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European Sustainable Consumption and Production Policies
To live sustainably, the Earths natural resources must be used at a rate at
which they can be replenished. However, our consumer-driven society is putting
enormous pressure on the planet. The way we produce and consume is
contributing to many of todays environmental problems, such as global
warming, pollution, the depletion of natural resources and biodiversity loss. The
impacts of our consumption are being felt globally: the EU is dependent on
imports of energy and natural resources and an increasing proportion of
products consumed in Europe are produced in other parts of the world. [1]
The great challenge faced by economies today is to integrate
environmental sustainability with economic growth and welfare by decoupling
environmental degradation from economic growth and doing more with less.
This is one of the key objectives of the European Union, but the consequences
of climate change and the growing demand for energy and resources are
challenging this objective. It is now time to move towards an energy andresource efficient economy.[3]
Businesses and civil society have also shown to be dynamic actors in the
promotion of SCP. Indeed, many information-based policies and schemes are
voluntary and based on principles of corporate social and environmental
responsibility (CSER). An increasing number of businesses have implemented
resource efficiency, safer and cleaner production and environmentalmanagement programmes. Similarly, civil society worldwide civil society
organizations are important channels for informing, training, enabling and
empowering citizens.[2]
Sustainable development requires radical and systemic innovations. Such
innovations can be more effectively created and studied when building on the
concept of business models. This concept provides firms with a holistic
framework to envision and implement sustainable innovations. For researchers,
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the concept provides an analytical tool that allows them to assess the interplay
between the different aspects that firms combine to create ecological, economic,
and social value. In addition, the business model concept provides a link
between the individual firm and the larger production and consumption system
in which it operates.[4]
Consuming sustainably concerns our lifestyle, buying behavior and how
we use and dispose of products and services. Sustainable production focuses on
reducing the environmental impacts of production processes and designing
better products.
Resource and energy efficiency are the basis of Europes future
competitiveness. Sustainable consumption and production maximizes the
potential of business to transform environmental challenges into economic
opportunities while providing a better deal for consumers.
The European Union and its Member States recognize that a shift to more
sustainable economies and lifestyles is vital and is taking action. In July 2008,
the European Commission presented an Action Plan on SustainableConsumption and Production and Sustainable Industrial Policy.
EU measures on sustainable consumption and production focus on four
main objectives: better products, smarter consumption, leaner and cleaner
production, and supporting global efforts.[1]
Sustainable consumption and production (SCP) is an overarching
objective of and an essential requirement for sustainable development, asrecognised in the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation (JPOI) of the World
Summit on Sustainable Development in 2002. That Summit called on all
stakeholders to encourage and promote the development of a 10-year
framework of programmes (10YFP) in support of regional and national
initiatives to accelerate the shift towards sustainable consumption and
production to promote social and economic development within the carrying
capacity of ecosystems by addressing and, where appropriate, delinking
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raising activities. The Marrakech Process informed the elaboration of the
10YFP, which was one of five themes at CSD 18 and CSD 19.[5]
The Goals of The Marrakech Process are:
to assist countries in their efforts to green their economies to help corporations develop greener business models to encourage consumers to adopt more sustainable lifestyles.[6]
The 10YFP was one of five themes reviewed and negotiated at CSD
18( Commission on Sustainable Development) and CSD19. The willingness of
both developed and developing countries to develop and implement a 10YFP
was clear during these meetings. Unfortunately, while an agreed draft of this
framework was developed at CSD 19, it was not adopted due to differences
between countries on other issues. It is, however, currently proposed for
adoption at the UNCSD (Rio+20).
Rio+20 is a unique opportunity, two decades after the Earth Summit, to
strengthen worldwide cooperation on SCP, to achieve this central objective of
sustainable development. Adoption of the 10YFP at the Rio+20 Summit would
provide broad, solid, inclusive and coherent framework for this cooperation,
implementation of which could follow quickly after the Summit.[2]
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3.1.The Sustainable Consumption and Production and Sustainable
Industrial Policy Action Plan
EU policies have achieved a good deal of success in cleaning up
industrial production and encouraging more efficient processes, leading to
significant reductions in pollution and waste and higher levels of recycling.
However, more needs to be done to promote the efficiency of materials and
propel the most innovative technologies into the mainstream.
