european metropolitan region rhein-ruhr within the …comprehensive urban studies no.71 2000...

Comprehensive Urban Studies NO.71 2000

“European Metropolitan Region Rhein-Ruhr" within the German and Europ切nCity System: Structures and Hierarchies in Context of Globalization

Wmfried Fluchter*

219

As a cultural entity -unity by variety -Europe geographically represents a nearly mosaic-Iike

spatial structure which is reflected on the city level， too (Fig. 1). With regard to European decision making processes the “European Metropolitan Region Rhein-Ruhr" is represented as a new con-

cept of regional policy framework in Germany introduced by the “Ministerkonferenz fur

Raumordnung" (Inter-Federal States' Ministers' Conference) 1995 and used in the

“Landesentwicklungsplan" (Federal State Development Plan) of the Bundesland Nordrhein-

Westfalen (Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia) in 1995.官山 conceptreflects the academic

discussion on me1ropolises， large町 bancenters and“European Me1ropolitan Regions" -against the

background of the German unification， the e百'ectsof the contin凶ngEuropean integration， the advancing globalization as well掛ー viceversa -the processes of regionalization and the crisis of

the traditional governance of the s阻te.

In context with these challenges this paper focusses on the significance and possibilities of

multicentric agglomeration areas tαk仰 αsα whole.It is argued that in a federalistic country like

Germany a multicentric agglomeration area challenged by transnationalization and globalization is

not per se handicapped but possibly could have be抗erchances if its specific cities are not under-

stood出 S加gleunits rather than部 acity-region complex characterized by hierarchization， sec-

toral-functional specialization， and sustainability (Blotevogel 1998).

1. Delimitation， Structure and Recent Development of the “European Metropolitan

Region Rhein・Ruhr"

“European Metropolitan Region Rhein-Ruhr" is understood as a nearly contiguous urban

agglomeration situated between Bonn in the South， Monchengladbach in the West， and Hamm in

出eNortheast (Fig. 2 and 3). The area部 awhole includes 11.1 million inhabitants in 20 cities1l and

10 neighboured counties. Among the five cities which have more than 500，000 inhabitants are Cologne/Koln (966，000)， Essen (615，000)， Dortmund (599，000)， Dusseldorf (571，000)， and Duisburg

(535，000). As for仕lespatial settlement and負mctionalstructure， the whole area can be subdivided into

three parts:

*Professor， Gerhard-Mercator University Duisburg， Germany， Institute of Geography

220 Comprehensive Urban Studies NO.71 2000

1. the Ruhr region (5.4 million inhabitants)， 2. the DusseldOIfregion (3.0 million inhabitants)，加d

3. the Cologne-Bonn region (2.7 million inhabitants).

百ledeveloprnent of出e“EuropeanMetropolitan Region Rheiu品Ihr"between 1980組 d1995

was positive (in tenns of nurnber of population) or stagnative (nurnber of employees)， respectively

(Fig. 4). However， within the three parts regions the developmentproved to be quite different.百le

Ruhr Region showed relative stagnation (in tenns of population) if not decrease (ernployees) as

against positive perforrnance of the Dusseldorf and particularly the Cologne-Bonn region.官出 is

also true with regard to sectoral changes. As for rn担ingand industry in the same period the R耐

lost around a third， the other two parts regions a qu紅 terof jobs. On the other hand， the service sector， especially producer services， increased remarkably in all parts regions. However， these results could compensate the loss of jobs only in the Dusseldorf and Cologne-Bonn regions， but not in the Ruhr.

A more sensible delimitation of the “European Metropolitan Region Rhein-Ruhr" is based on

the concept ofthejunctional city region' which includes the commuters' umland， taken together a

population of 11.7 million people in an area of 11，500 km2• With reg訂 dto these figures the Rhein-

R叫lf訂 earanks frrst not only in Gerrnany but just a little in企onteven of Paris and London whose

metropolitan regions based on a comparable delimitation each cover approximately 11.4 million

inhabitants， respectively (Fig. 5‘system of conurbations'; however， cf. Fig. 6‘system of single

cities'). Also in tenns of domestic national product， employment and unemployment the Rhein-Ruhr area shows similarly strong outcomes. However， concerning employees' sectoral perfor-rnance there are clear differences‘Despite of its impressive deindustrialisation， the Rhein-Ruhr area clearly shows a much higher share of people employed in the manufacturing industry (26.5 %，

