Late Nineteenth CenturyEuropean Thought and Society

1870-1900

The Second Industrial RevolutionBegan in the 1850s

First Industrial Revolution

Steel, chemicals, electricity, and oil

Internal combustion engine

Consumer society

Marshall Field’s Department Store, 1890

European Railroads 1870-1914

Iron and Steel Production 1875-1915

European GNP 1830-1913

Early Automobile, 1899

The Second Industrial RevolutionDepression of 1873

European economies expanded 1850-73

Technological advances lower food costs

Competition slows down economy

Bad investments cause banks to fail

Impact of industrialisation – on public health & prevention & cure of disease

Living & working conditions

overcrowding - spreads disease; Houses built close to factories - pollution houses

built back-to-back: diseases spread more easily Dirty streets = garbage in streets = disease Polluted water = cholera Factories/machinery very dangerous – many

accidents (incl. for children) Long hours; severe punishments – very young

children worked about 12 hours Factories = badly lit & ventilated; windows

closed; breathing in dust & cotton fibres

Common diseases

SmallpoxCholeraTBDiptheria Influenza etc

Recognition by government of problems (Actions taken by government):

1848 Public Health Act Set up a system to encourage – but not force – local

authorities to improve conditions in their area Allowed local authorities to make improvements if they

wanted to & if ratepayers gave them their support Enabled local authorities to borrow money to pay for the

improvements 1875 Public Health Act became law for all local councils to provide clean water,

proper drainage & sewage Had to appoint a Medical Officer of Health Other public health actions: 1852 – government makes vaccinations compulsory =

direct action to improve health of people 1876 – govt passes laws against pollution of rivers &

introduces food regulations

Edwin Chadwick

Significance: He made suggestions to the Poor Law Commission Wrote his findings in a report called Sanitary Conditions of the

Labouring Population in 1842 Concluded that poverty was due to poor health conditions Recommended: Improve drainage Remove refuse from streets Improve water supplies Appoint Medical Officer to help improve health of poor people Government finally responds to Chadwick’s report – leads to

passing of 1848 Public Health Act

Louis Pasteur

The fight against disease:GERM THEORY

Definition:Theory that micro-organism called

germs cause disease

middle class property owners vs. working class

old alliances that produced revolutions dissolvedrevolutions in West become obsolete

industrial consolidation 1850-1914

rise of socialism

adjustments to industrial life

stable populationschildren valuedmaterial conditions improvepeasants improve liveslabor movements

Political Trends

cautious change

Britain – vote to working-class males 1867Prussia – vote to all adult males

conservatives use nationalism to win support

united: Italy Germany (1871)

most Western nations have parliamentary systems- basic liberties protected- political parties peacefully contest for office

key political issues reduced

New Government Functions

expand

civil service examsschool systems

welfare systems set up

government & citizen contact with each other

rise of socialism- Karl Marx

revisionists support parliamentary democracy to achieve goals

feminist movements late 1800s

Cultural Change

higher wages

increased leisure time- pleasure part of life

consumption encouraged (factory capacity)

mass leisure culture- rise of team sports- growing secularism

advances in scientific knowledge- continues tradition of rationalism- Darwin, Einstein, Freud

What changes in social organization did industrialization cause?

movement of people to cities young adults moving from families cities crowded, dirty, crime new social divisions – middle class move away from

cities work separate from family work unpleasant, fast, monotonous factory work stressful popular leisure changes middleclass family – wife stay home with children,

husband goes to work women’s sphere separate women & children sheltered from work world education now important for children

How did government functions increase in response to the “social question”?

civil service exams regulations – safety, health, personal

travel,schooling expands (compulsory to age 12)expand public secondary schoolswider welfare measuresmeasures to aid unemployment

How did science & the arts diverge in the period after 1850?

SCIENCE rationalist tradition apply science to practical

affairs link science & technology combine science & medicine Darwin’s theory physics Einstein – theory of relativity Freud – human subconscious

ART Dickens – realistic portrayals of

human problems some painters build on

discoveries of science romanticism – emotion &

impression (not reason & generalization) were keys to human experience

portray passions empathy with nature try to violate traditional Western

standards abstract, atonal

The Second Industrial RevolutionMiddle Class (bourgeoisie) continues to

expand

Rise of “white collar workers” (petite bourgeoisie)

Upper Middle Class Society

The Second Industrial RevolutionUrbanization continues late 19th century

Governments introduce urban planning

Women in Late Nineteenth Century EuropeStill considered property of husbands

and fathers

Educational opportunities finally available by late 1800s

Women in Late Nineteenth Century EuropeMiddle Class women

Cult of Domesticity

Middle class women begin to have fewer children

English Middle Class Women

Women in Late Nineteenth Century EuropeRise of Women’s movement

Women demand reforms in public health and working conditions

Women’s Suffrage Movement

Jews in Late Nineteenth Century EuropeDiscrimination against Jews for most of

European history “Emancipation”

Rise of Anti-Semitism

Zionist Movement

Zionist Movement Theodore Herzl,

founder of the Zionist movement

Discuss how the Industrial Revolution changed the social structure and political alignment of the West.

pre-industrialization, social order based on peasantry, aristocracy & the church

post – industrialization, aristocracy & church lose power

social status based on wealth liberals sought political power that went with

economic power of middle class (limited, constitutional government)

radicals & socialists want power extended to working class, extension of voting rights

all manipulated by conservative politicians often through nationalism.

Workers in Late Nineteenth Century EuropeWorkers demand better working

conditions

Workers gain voting rights throughout most of Europe

Reaction to MarxismMarxism spreads throughout Europe

International Working Men’s Association

Calls for government ownership of industries

Reaction to MarxismBritain

Unions become legal in 1880s

Fabian Society

Reaction to MarxismFrance

Marxism a great influence on French labor movements

French workers resorted to strikes

Reaction to MarxismGermany

Social Democratic Party

Bismarck considered Social Democrats a threat

Social legislation passed in 1883

German Socialists

Reaction to MarxismRussia

Industrialized much later than Western Europe

Absolute monarchy prevented necessary reforms

Rise of revolutionary movements

Russian Society

Reaction to MarxismLenin (1870-1924)

Original name Vladimir Ulyanov

Became leader of the Bolsheviks, a Marxist revolutionary group

Lenin

Reaction to MarxismRussia

Revolution of 1905

Government reforms

Revolution of 1905

Late 19th CenturyEuropean ThoughtScience becomes dominant in

European society

State becomes in charge of education

Chemistry Class, 1899

Late 19th Century European Thought Culture

Art

Literature

Music

Philosophy

Arearea, Paul Gauguin

Conclusion Industrialization continues to affect

European societyWomen begin to demand equal rightsGovernments react to Marxism in

different ways Industrialization affects European

culture