

industries.

Two broad categories of eco-industries can be considered, one of small

and innovative companies acting in the field of, e.g. renewable energy, waste

recycling, environmental auditing and consultancy; the other of more capital


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intensive enterprises providing goods and services in specific areas, e.g. waste,

wastewater, transport. Different policy options are required to address the

specificities of each of these categories.

Consulting business and other stakeholders is important, notably

regarding, the barriers that may hamper growth on the Internal Market; and

the mechanisms and incentives to help SMEs to adopt more environmentally

friendly and energy efficient solutions.[10]

d. Exporting European green and low carbon solutions

Pollution and climate change do cross boundaries. Growing demand for

energy and natural resources is a global challenge which calls for global

solutions.

Exporting European green and low carbon solutions to other parts of the

world - in particular emerging countries, will help them to adapt to the finite

resources of our planet and contribute to the fight against climate change.

Sectoral agreementsIndustry sectors have already started to develop agreements globally:

companies of a sector in emerging as well as developed countries commit to

greenhouse gas reductions or energy-efficiency targets.

In sectors where energy and CO2 are major concerns, such as steel,

cement and aluminium, it avoids that some companies suffer from carbon

constrain while others benefit from carbon havens depending on their locationcountry.

Such voluntary agreements can significantly contribute to greenhouse gas

reduction in the developing world. They should be duly taken into account

during the international negotiation of a post-Kyoto agreement.

Other international action

The EU will also promote good practice internationally, notably within

the United Nations and the G8 framework.


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The EU will continue to support the liberalisation of trade of

environmental goods and services in WTO negotiations, so that green

technologies are disseminated in more countries.[11]

3.2 Cleaner production

Used in conjunction with other elements of environmental management,

cleaner production is a practical method for protecting human and

environmental health, and for supporting the goal of sustainable development.

Production with no regard for environmental impacts creates water and

air pollution, soil degradation, and large-scale global impacts such as acid rain,

global warming and ozone depletion. To create more sustainable methods of

production, there needs to be a shift in attitudes away from control towards

pollution prevention and management.

Cleaner production activities include measures such as pollution

prevention, source reduction, waste minimization and eco-efficiency. Theyinvolve better management and housekeeping, substitution of toxic and

hazardous materials, process modifications, and reuse of waste products. At its

heart, the concept is about the prevention, rather than the control, of pollution.

The concept of cleaner production questions the need for a particular product,

and looks at other ways to satisfy the demand. It is a slowing down of the rate at

which we use resources, and a gradual shift from linear to more circularprocesses, similar to those found in nature. The eventual goal of clean

production is to achieve a 'closed loop' operation in which all excess materials

are recycled back into the process.

The four elements of cleaner production are:

1. The precautionary approach - potential polluters must prove that asubstance or activity will do no harm;


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2. The preventive approach - preventing pollution at the source rather thanafter it has been created;

3. Democratic control - workers, consumers, and communities all haveaccess to information and are involved in decision-making;

4. Integrated and holistic approach - addressing all material, energy andwater flows using life-cycle analyses.[12]

3.3.Works towards global Markets for sustainable Products

Thus the goals of economic and social development must be defined in

terms of sustainability in all countries - developed or developing, market-

oriented or centrally planned. Interpretations will vary, but must share certain

general features and must flow from a consensus on the basic concept of

sustainable development and on a broad strategic framework for achieving

it.[17]Retailers are in a strong position to influence more sustainable

consumption through their own operations, supply chains, and consumer

behaviour. Retailers and producers are increasingly recognising sustainability as

a considerable opportunity for their businesses to grow, compete and innovate.

However, further effort is needed to reduce the environmental footprint of the

retail sector and its supply chain, promote more sustainable products, and betterinform consumers. To achieve this, other stakeholders, such as producers as

well as consumer and other non-governmental organisations, will also be

involved.

A Retail Forum is being set up. It will serve as a platform to:

- identify key areas to be tackled and define the baseline of existing

initiatives;


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- share best practices, extend the geographical coverage of existing

initiatives and look to launch new initiatives; and

- report on progress of their actions on an individual basis.