Improving resource efficiency reduces dependency on raw materials,
encourages optimal resource use and recycling, and can significantly reduce
running costs for businesses. Resource productivityhow much economic
value is created per resource usedhas improved in the EU by 2.2% annually
over the last ten years, largely through improvements in efficiency and the
growing role of services in the economy. Under the action plan, further tools are
being developed to monitor and benchmark resource efficiency.
Green technologyenvironmentally friendly and resource-efficienttechnologieshas an important role to play in contributing to environmental
protection and to a more efficient use of resources in Europe. Activities in this
field are implemented by the EUs Environmental Technologies Action Plan
(ETAP). The ecoindustries are one of the fastest growing sectors of the EU
economy and an area where Europe is a global leader. Europe has roughly one-
third of the world market for eco-technologies, which is projected to be worthmore than 2200 billion by 2020.
These industries provide solutions for measuring, preventing and
correcting environmental damage to water, air and soil, and for problems such
as waste, noise and damage to eco-systems. This includes sectors such as waste
and wastewater management, renewable energy sources, environmental
consulting, air pollution and sustainable construction.
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One way we can measure innovation levels is by looking at the number of
patents awarded. Eco-innovation patents in the EU are on the rise and the best-
performing Member States grant 3.5 patents per1 billion of GDP. Tools will
be developed to monitor benchmarks and boost uptake of eco-innovation in the
European Union as part of a wider EU innovation policy.
These will include patent-based indicators, statistical tools and annual
surveys. The European Commission is carrying out a study to discover the main
barriers to the expansion of the eco-industries. This will look at administrative
burdens and obstacles to financing innovation. The objective is to foster growth
in eco-industries through the creation of a business-friendly regulatory
environment and by exploring the potential for other sectors, such as
information and communication technology (ICT).[1]
The Action Plan
The Action Plan for sustainable consumption and production (SCP) and
sustainable industrial policy (SIP) aims at ensuring EU continued leadership inenvironmental performance by:
creating a new sustainable product policy, in order to improvethe environmental performance of products on the market and help
consumers to buy more eco-friendly products
encouraging eco-innovation so that EU businesses adapt to the markets of
the future supporting the competitiveness of eco-industries contributing to a low carbon economy internationally.
The Action Plan on Sustainable Consumption and Production and
Sustainable Industrial Policy details the list of actions:
Ecodesign standards for a wider range of products improved energy and environmental labelling
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incentives rewarding eco-friendly products, including green publicprocurement
work with retailers support to environmental industries promotion of sustainable industry internationally.[9]
a. Sustainable product policy
The European Union (EU) Integrated Product Policy (IPP) developed by the
European Commission takes a "holistic" approach to stewardship in the
development, use, and disposition of products and services. Its goal is to help
policy makers identify when and how to take actions in integrated ways that
most effectively achieve sustainability goals. As described by the EU, the IPP is
based on five environmental management principles: 1) life-cycle thinking; 2)
working with the market; 3) stakeholder involvement; 4) continuous
improvement; and 5) flexibility in the use of a variety of policy instruments.
This fact sheet is not comprehensive; rather is provides a starting point forreaders interested in investigating the topic.[27]
Product policy is a key factor for a sustainable future. The focus of
sustainable production varies across the world. In developed economies the
focus lies on environmental improvements under acceptable socio-economic
conditions, whereas the focus in the bottom of the pyramid economies is on
socio-economic improvements under acceptable environmental conditions.The core of the Action Plan is a new product policy which rewards
consumers' eco-friendly behaviours and producers' best products.
Most consumers are aware that their purchases can contribute to protect the
environment. But they need to know which products are eco-friendly or energy
efficient, to make the right choice: Labelling
Consumers may also be put off by higher purchasing price for these
products compared to other products. Manufacturers, if uncertain about the
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future demand for eco-friendly products, are not encouraged to invest in such
products, although this is the key to make them cheaper in the mid
term:Incentives.
Consumers' behaviour also depends on the range of products available on
the market, and of their environmental performance. The worst products should
be phased out, and environmental standardsshould be updated
regularly: Ecodesign.
In the future, as energy and natural resources become scarcer and more
expensive, and as climate change becomes a growing concern, those companies
manufacturing eco-friendly products will benefit from huge market
opportunities. They will also contribute to global stability. Firms investing
sooner rather than later in eco-friendly products and technologies will therefore
be first movers and benefit from competitive advantages.[10]
a.1. The Ecodesign standards
Ecodesign seeks environmentally friendly solutions in product design anddevelopment. It considers both economic and environmental aspects associated
with the entire life cycle of products.