1993) in relation to cornparable figures for London (14.9 %) and Paris (18.3 %) let alone the

Randstad Holland (13.7 %) and Brussels (13.4 %). Additionally， the significance of market services in the Rhein-Ruhr area is， though its remarkable increase， clear1y low when compared with 、

European top city regions. Though the sheer size of Rhein-Ruhr does not tell much of its metropoli司

tan functions， it has a surprisingly strong significance not only for the city system of Gerrna

2. The Status of the “European Metropolitan Region Rhein・Ruhr"within the Metropolitan

System of Germany

Regarding only those services which are most typical for metropolitan functions -like banks

and insurances， wholesale trade， producer services， science， research and development， mass media -the“European Metropolitan Region Rhein-Ruhr" proves to be by far由emost important

agglomeration area in Gerrnany (Fig. 7). Of course， this would not be位uewhen focussing on the

cities as single units. Then， Berlin， Hamburg， Cologne (Koln)， Munich (Munchen)， and Frankfurt would perforrn most prorninently. A quite similar ranking can be found with regard to the head-

quarter location of the 100 rnost irnportant global players in Gerrnany (Fig. 8). However， taking into

account the Rhein-Ruhr and other irnportant agglomerations and cities as“rnetropolitan regions"ー

日uchter:“EuropeanMetropolitan Region Rhein-R由 r"wi由民社leGerrrtan and European City System 221

including their functionally connected uITUand -the metropolitan system in Germany is lead by the

two multicentバcagglomeration areas 1. Rhein-Ruhr and 2. Rhein-Main -the latter国clud担gcities

like Frankfurt， Mainz， Wiesbaden -， followed by the monocentric metropolitan regions 3. Berlin， 4.

Hamburg， 5. Munich. This top group is followed by 6. the metropolitan region Stuttgart， which

again ranks quite ahead infront of the agglomeration areas of Hannover， Nuremberg (Numberg)， Leipzig-Halle， and Rhein-Neckar (Fig. 7η).

Both the cities as single units鎚 wella儲sthe whole metropolitan regions are cha町ra舵.ct胞er凶izedby a

di江ff，おer陀en凶1此ti泊at胞edj伊ob

iza瓜刷tiωon0ぱfthe Gemτ官na釘nmetropolitan regions it makes sense to focus not only on those services

which are typical for metropolitan functions but also on the quαlity of services， i.e. on those ser-

vices which represent a surplus of significance (“Bedeutungsuberschuss" a la ChristalleI""'. As a

result， this surplus of significance can be understood as a good indicator for higheγcentral-metro-

politan functions. With regard to this qualitative differentiation the functional focal points as well

as the functional deficits of each of the city regions become more clear. Fig. 7 shows that Berlinis

ve町 weakin terms of wholesale trade， banks， insurances and publishing business， but strong in

science and education錨 well槌加 artsand media. Similar functional gaps are typical for the two

East German city regions Leipzig幽Halleand Dresden. On the other hand， one can notice certain functional focal points of the metropolitan region Hamburg (in terms of wholesale trade， publish-

ing)， Rhein-Main (banking business)， Munich (technical advice，訂tsand media， publishing). As for

出e“EuropeanMetropolitan Region Rhein-Ruhr" the functional focal points are obvious: wholesale

trade ωぽ tic叫arly血 Dusseldorf)， insurance business (especially in Cologne， leg31 and economic

advisoryω訂tic叫訂Iyin Dusseldorf) -出 againstless represented functions like science and educa-

tion， technical advisory， and banking business. Despite the latter deficits， the “European

Metropolitan Region RheirトRuhr"proves to have a leading position among all metropolitan regions

inGermany.

3. The Status of the “European Metropolitan Region Rhein・Ruhr"within the Metropolitan

System of Europe

With regard to operating in and from Europe headquarters of仰 ternαtionαl0ゅαnizatio仰

(Palom紘i1997: 193) the role of the “European Metropolitan Region Rhein-Ruhr" is relatively

unirnportant. However， as far踊 theheadquarter location of the large compαnies ofthe mαnufiαc-

turing industries is concemed， it ranks third within the European top group after 1. London and 2.

