european supremacy and modern european thought chapter 23-24
TRANSCRIPT
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European Supremacy and Modern European Thought
Chapter 23-24
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Second Ind. Revolution
Focused on steel, chemicals, electricity and oil First-R.R. and expansion
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Electricity
Supply power anywhere Improve quantity and quality of work Growth of cities Transportation-subways
The Tube-Gr. Br. 1882
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Automobile
1880’s Wealthy toy Henry Ford
Assembly line Car affordable Demand other goods increases
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Impact
Competition increases Technology-goods from other countries
Refrigeration Food prices drop Department stores-Sears Roebuck
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Growth of Cities
England People living in cities of 20,000 or more
1801 – 1.5 million – 17% 1851 – 6.3 million – 35% 1891 – 15.6 million – 54%
Way more than most other places
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Conditions
Space is at a premium – houses built wall to wall
No Yards 10 people one room Unsanitary – sewers left open Bathrooms-are you kidding?
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Edwin Chadwick
British Administrator
disease caused poverty
Closed sewers picked up garbage
Led to first public health laws
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Louis Pasteur
Miasmatic theory vs. germ theory
Germs can be controlled by heat
development of vaccines and antiseptic
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Money, Money, Money
Distribution of income Huge gap between
rich and poor Rich have a smaller
tax burden
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Europe Reads
Primary education Newspapers, books explode Literacy opening up opportunities
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Middle Classes
Many occupations, political beliefs – trying to become new aristocracy
Buying second homes in the country Began to marry into noble family Upper middle class – very successful
industrialists Middle middle class – Dr.’s, lawyers, merchants Lower middle class – shopkeepers, small trader
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Middle Class Culture (Expenses)
Home life focus-food buy homes, not rent Education for children – books, music, travel Code of behavior hard work self discipline personal achievement
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Working Classes
4 out of 5 people Physical labor – farm or factory Three divisions 1) Highly Skilled-engineers 2) Semiskilled-carpenters 3) Unskilled-house servants
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Unskilled workers
Domestic servants – 1 out of 7 people in GB
Majority are women – 1 out of 3 women
Low pay live with bosses
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Working Class Leisure
Alcohol – a problem Sport – horse racing
and soccer Music – new music
halls constructed; wide variety of music
Decline in church attendance
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Marriage
Economic consideration Families protect daughters
a virgin is “worth more” Illegitimacy explosion
1 of 3 births out of wedlock Prostitution – “The oldest profession in the
world”
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Contagious Disease Acts
Prost. Take medical exams Discrimination against women Push to legalize Prost. Victim or Criminal? Wanted gov’t support for children Vital to society Contraception-Better society
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Gender Roles
Farm – men and women work together Industrial Rev. – move up in social status
women expected to stay home Separate spheres –
Women home men work
Women did work Less money and discrimation
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Once married, a husband takes over a wife’s legal rights “In law husband and wife are one person, and
the person is the husband.” Many women rebelled – went to work 1882 – women given full property rights Many women become leaders in the
socialist movements
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Women control the money Husbands get an allowance All major economic decisions were made
by the wife Also expected to pamper her husband
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Child Rearing
Infant mortality-high Mother’s try not to get to attached This changes mid-19th C. 1860 – avg of 6 children 1890 – avg of 4 children 1920 – avg of 2.5 children Why is the rate decreasing?
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Children no longer an economic asset Parents can now afford to provide a more
expensive education Parents expect more from children
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European Jews
Discriminated against-middle ages Identified with money and banking Dreyfus Affair
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Dreyfus Affair
A. Dreyfus-French Jewish officer Gave secrets to Germans Life On “Devils Island” Not Guilty French and C.C. not want to be
embarrassed
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Press goes nuts Retried and found guilty again Eventually Dry. Pardoned Fr. Not talk about it. Pushes France to the left Conservatives defend actions
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Zionism
Theodor Herzl- “The Jewish State” 1896 Separate state for Jews Appealed to poor Jews from ghettos
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Charles Darwin 1808-1882
“On the Origin of Species” Did Not originate concept of evolution Natural Selection
Species changed or evolved over time Fit will survive “natural selection” “might makes right”
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The Descent of Man-1871
Natural Selection applied to humans Man’s moral nature Religious sentiments Physical makeup Developed over time in order to survive We fit into our enviornment
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Thomas Huxley 1893
Defends Darwin Argued against Spencer How society should not act
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Friedrich Nietzsche 1844-1900
Germany-Christianity is a useless sacrifice of flesh and spirit….
“War and courage have accomplished more great things than love of thy neighbor…”
Many leave church Can now live without it…..
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Herbert Spencer 1820-1903
Society better through competition Weak are protected-society fails “Might makes right”
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Christianity Attacked
1835-David Friedrich Strauss “The Life of Jesus” Bible-story of Jesus
Myth Created by people of that time What they wanted in a good story No proof Educated move away from religion
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Morality
Question the cruelty and unpredictablity God-sacrifices own son Perfect human being Personal satisfaction Conflict teaching
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R.C. and the Modern World
Pope Pius IX 1864 Intimidated by Liberals and unification of
Italy “Syllabus of Errors” Church against contemporary science,
philosophy and politics. 1910-priests take anti-modern oath
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Social sciences
Thinkers apply scientific methods to the study of society
August Comte – “Father of Sociology” Study of social interactions “Nature vs. nurture”
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Sigmund Freud
Psychoanalysis Modern Psychology New generation Challenges old ways
of thinking Understand human
behavior Question why?
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Impressionism
Began late 19th C. Paris Name given by an art critic as an insult Ordinary subject matter Visible brush strokes Changing qualities of light (passage of
time) Movement
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Monet, Impression, Sunrise, 1872
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Monet, Water Garden and Japanese Footbridge,1900
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Degas, Blue Dancers,1895
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Degas, losing his vision
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Renoir, Dance at Moulin de la Galette, 1876
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Renoir, Girl with a Watering Can, 1876
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Post-Impressionism
Very similar to impressionists Distortion of forms Unnatural, arbitrary colors
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Seurat, Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte, 1884-6
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Seurat, La Parade (detail), 1889
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Van Gogh, Room at Arles, 1889
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Van Gogh, Sunflowers, 1889
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Van Gogh, Wheatfield with Crows, 1890