Ecodesign has been defined as a concept thatintegrates multifaceted
aspects of design and environmental considerations into product development
in order to create sustainable solutionsthat satisfy human needs and desires
(Karlsson & Luttropp, 2006).
Fig.1. Origins of the Word Ecodesign
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The factors that motivate adoption of ecodesign are not confined to
environmental benefits. Companies that implement ecodesign practices can also
save costs, gain competitive advantage, improve their corporate image, enhance
the quality of their products, and sometimes even lessen the legal requirements
to which they are subject.
Companies in the automotive electronics industry adopt ecodesign initiatives
for a number of reasons, such as responding to regulatory requirements and
meeting the demands of innovation.[13]
The Ecodesign Directiveprovides a coherent and integrated framework
which allows setting mandatory ecodesign requirements for some products. For
instance, the Ecodesign Regulation on standby requires that many domestic
electrical and electronic products such as washing machines, TV or personal
computers do not consume more than 0.5W in off mode as of 2013.[14]
The ecodesign of products is a crucial factor in the Community strategy on
Integrated Product Policy. As a preventive approach, designed to optimise the
environmental performance of products, while maintaining their functionalqualities, it provides genuine new opportunities for manufacturers, consumers
and society as a whole.
A coherent framework for the application of Community ecodesign
requirements for energy-related products should be established with the aim of
ensuring the free movement of those products which comply with such
requirements and of improving their overall environmental impact. SuchCommunity requirements should respect the principles of fair competition and
international trade.
The Directive 2009/125/EC seeks to achieve a high level of protection for
the environment by reducing the potential environmental impact of energy-
related products, which will ultimately be beneficial to consumers and other
end- users. Sustainable development also requires proper consideration of the
health, social and economic impact of the measures envisaged. Improving the
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Green purchasing is also about setting an example and infl uencing the
market place. By promoting green procurement, public authorities can provide
industry with real incentives for developing green technologies. In some
product, works and service sectors, the impact can be particularly signifi cant,
as public purchasers command a large share of the market (in computers,
energy-effi cient buildings, public transport, and so on).
b. Eco-innovation Action Plan
The Eco-innovation Action Plan (EcoAP) comprises seven actions to help
build stronger and more stable market demand for eco-innovation. These
actions focus particularly on market supply and demand, on research and
industry, and on policy and financial instruments. They will bring together
stakeholders, the private and public sectors, and the European Commission.[7]
The EcoAP will therefore focus on boosting innovation that results in or
aims at reducing pressures on the environment and on bridging the gap between
innovation and the market. It will, inter alia, take further some actions identifiedin the Resource Efficiency Roadmap. Eco-Innovation is any form of innovation
resulting in or aiming at significant and demonstrable progress towards the goal
of sustainable development, through reducing impacts on the environment,
enhancing resilience to environmental pressures, or achieving a more efficient
and responsible use of natural resources. [8]
1. Environmental policy and regulationEuropean environmental policy has moved European industries towards greater
sustainability. The goal now is for eco-innovation to be at the heart of the
revision of EU legislationfrom air and water to waste and infrastructure. The
Commission wants to perform a selective screening of European regulations in
these areas, leading to specific and evidence-based recommendations for action.
2. Demonstration projects
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However promising they may look on paper, many eco-innovation technologies
still fail to make the leap from lab to market. Starting in 2012, the Commission
will fund eco-innovation demonstration projects. Participation is open to all
industrial sectors and themesfrom demolition waste and soil remediation to
pesticides and climate change adaptation. This approach will be continued under
the Horizon 2020 programme, the next EU research and innovation framework
programme, from 2014 to 2020.
3. Standards
Eco-innovation benefits from ambitious standards and performance targets.
Working with Member States and international standardisation bodies, the
Commission is to launch a dialogue to identify and prioritise areas where
standards and targets could have the biggest impacts. Areas likely to be
included are waste treatment, drinking water, sustainable construction materials,
and building insulation.