Paris (Fig. 9， 10). This is true threefold in terms of number of enterprises， cumulated sales， or num-

ber of employees of the respective companies. Consequently， the “European Metropolitan Region Rhein-Ruhr" is， industrial-economically speaking， not only by far the largest focal point of Germany but also one uf the most important industrial帽economiccenters of Europe. However， with regard to

foγ'eign sales the degree of intemationalization of the‘global cities' London and Paris is significant-

ly higher than that of Rhe国-R叫rr(Fig. 11).

On the other hand， the distribution of headquarter locations of the 凶 gesttrade companies

shows -in terms of cumulated sales -a surprisingly outstanding significance of the Rhein-Ruhr

222 Comprehensive Urban Studies No.71 2000

region not only for Gennany， but also for Europe (Fig. 12). Both department-store and supennarket

business as well as trade enterprises -the latter partly developed 企omfonner mining companies -

are represented by large finns such as Aldi， Karstadt， Kaufhof， Metro， Rewe， Tengelmann，官tyssen

Handelsunion. It is really asto凶shing-and not yet enough reflected by the public， the mass media，

and even by the academic community -that the Rhein-Ruhr region known for its mining and manu-

facturing not only has a low industrial share which is less than the average of Gennany， but is pぽー

ticularly also the most important trade center of Europe -部 sucheven exceeding London and

Paris.

With regard to仰的nαtionalfiαirsαnd exhibitions (日g.13) the hierarchy is not so much

clear. In this respect Rhein-R吐lris the most important city region in Gennany， but less so much in

Europe when comparing competitors such as Paris， MilanolMailand，加dR加 ds阻.dHoll加 d.

The bαnk business renders the city region Frankfurt which overtook the historical heritage

from Berlin as the clearly leading center in Gennany. However，担theEuropean context it ranks by

far only second after the leading center London (日g.14). A5 for stock-exchange sales and stock

capital， Frankf・Urt，the absolute number One in Gennany， succeeded in ranking only slightly second

after London (Fig. 15). Within Gennany concentration processes， due to globalization effects， made

regional stock-exchange centers loose th位 significanceto Frankfu此

To sum up， the relationship between bank business and citys system can be generaliz付加

trends: the globalization of the economy improves the chances of the development of those city

regions which held already before a leading position in a specific functional sector. On the COn-

trary， cities and city regions ranking next profited less or not at all from globalization. Strategically

speaking， the cities of the European metropolitan regions are supposed to have a real chance for

development in the age of globalization by focussing on intra-urban strong networking rather th加

by acting exclusively as individuals (Blotevogel 1998: 52).

4. The Hierarchy of the European City System against the Background of the Global City

Approach and the Theory of Regulation

According to scholars like Manuel Castells et al.， typical for the spatical s位ucturein the post-

fordistic era are less and less the industrial agglomerations and the (national-) state related te凶 to-

ries rather than (global) cities and agglomerations being strongly interconnected with each other.

According to scholars like Stefan Kratke who did intensive research On the role of the city sys-

tem in Gennany from the point of view of the theory of regulation， in the era of post綱fordismnew

types of hierarchisation in the city system are obvious and can be characterized particularly by two

factors (Kratke 1995: 140ff.よ

1. the varying“control capαcity" of cities affiliated with headquarters of companies -such as multi-

location industrial enterprises， banks， insurances， high-ranking producer services like legal and

economic advisory，

2. the varying“pγ'Oduction structuγ'e" whose inter-sectoral netwoγ'king is， according to Kratke， more important than the sectoral structure itself.

When using the two varying factors as axe of a diagram， the result is a two明 dimensionalcity

日uchter:“EuropeanMetropolitan Region Rhein-Ruhr" wi仕unthe German and European City System 223

systemhier訂 chy(Fig. 16). Within the diagram three arrows mark the change ofposition of cities in

the era of post-fordism:

-the “rise" of city regions characterized by innovative production structures (e.g. Munchen)

-the“descent" of city regions related to fordistic production structures (e.g. Liverpool)

-the“marginalization" of cities affIliated with fordistic production structures -due to由edestruc-

tion of the former industrial basis (e.g. Bitterfeld， East Germany).