The objective is that individual large retailers commit to a series of

ambitious and concrete actions with clear objectives, timelines, deliverables,

and monitoring indicators.

These commitments respond to the Commission's call on business to step

up its Corporate Social Responsibility, as set out in the Commissions

Communication of 2006.

The EU consumer policy can provide the market tools to empower

citizens, as consumers, to make sustainable environmental choices. The

Commission will therefore also support actions to increase consumers

awareness and help them to make more informed choices. This will be done, for

example, by developing tools to inform young people and increase their

awareness and on-line education modules for adults on sustainable

consumption.[18]


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4.Environmental Policy for Europe 2020

Environmental policy in the EU is formulated in the EU Environmental

Action Programmes, setting the appropriate policy framework in accordance

with the priorities adopted during their effective period. This has led to the

establishment of legislative acts that cover particular aspects of environmental

protection. The Sixth Action Program,6 which will be in effect until year 2012,

emphasizes four priorities:

hasis is on the prevention and management of

major disasters involving hazardous substances, and on expanding the Natura

2000 Network8

vironment and health, aiming to

environmental quality such as that human health is neither threatened nor

negatively influenced;and finally,

latter, the EU endeavors to define the objectives and describe the instruments by

which it can move towards a better waste management, clarifying also the

current legal frame of reference. Waste management is considered a priority

field in the general endeavor of simplifying European law.

The Sixth Action Plan is followed by the integration of environmental

protection issues in the fundamental development strategy Europe 2020.[19]

European Development Strategy and the Environment The Lisbon

Strategy . In the first decade of the 20th century, the Lisbon Strategy established

a strategic goal for the European Union. That is to say, to transform the

European Union into a more robust and competitive knowledge-based

economy, capable of both sustainable development and social cohesion. The

environmental dimension, with particular emphasis on environmental protection


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and sustainability, was added on the Lisbon development strategy in 2001,

during the EU summit in Gothenburg -Goeteborg. The strategy for sustainable

development initiated after Goeteborg, and the Lisbon Strategy, were regarded

as being mutually compatible and complementary.[19]

Europe 2020 Strategy

The EU's new strategy for sustainable growth and jobs, called 'Europe 2020',

comes in the midst of the worst economic crisis in decades.

The new strategy replaces the Lisbon Agenda, adopted in 2000, which largely

failed to turn the EU into "the world's most dynamic knowledge-based economy

by 2010" .

The new agenda puts innovation and green growth at the heart of its blueprint

for competitiveness and proposes tighter monitoring of national reform

programmes, one of the greatest weaknesses of the Lisbon Strategy.

During a summit on 11 February, EU leaders broadly endorsed a paper by

European Council President Herman Van Rompuy, which called for more

rigorous implementation and monitoring procedures for the new strategy .The European Commission unveiled the new strategy on 3 March 2010,

defining five 'headline targets' that would need to be adapted at national level in

order to reflect national differences:

Raising the employment rateof the population aged 20-64 from thecurrent 69% to 75%.

Raising the investment in R&Dto 3% of the EU's GDP.

Meeting the EU's climate change and energy objective for 2020to cutgreenhouse gas emission by 20% and source 20% of its energy needs

from renewable sources.

Reducing the share of early school leaversfrom the current 15% tounder 10% and making sure that at least 40% of youngsters have a degree

or diploma.


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Reducing the number of Europeans living below the poverty line by25%, lifting 20 million out of poverty from the current 80 million.[20]

The strategy also includes seven flagship initiatives providing a framework

through which the EU and national authorities mutually reinforce their efforts in

areas supporting the Europe 2020 priorities such as innovation, the digital

economy, employment, youth,, industrial policy, poverty, and resource

efficiency.

Europe 2020 will only be a success if it is the subject of a determined and

focused effort at both the EU and national levels. At the EU level key decisions

are being taken to complete the single market in services, energy and digital

products, and to invest in essential cross-border links. At national level many

obstacles to competition and job creation must be removed. But only if these

efforts are combined and coordinated will they have the desired impact on

growth and jobs.