4. Funding and SME support
Public sector finance is crucial to accelerate eco-innovation in the private sector,especially in SMEs (small and medium-sized enterprises). To bring new
investors onboard, the Commission will create a European network of eco-
innovation financiers. It will also launch new funding instruments, in order to
offer targeted debt and equity facilities in support of eco-innovative businesses,
and expand other services to SMEs, so they can find and exploit eco-innovation
opportunities in the EU and beyond.5. International cooperation
Emerging economies such as China, India and Brazil offer new market and
partnership opportunities for European eco-investors. To capitalise on these
opportunities, the Commission will promote the establishment of European
business and technology centres in support of European businesses seeking to
expand their market.
6. Skills and knowledge
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EU Skills Panorama is a Commission initiative mapping out current and future
skills needs in Europe, with a focus on green jobs. The aim is to drive forward
the transition to a green economy by equipping tomorrows labour force with
relevant skills and knowledge. The Commission will also facilitate information
exchange between Member States on training schemes targeted at eco-
innovation.
7. European Innovation Partnerships
European Innovation Partnerships are initiatives that aim to bring together
public and private actors in key sectors where eco-innovation could contribute
to create greater resource efficiency. Partnerships are being set up for raw
materials, sustainable agriculture, and water.[7]
c. Eco-industries
Identifying and addressing market failures and regulatory barriers that
hinder the competitiveness of environmental industries and influence the uptake
of more sustainable solutions by other industries is a key objective of the ActionPlan on Sustainable Consumption and Production and Sustainable Industrial
Policy.
A first step in the process of developing policy initiatives for
environmental industries consists of carrying out acompetitiveness analysis of
environmental industries in Europe, with the view to identify areas for future
policy initiatives. Analysing which key factors influence the competitiveness ofthese industries is of utmost importance.
All enterprises, including service enterprises, having energy and
environment issues as the core source of income are considered part of eco-
industries.
Two broad categories of eco-industries can be considered, one of small
and innovative companies acting in the field of, e.g. renewable energy, waste
recycling, environmental auditing and consultancy; the other of more capital
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intensive enterprises providing goods and services in specific areas, e.g. waste,
wastewater, transport. Different policy options are required to address the
specificities of each of these categories.
Consulting business and other stakeholders is important, notably
regarding, the barriers that may hamper growth on the Internal Market; and
the mechanisms and incentives to help SMEs to adopt more environmentally
friendly and energy efficient solutions.[10]
d. Exporting European green and low carbon solutions
Pollution and climate change do cross boundaries. Growing demand for
energy and natural resources is a global challenge which calls for global
solutions.
Exporting European green and low carbon solutions to other parts of the
world - in particular emerging countries, will help them to adapt to the finite
resources of our planet and contribute to the fight against climate change.
Sectoral agreementsIndustry sectors have already started to develop agreements globally:
companies of a sector in emerging as well as developed countries commit to
greenhouse gas reductions or energy-efficiency targets.
In sectors where energy and CO2 are major concerns, such as steel,
cement and aluminium, it avoids that some companies suffer from carbon
constrain while others benefit from carbon havens depending on their locationcountry.
Such voluntary agreements can significantly contribute to greenhouse gas
reduction in the developing world. They should be duly taken into account
during the international negotiation of a post-Kyoto agreement.
Other international action
The EU will also promote good practice internationally, notably within
the United Nations and the G8 framework.
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The EU will continue to support the liberalisation of trade of
environmental goods and services in WTO negotiations, so that green
technologies are disseminated in more countries.[11]
3.2 Cleaner production
Used in conjunction with other elements of environmental management,
cleaner production is a practical method for protecting human and
environmental health, and for supporting the goal of sustainable development.
Production with no regard for environmental impacts creates water and
air pollution, soil degradation, and large-scale global impacts such as acid rain,
global warming and ozone depletion. To create more sustainable methods of
production, there needs to be a shift in attitudes away from control towards
pollution prevention and management.
Cleaner production activities include measures such as pollution
prevention, source reduction, waste minimization and eco-efficiency. Theyinvolve better management and housekeeping, substitution of toxic and
hazardous materials, process modifications, and reuse of waste products. At its
heart, the concept is about the prevention, rather than the control, of pollution.
The concept of cleaner production questions the need for a particular product,
and looks at other ways to satisfy the demand. It is a slowing down of the rate at
which we use resources, and a gradual shift from linear to more circularprocesses, similar to those found in nature. The eventual goal of clean
production is to achieve a 'closed loop' operation in which all excess materials
are recycled back into the process.