The theory of regulation may be criticized by good arguments. However， it opens new perspec-

tives for overcoming problems based on the traditional system of city and regional planning during

the era of fordism.

5. Evaluation of the ‘Pros' and ‘Contras' of European Monocentric Metropolises and

Multicentric Metropolitan Regions with Regard to 80th Functional Effectiveness and

Sustainability

‘Visions' of the spatial development of Europe were or are the “blue banana"(1980s) and the

“European champignon" (1990s)， respectively (Fig. 17)ーwhichboth can be regarded部 represen胞-

tive for a polarization model related to center-periphery disparities -veγ'Sus the “European grape"

(Fig. 18) -which is characterized by cityγ'egions and can be seen回 amodel for overcoming cen-

ter-periphery disparities. City regions are by some scholars declared as directive for the白turespa-

tial development of Europe both in terms of monocentric agglomerations -such as Paris， London， Warszaw仕掛 well田 ofmulticentric ones ・likeRhein-Ruhr， Rhein-Main， Randstad Holland， Lyon-Grenoble， Milano・Torino，Kopenhagen-Malmo， Wien-Bratislawa. These city regions are mutually to

be connected by a dense network of airlines and high speed tracks which are supposed to be very

important as economic impulses for the regions (Kunzmann and Wegener 1991: 291).

How much these suggestions stimulate the European discussion show the following state-

ments of the European Committee for Spatial Development which favours a leitbild characterized

by three parts interwoven wi出 eachother:

-a multicentric and，剖muchas possible， a bαlαnced system of city regions both for evoiding a too

heavy concentration on a few centers as well as for overcoming the marginalization of the periph-

ery， -a network of sustainable and efficient infrastructure for strengthening the keeping-together of the

EU，

・， a European 0叩pe印n-s叩pa配cesystem ('‘ F昨reiraumsy;拘st舵emぜ叫1γり')related to a v;訂tおet勿yoぱfprotection areas which

serve as a shelter for the naturalliving-base ('円‘τLeb加ens隠sgrun凶叫dlag酢eぜめ')

In仕由 contextand with respect to the “European Metropolitan Region Rhein-Ruhr" as a multi-

centric city region the following question appears to be not yet enough reflected by the scientific

community and worthwhile to be discussed:

h仕lemulticentric structure of a multicentric city region a la “European Metropolitan Region

Rhein-Ruhr" a serious handicap or， possibly， a particularly strong potential for development?

With regard to a multicentric structure the following points can be regarded as disαdvαntages

(Blotevogel 1998: 85):


-deficits in making full use of urbanization economies -synergy effects -due to the intraregional

spread of functions， this is p訂 tic叫町lytruefor

-a lack of top-level political decision幽makingbodies -in contra町 tonational capitals which can

provide better agglomeration economies related to personal (“face-to-face") relationship in the

sphere of business life， banking and other organizations of ve町 varyingcharacter， -deficits affiliated羽 ththe perception of a region部 aunity -be抗aself-perception or a perception

from outside， -deficits with regard to politico-administrative steering -because of politico-administrative split-

ting and strong inter-community competition，ーdeficitsrelated to a regional political public -due to a lack of regional mass media (radio， TV，

printing)， -deficits with regard to top achievements -because of splitting of ressources (e.g. many middle-

class theater rather ir凶teadofal町 gevariety of theaters阻dudingthose offering intemational top

niveau)，

ーaless strong potential for creating innovative milieus -because the professionals involved are

scattered over the whole region.

On the other hand， the following points are supposed to be strong strategicalαdvαntages for a

multicentric structure (Blotevogel1998: 85):

-less disadvantages with regard to crowding -when compared with monocentric agglomerations of

similar size，

時 lessbottle-necks related to infrastructure -such出 traffic，司 ashorter time for commuting as well as a spatially more satisちringcommuters' network -instead

of a radial pa抗embeing the reason for long distance commuting， -less bottle-necks with respect to demand for space -like that for industry and housing，喧 lesshigh land prices and rents particularly in the center of the cities and， consequent1y， a less

strong pressure related to the displacement of the inner-urban residential population，

ーlowercosts for living‘ particularly when compared with cities like London， Paris， or Munich，司 lessenvironmental pollution in comparison with a too strongagglomeration，

-a more favourable intra-regional mix of land use -with special regard to housing and open space，

-a combination of both -the fact that one's own city (‘Heimatstadt') is easily comprehensible and， consequent1y， offers good chances for local identification -as well as the large variety of opportu-

nities provided by the city region as a whole.