That is why the delivery of Europe 2020 relies heavily on the new

governance structures and processes that the EU has been putting in place since2010. At the heart of these is the European Semester, a yearly cycle of

economic policy coordination involving EU level policy guidance by the

European Commission and Council, reform commitments by the Member States

and country-specific recommendations prepared by the Commission and

endorsed at the highest level by national leaders in the European Council. These

recommendations should then be taken on board in the Member States' policiesand budgets. [21]


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3. better educational attainmentin particular:

reducing school drop-out rates below 10%

at least 40% of 30-34year-olds with third level education (or

equivalent)[23]

b. Sustainable growth

Sustainable growth means:

building a more competitive low-carbon economy that makes efficient,sustainable use of resources

protecting the environment, reducing emissions and preventingbiodiversity loss

capitalising on Europe's leadership in developing new greentechnologies and production methods

introducing efficient smart electricity grids harnessing EU-scale networks to give our businesses (especially small

manufacturing firms) an additional competitive advantage improving the business environment, in particular for SMEs helping consumers make well-informed choices.

EU targets for sustainable growth include:

1. reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 20% compared to 1990 levels by

2020. The EU is prepared to go further and reduce by 30% if other

developed countries make similar commitments and developing countriescontribute according to their abilities, as part of a comprehensive global

agreement

2. increasing the share of renewables in final energy consumption to 20%

3. moving towards a 20% increase in energy efficiency.[24]


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Inclusive growth

Inclusive growth means:

raising Europes employment rate more and better jobs, especially forwomen, young people and older workers

helping people of all ages anticipate and manage changethrough investment in skills & training

modernising labour markets and welfare systems ensuring the benefits of growth reach all parts of the EU

EU target for inclusive growth include:

1. 75% employment rate for women and men aged 20-64 by 2020achieved

by getting more people into work, especially women, the young, older and

low-skilled people and legal migrants

2. better educational attainmentin particular:

reducing school drop-out rates below 10%

at least 40% of 30-34year-olds completing third level education (or

equivalent)3. at least 20 million fewer people in or at risk of poverty and social

exclusion [25]

Europe 2020 is the EU's growth strategy for the coming decade. In a

changing world, we want the EU to become a smart, sustainable and inclusive

economy. These three mutually reinforcing priorities should help the EU andthe Member States deliver high levels of employment, productivity and social

cohesion.

Concretely, the Union has set five ambitious objectives - on employment,

innovation, education, social inclusion and climate/energy - to be reached by

2020. Each Member State has adopted its own national targets in each of these

areas. Concrete actions at EU and national levels underpin the strategy.Jos

Manuel Barroso President of the European Commission [26]


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Conclusion

Acceptance of environmental issues by the citizens is a major factor toward

accomplishing the goals of environmental policy. But it is the citizens that will

transform environmental goals into inducing-growth actions. Of critical

importance is the particular combination of policy instruments.

The EUs long involvement, including policymaking in environmental

issues, has endowed the Union with a toolbox ofsuitable instruments,

including legal requirements, technology transfer, marketbased instruments,

relevant research, and environmental responsibility regulations.


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[14]http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/sustainablebusiness/ecodesign/files/broc

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[15] Directive 2009/125/Ec of The European Parliament and of the Council, 21

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[16] Overview and Update of the ERP Directive, Energy Labelling Directive and

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[17]http://www.un-documents.net/ocf-02.htm

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[19]http://www.rsijournal.eu/ARTICLES/June_2012/151-158.pdf[20]http://www.euractiv.com/priorities/europe-2020-green-growth-jobs-linksdossier-280116

[21]http://ec.europa.eu/europe2020/europe-2020-in-a-nutshell/index_en.htm

[22]http://ec.europa.eu/europe2020/europe-2020-in-a-nutshell/flagship-

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[23]http://ec.europa.eu/europe2020/europe-2020-in-a-nutshell/priorities/smart-growth/index_en.htm

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[25]http://ec.europa.eu/europe2020/europe-2020-in-a-nutshell/priorities/inclusive-growth/index_en.htm

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european sustainable consumption and production policies

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