The four elements of cleaner production are:
1. The precautionary approach - potential polluters must prove that asubstance or activity will do no harm;
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2. The preventive approach - preventing pollution at the source rather thanafter it has been created;
3. Democratic control - workers, consumers, and communities all haveaccess to information and are involved in decision-making;
4. Integrated and holistic approach - addressing all material, energy andwater flows using life-cycle analyses.[12]
3.3.Works towards global Markets for sustainable Products
Thus the goals of economic and social development must be defined in
terms of sustainability in all countries - developed or developing, market-
oriented or centrally planned. Interpretations will vary, but must share certain
general features and must flow from a consensus on the basic concept of
sustainable development and on a broad strategic framework for achieving
it.[17]Retailers are in a strong position to influence more sustainable
consumption through their own operations, supply chains, and consumer
behaviour. Retailers and producers are increasingly recognising sustainability as
a considerable opportunity for their businesses to grow, compete and innovate.
However, further effort is needed to reduce the environmental footprint of the
retail sector and its supply chain, promote more sustainable products, and betterinform consumers. To achieve this, other stakeholders, such as producers as
well as consumer and other non-governmental organisations, will also be
involved.
A Retail Forum is being set up. It will serve as a platform to:
- identify key areas to be tackled and define the baseline of existing
initiatives;
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- share best practices, extend the geographical coverage of existing
initiatives and look to launch new initiatives; and
- report on progress of their actions on an individual basis.
The objective is that individual large retailers commit to a series of
ambitious and concrete actions with clear objectives, timelines, deliverables,
and monitoring indicators.
These commitments respond to the Commission's call on business to step
up its Corporate Social Responsibility, as set out in the Commissions
Communication of 2006.
The EU consumer policy can provide the market tools to empower
citizens, as consumers, to make sustainable environmental choices. The
Commission will therefore also support actions to increase consumers
awareness and help them to make more informed choices. This will be done, for
example, by developing tools to inform young people and increase their
awareness and on-line education modules for adults on sustainable
consumption.[18]
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4.Environmental Policy for Europe 2020
Environmental policy in the EU is formulated in the EU Environmental
Action Programmes, setting the appropriate policy framework in accordance
with the priorities adopted during their effective period. This has led to the
establishment of legislative acts that cover particular aspects of environmental
protection. The Sixth Action Program,6 which will be in effect until year 2012,
emphasizes four priorities:
hasis is on the prevention and management of
major disasters involving hazardous substances, and on expanding the Natura
2000 Network8
vironment and health, aiming to
environmental quality such as that human health is neither threatened nor
negatively influenced;and finally,
latter, the EU endeavors to define the objectives and describe the instruments by
which it can move towards a better waste management, clarifying also the
current legal frame of reference. Waste management is considered a priority
field in the general endeavor of simplifying European law.
The Sixth Action Plan is followed by the integration of environmental
protection issues in the fundamental development strategy Europe 2020.[19]
European Development Strategy and the Environment The Lisbon
Strategy . In the first decade of the 20th century, the Lisbon Strategy established
a strategic goal for the European Union. That is to say, to transform the
European Union into a more robust and competitive knowledge-based
economy, capable of both sustainable development and social cohesion. The
environmental dimension, with particular emphasis on environmental protection
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and sustainability, was added on the Lisbon development strategy in 2001,
during the EU summit in Gothenburg -Goeteborg. The strategy for sustainable
development initiated after Goeteborg, and the Lisbon Strategy, were regarded
as being mutually compatible and complementary.[19]
Europe 2020 Strategy
The EU's new strategy for sustainable growth and jobs, called 'Europe 2020',
comes in the midst of the worst economic crisis in decades.
The new strategy replaces the Lisbon Agenda, adopted in 2000, which largely
failed to turn the EU into "the world's most dynamic knowledge-based economy
by 2010" .
The new agenda puts innovation and green growth at the heart of its blueprint
for competitiveness and proposes tighter monitoring of national reform
programmes, one of the greatest weaknesses of the Lisbon Strategy.
During a summit on 11 February, EU leaders broadly endorsed a paper by
European Council President Herman Van Rompuy, which called for more
rigorous implementation and monitoring procedures for the new strategy .The European Commission unveiled the new strategy on 3 March 2010,
defining five 'headline targets' that would need to be adapted at national level in
order to reflect national differences:
Raising the employment rateof the population aged 20-64 from thecurrent 69% to 75%.