When evaluating the ‘pros' and ‘co

日首chter:“EuropeanMetropolitan Region Rhein品Ihr"within the Gennan and European City System 225

efficient use even of spatially scattered potentials.

Notes

1)‘Kreisfreie' Stadte， i.e. cities not attached with a county.

2) According to Blotevogel (1998: 73) this su:rplus is calculated by the multiplication of the total population

of the concemed city region wi出組interregionalconstant factor which represenお thebasic endowment

of centrality of a middle hierarchy.

References

Blotevogel， Hans Heinrich : Europaische Metropolregion Rhe泊-R吐rr;Theoretische， empirische田 ldpolitische

Perspektiven eines neuen raumordnungspolitischen Konzepts. Dortmund.， in Institut fur Landes-und

Stadtentwicklungsforschung des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen: ILS-Schriften 135， 1998. Bundesministerium fur Raumordnung， Bauwesen und Stadtebau: Raumordnung in Deutschland.

Siedlungssysteme， Umwelt， Raumentwicklung， Verkehr. Bonn: Bundesanstalt fur Landeskunde und Raumor也lung，1996.

Ehlers，日ckart: Zentren und Peripherien -Strukturen einer Geographie der Europaischen Integration.， in

Ehlers， Eckart (ed.): Deutschland und Europa; Historische， politische und geographische Aspekte， Bonn: Ferd. Dummler: ， in Festschri抗 zum51. Deutschen Geographentag Bonn : 1997149・171，“Europain einer

Welt im Wandel"， 1997. Kratke， Stefan : Stadt， Raum， Okonomie; Einfuhrung in aktuelle Problemfelder der Stadtokonomie und Wirtschaftsgeographie. Basel， Boston， Berlin.， in Birkhauser: Stadiforschung aktuell53， 1995.

Kunzmann， Klaus R. and Michael Wegener: The Pattem of Urbanization in Westem Europe.， in Ekistics 58， 282-291， 1991.

Palomaki， Mauri : The System of European Decision幽MakingCentres Revisited.， in Ehlers， Eckart (edよDeutschland und Europa; Historische， politische und geographische Aspekte， Bonn: Ferd. Dummler， in Festschrift zum 51. Deutschen Geographentag Bonn 1997:“Europa in einer Welt im Wandel"， 189-207， 1997.

Rebitzer， Dieter W. : Intemationale Steuerungszentralen; Die fuhrenden Stadte im System der Weltwirtschaft.

Numberg，加 Wirtschafts-und Sozialgeographisches Institut der Universitat: Nurnberger附 rtschafts-und

Sozialgeographische Aγbeiten 49， 1995.

226

Stadtesysteme im Vergleich

S釘ie吋dlωungss坑trul紋ct:ur1汀r

Bev白lkerungsdichte

口仙 nb凶凶e白町5

m羽刊lit仕tI抱e町r陀eVer叫di托chtung

E輯覇瑚蜘r帆知kver町r枇d由批帥lC出h凶

仁harakterisierungder Stadtregionen

Metropolregionen von internationaler Bedeutung

Metropolen und grose Stadte von nationaleγBedeutung

1-2.000 50口-1.000 200-500

Stadte von reョ;0間 lerBedeutung

。絞殺100-200 50-100 < 50

1.000 Einwohner

Quette: laufende Raurnbeobachtung der B札R

Comprehensive Urban Studies NO.71 2000

Source: Bundesministerium fur Raumor出mng，Bauwesen und Stadtebau 1996: 14

Fig.1 City Systems in Europe: Germany， France， United Kingdom

Fluchter:“European Metropolitan Region Rhein-Ruhr" wi由inthe Gennan and European City System 227

Europ品ischeMetropolregior¥

Poter¥tielle Europaische Metropolregion

Uberregional bedeutsame Verkehrskorridore

I?ie ausere Umgrenzung der Symbole stellt keine raumliche ~bgrenzung der Metropolregionen dar. Eine Zuordnung von Oberzent陪 nzu Metropolreoionen ist aus der stark schema-tisierten Darstellung nicht ableitbar.