Raising the investment in R&Dto 3% of the EU's GDP.
Meeting the EU's climate change and energy objective for 2020to cutgreenhouse gas emission by 20% and source 20% of its energy needs
from renewable sources.
Reducing the share of early school leaversfrom the current 15% tounder 10% and making sure that at least 40% of youngsters have a degree
or diploma.
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Reducing the number of Europeans living below the poverty line by25%, lifting 20 million out of poverty from the current 80 million.[20]
The strategy also includes seven flagship initiatives providing a framework
through which the EU and national authorities mutually reinforce their efforts in
areas supporting the Europe 2020 priorities such as innovation, the digital
economy, employment, youth,, industrial policy, poverty, and resource
efficiency.
Europe 2020 will only be a success if it is the subject of a determined and
focused effort at both the EU and national levels. At the EU level key decisions
are being taken to complete the single market in services, energy and digital
products, and to invest in essential cross-border links. At national level many
obstacles to competition and job creation must be removed. But only if these
efforts are combined and coordinated will they have the desired impact on
growth and jobs.
That is why the delivery of Europe 2020 relies heavily on the new
governance structures and processes that the EU has been putting in place since2010. At the heart of these is the European Semester, a yearly cycle of
economic policy coordination involving EU level policy guidance by the
European Commission and Council, reform commitments by the Member States
and country-specific recommendations prepared by the Commission and
endorsed at the highest level by national leaders in the European Council. These
recommendations should then be taken on board in the Member States' policiesand budgets. [21]
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3. better educational attainmentin particular:
reducing school drop-out rates below 10%
at least 40% of 30-34year-olds with third level education (or
equivalent)[23]
b. Sustainable growth
Sustainable growth means:
building a more competitive low-carbon economy that makes efficient,sustainable use of resources
protecting the environment, reducing emissions and preventingbiodiversity loss
capitalising on Europe's leadership in developing new greentechnologies and production methods
introducing efficient smart electricity grids harnessing EU-scale networks to give our businesses (especially small
manufacturing firms) an additional competitive advantage improving the business environment, in particular for SMEs helping consumers make well-informed choices.
EU targets for sustainable growth include:
1. reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 20% compared to 1990 levels by
2020. The EU is prepared to go further and reduce by 30% if other
developed countries make similar commitments and developing countriescontribute according to their abilities, as part of a comprehensive global
agreement
2. increasing the share of renewables in final energy consumption to 20%
3. moving towards a 20% increase in energy efficiency.[24]
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Inclusive growth
Inclusive growth means:
raising Europes employment rate more and better jobs, especially forwomen, young people and older workers
helping people of all ages anticipate and manage changethrough investment in skills & training
modernising labour markets and welfare systems ensuring the benefits of growth reach all parts of the EU
EU target for inclusive growth include:
1. 75% employment rate for women and men aged 20-64 by 2020achieved
by getting more people into work, especially women, the young, older and
low-skilled people and legal migrants
2. better educational attainmentin particular:
reducing school drop-out rates below 10%
at least 40% of 30-34year-olds completing third level education (or
equivalent)3. at least 20 million fewer people in or at risk of poverty and social
exclusion [25]
Europe 2020 is the EU's growth strategy for the coming decade. In a
changing world, we want the EU to become a smart, sustainable and inclusive
economy. These three mutually reinforcing priorities should help the EU andthe Member States deliver high levels of employment, productivity and social
cohesion.
Concretely, the Union has set five ambitious objectives - on employment,
innovation, education, social inclusion and climate/energy - to be reached by
2020. Each Member State has adopted its own national targets in each of these
areas. Concrete actions at EU and national levels underpin the strategy.Jos
Manuel Barroso President of the European Commission [26]
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Conclusion
Acceptance of environmental issues by the citizens is a major factor toward
accomplishing the goals of environmental policy. But it is the citizens that will
transform environmental goals into inducing-growth actions. Of critical
importance is the particular combination of policy instruments.
The EUs long involvement, including policymaking in environmental
issues, has endowed the Union with a toolbox ofsuitable instruments,
including legal requirements, technology transfer, marketbased instruments,
relevant research, and environmental responsibility regulations.
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