盤 Oberzentrum

ロロ Oberzer¥trumin Funktionsteilung

Quelle: Bundesforschungs-anstalt fur Landeskunde und Raumplanung 1997

Entwurf der Arbeitsgruppe Europaische Metropolregionen derMfくRO

01OOkm

Flughafen (Zahlen von 1994):

国 Wenigerals 1 Mio. Fluggaste

困 1bis 5 Mio. Fluggaste

国 5bis 10 Mio. Flu鮒 ste

圃Mehrals 10 Mio問 a蜘

Kaltographie: H. Krahe

Source: Bunde渇forschungsstellefur Landeskunde und R加 mplanung1997， taken from Blotevogell998: 28

Fig.2“European Metropofitan Regions" in Germany according to“Ministerkonferenz fur Raumordnung" 1997


Source: Blotevogel 1998: 58

Siedlungskerne

抽出田詔= Autobahn

聞.田骨ー IC-/lR-Bahnhof

場⑧ Flugh掛 n

⑮ Ha俗nDuis同

E 附 sse

富山iv側 i出 /GHS

Kartographie: H. Krahe

Fig.3 Overview Map“European Metropolitan Region RheirトRuhr"

同首chter:“EuropeanMetropolitan Region Rhein-R吐lf"wi吐血仕leGerman and European City System 229

30km

Entwicklung der Einwohnerzahlen bis 1995 ()980 = 100)

(5-fach uberhoht) 110

105

100

Einwohner 1980 (1000) 5403

2917 529

95 1000 90 500

200 100 0

8ea巾eitung:H.H. 810t.倒 ogelQuelle: LDS Du田 eldorfKartographie、H.Krahe

Source: Landesamt fur Daten und Statistik Dusseldorf， taken from Blotevogel 1998: 59

Fig.4 Population Change in the “European Metropolitan Region Rhein・Ruhr"1980・95


D Source: Williams， T.R. 1984: 210

Urban areas

10 mill. inhabitants

ESmill. inhabitan箇

. ~ ，mi，lI: inhabitants .2 mill. inhabitants ・1mill. inhabitants

• 750，α)()-1 mill. inhabitants .竺Axisof major

--cities

o ~~ti.onal ， centres OT growth

Fig.5 Conurbations and Growth Regions in the European Union

日uchter:“EuropeanMetropolitan Region Rhein-Ruhr" wi血in出eGerman and European City System 231

む

IIG臼仙倣叫10励胸0油伽b加叩a

• Eu町1首lfO叩p脳 ch削 net紅加ro叩'polit伽a加neS削 t悦r陀e噌g伊仰Oωn即l惚en

d⑤砂 Nati杭副tiona叫la

• St悩語d批tena舵chg伊eoωrd也n児et舵erR乱加ngka:抗te暗gorien(Auswa1吐の〕

Source: Kratke 1995: 143

Fig.6 The City System in Europe

⑤

.50.0 時間


100 km -

Sozialversicherungspflichtig Beschaトtigte in unlernehrn号nsorientiertenDienstleistungen (Uberschu日)150000 一一一一一一一一つ~一、\

100000一一一一ヂー?ー¥ ¥

50000ー←一一-+，ムーフFー¥ 1

250口 D 一一一ーーギ十チゥ~ ¥ 11 15000ー{一一寸ヤ十プケ「¥I1/

。一一一一一一一三.......，.

8eschäftígten~Überschuß = Beschaftigte gesamt abzuglトcheines gesct:Jatzten Beschaftigtenanteifs fur die mittelzentrale Selbstverso唱ung

Anteile der Brョnchen(12 Agglomerationen ge，回 mり

Vertagswesen

Kunst，

Share of selected economic sectors:

DieD回g阻mmfl晶cl1~n en恒prechendem Beschaftigten-Uberschus In unternehmensorientierten Diensトleistungen、

Die Winkel der Kreissektoren zeiosn den Anteit der Branchen an der Ge.

1 zeigen die Radien der Sekioren die uber-bz:w. unterproportionafe Aus-pragung ~.er einzelnen Branchen in den-jeweiligen Agglomer副ionen

Bea巾eitung:H.H. Blotevogel; Kartogげ"aphie:H. Krahe

Groshandel=wholesale trade， Kreditinstitute=banks， Versicherungen=insurances， Rechts守

und Wirtschaftsberatung=legal and economic advisory， Technische Beratung=technical

advice， Sonstige=other， Wissenschaft und Bildung=Science and education， Kunst， Medien=fine arts， media， VerIagswesen=publishing

Source: BIotevogel1998: 75

Fig.7 City/Metropolitan Regions in Germany 1995・Employeesin Selected Economic Sectors as an

Indicator for higher-central Metropolitan Functions

日uchter:“EuropeanMetropolitan Region Rhein-R凶官"wi仕linthe German and European City System 233

FミegionalerAnteil der Besch議爽igtenan

allen Beschゑ筏igtender grosten Global Player in % • Hauptsitz eines Global Player

bis unter 0.5

機 0.5 bis訓 er 2.5

騒 2.5 und 州 1r

Quelle:Vero宵'entlichungaus・DieZeit'

Source: Bundesamt fur Bauwesen und Raumordnung: Informationen aus der Forschung des BBR， Nr. 3/Juli 1999:5

Fig.8 Headquarter Locations of the 100 Most Important Global Players in Germany


• Sitz einer Firma der .，Global Fortune 500".Produktionsunlernehmen im Jahre 1993 Untemehmen m託zweiFirmensitzen werden beiden Standorten je zur Halfte zuge聞 chnet

Source: Rebitzer 1995: 137， taken企omBlotevogel1998: 77

QueUe: D.W. Rebitzer: Intemationale Steuerungszentrafen. Oie 1uhrenden Stadte im Svstem der Weltwirtschaft Nurnber百1995，S. 137


Fig.9 Headquarter Locations of the “Global Fortune 500" Companies of the Manufacturing Industries in

Western Europe 1993・Numberof Enterprises

日uchter:“EuropeanMetropolitan Region Rhein-Ruhr" within the Genn3l¥ and European City System 235

05OOkm ""

わ刷

wJ

A. Amhe材nE. Eindhoven F. Friedrichshafen H. Heerlen O. Oberkochen

%

Kumulier!e 347 Umsatzsumme

UI93 200

(Mrd. US$) 1∞ 50 20

nz1553

Untemehmen mit zwei Firmensitzen werden beiden Standorten je zurH晶Iftezugerechnet

Quelle: D.W. Rebitzer: In抱mationale!?t~uerung~担ntralen. Die fuhrenden Stadte im Svs¥酎nder Weltwirtschaft Nurnberg 1995， S. 141


Source: Rebitzer 1995: 141， taken from Blotevogell998: 78

Fig.10 Headquarter Locations of the “Global Fortune 500" Companies of the Manufacturing Industries in

Western Europe 1993・ CumulatedSales

Anteil an den kumulierten Umsatzen 1993 (%)

20

10

• Falun

.Rhein・Ruhr

• Munchen

Frankfurt・Randstad

Stuttgart .・Holland

Wolfsburg・Basel. ・・Turin ・Stockholm Zurich

.Vevey

• Eindhoven

• Mailand

• Clermont-Ferrand

0，3 10

Anmerkung: logarithmische Skalierung n(x) = 50， n(y) = 155

20

Anteil an den kumulierten Auslandsumsatzen 1993

(%)

Quelle: D. W. Rebitzer: Internationale Steuerungszentralen. Die !uhrenden Stadte im System der Weltwirtschaft. Nurnberg 1995， S. 140

Source: Rebitzer 1995: 140， taken from Blotevogell99S: 79

Fig.11 Share of Cumulated Sales (y-axis) and of Cumulated Foreign Sales (x-axis) of the “Global Fortune 500" Manufacturing Companies

in the City Regions in Western Europe 1993

Nω

。

。。ョ官。ZE守巾早

σggagz。・4H

NCCC

Fluchter:“European Metropolitan Region Rhein-Ruhr" wi血inthe German and European City System 237

0 5OOkm 伊。

ku 耐

WJ

o <) co

lくumulier!e 166 Bilanzsumme

1993 89 (Mrd. US$) 50

20 8

@ … r汗市判F円附i川一mmehr als e酎1削nerF円ir附昨1閣aamj戸ewe剖iI自igenStandor仕t

Quelle: O.w. Reb担 er:InternationaJe Steuerungszentralen. pi.e tuhrende!1 S惜dteim-Svstem der Weltwirtschaft Nurnberg 1995， S. 168

Ka同09阻 ph階、 H.Kr晶he

n = 33

Source: Rebitzer 1995: 168， taken from Blotevogel1998: 80

Fig.12 Headquarter Locations of the Largest Trade Companies -Cumulated Sales

238 Cornprehensive Urban Studies No.71 2000

05OOk川 ""

丸U

。awg

ず

。も

Anzahl der 79 Veranstaltunaen

1993 40 20 10

n = 705 0

QυeUe: O.W， Rebitzer: Internationale Steu官 ungszentralen.Die fuhrenden S給品eim Svstem der Wel加 irtschaftNumberg 1995， S. 177

Ka門ographie:H. Krahe


Fig.13 International Fairs and Exhibitions in the City/Metropolitan Regions in Western Europe 1993

Fluchter:“European Metropolitan Region Rhein-Ruhr" within出eGennan and European City System 239

Anzahl der 183 Auslandsoanken

(1992)

"" 0 5∞相官

ι一)

械、電

0 . 。、

、

50

鱒 Finan官l晶tze，fOr die keine Daten vorliegen

Quelle: D.w， Rebitz町、 InternationaleSteuerung~zent悶len. Die tuhrender市S泊dteim-Svstem der Weltwirtschaft Numberg 1995， S， 150

Ka同ographie:H， Krahe 20 Zweigstellen _議総 Tochterbankenn ~280 唖圃量日韓欝襲撃 n =203

KJU45《》。doo

m仏B

2 n

Source: Rebitzer 1995: 1切， taken from Blotevogell998: 82

Fig.14 Subsidiary Companies and Branch Offices of the Non-European Bank Business in Western Europe

1992


05OOkm 。。

ιvu ~.

eMad'id

。0""

q、Umsatze mit Aktien 572

1993 (Mrd. E)

10

0

Herkunft der Wertpapiere

Ausland輪Inland

Quelle: D.W. Rebitzer: Intemationale Steuerungszentralen. Die tuhrenden 81邑d悼 imSystem der Weltwir悟chaftNurnberg 1995， S. 159


250

100


Fig.15 Stock-exchange Sales and Origin of Securities at Leading Stock Exchanges

F1uchter:“European Metropolitan Region Rhein-Ruhr" wi出intheGerman and European City System 241

¥C叩仰¥山叫間円 ¥S市。町伽¥¥tdun目e、Concentration of Concentration of Lackof

innovative traditional industrial

production prl口duction 伺 pacities

structures structures

Concentr百tionof Type 1 international >>global cities{(

∞ntrol and官nance

capacities

Concentration of Type 2a Type 2b

Europe-wide European European

∞ntrol and finance metropolitan metropolitan

capacities city regions city regions

1 Con飽 ntrationof Type 3a Type 3b Metropolises

∞ntrol and finanω Cities of Cities of m

capacities of national national national developing

importance importance importan僧 ∞untries

Lack of Type4 Type6

concentration of Citieswith Citieswith 寸..Marginalized

important ∞ntrol and innovative Fordist cities

百nancecapacities production production

structures structures

Source: Kratke 1995: 141， re吐sedby and taken from Blotevogell998: 47

Fig.16 Two-dimensional Hierarchy of City Systems

感機Europaisches Wirtschaftszenlrum

Blaue Banane = industrielles Kernland vor der Offnung Osteuropas

Europ盆ischerChampignon = zentrale Wachstumsgebiete nach Wegfall des "Eisernen Vorhangs"

。_____!5pOi<m

Source: Hauff and Kreft-Kettermann 1996

Fig.17 Visions' of the Spatial Structure and Spatial Development in Europe: the “Blue Banana" (1980s) and

the “European Champignon" (1990s)


The European grape

is仕leappropriate fruity image ofthe European Urban System，

not the (blue) banana

Source: Kunzmann and Wegener 1991， taken from Ehlers 1997: 165

Fig.18 The “European grape": City Regions as a Vision for the Spatial Development of the Future of Europe

european metropolitan region rhein-ruhr within the …comprehensive urban studies no.71 2000...

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