European European ExplorationExploration

Earlier ExplorersEarlier Explorers• Marco Polo

– his journey through Asia lasted 24 years– he became a favorite of Kublai Khan – Polo traveled all through China and returned to tell the tale,

which became the greatest story

• Zheng He– he sailed from China to many places in seven voyages from

1405 to 1433, – each expedition was an enormous undertaking.– also included at times were Muslim religious leaders and

Buddhist monks

Zheng HeMarco Polo

Motives for ExplorationMotives for Exploration

• curiosity• refugees & missionaries• $$$$$• technology-abled• fame and fortune • adventure

The Portuguese The Portuguese ConnectionConnection

• Prince Henry, the Navigator- established a school for sailors- focused on navigation, mapmaking, and shipbuilding- enabled sailors to better guide their ships and to come up with new ship designs

Map of African coast discovered by expeditions sponsored by Prince Henry

Courtesy of: http://library.thinkquest.org/J002678F/prince_henry_the_navigator.htm

Portuguese ExplorersPortuguese Explorers

• Bartolomeo Dias – explored Africa’s Bartolomeo Dias – explored Africa’s coastscoasts

• Vasco da Gama – discovered ocean route Vasco da Gama – discovered ocean route to Indian Oceanto Indian Ocean

• Admiral Alfonso de Albuquerque – sailed Admiral Alfonso de Albuquerque – sailed to the Spice Islands (Moluccas)to the Spice Islands (Moluccas)

Christopher ColumbusChristopher Columbus

Columbus’ VoyagesColumbus’ Voyages

• led the way for exploration, led the way for exploration, exploitation, and colonization of exploitation, and colonization of the Americasthe Americas

•He is normally referred to as the He is normally referred to as the “discoverer” of the New World “discoverer” of the New World

•Columbus is considered most Columbus is considered most importantimportant

Other Voyages of Other Voyages of ExplorationExploration

Other ExplorersOther Explorers

• Ferdinand Magellan – Ferdinand Magellan – led the first expedition led the first expedition that sailed around the that sailed around the globeglobe

Amerigo Vespucci– Columbus may have Columbus may have

found the New found the New World, but Vespucci World, but Vespucci was the one who was the one who realized that it was realized that it was indeed a New Worldindeed a New World

So, how did we get So, how did we get our name? Did our name? Did Vespucci name it Vespucci name it after himself?after himself?

PIRATES

Dead Men Tell No Tales!

•Courtesy of Kimberley Warrick

The Golden Age of Piracy Mid 18th century to early 19th century Many were not villainous There were, however, several who

were cutthroat, vile, greedy, horrible people!

The Infamous Pirate Hangouts ~ Port Royal and Tortuga

The buccaneers helped England secure Jamaica as it’s own, about 1662.

The first governor was empowered to issue privateering commissions

this place became known as the “wickedest city in the world.”

Port Royal and Tortuga Tortuga was uninhabited in

the 1600’s, but Spain claimed ownership since it was near Hispaniola (Haiti).

In 1630, some English buccaneers settled this place

This little island became the scene of the most drunken and depraved behavior known at the time. And the pirates loved it!

Tortuga

Famous Pirates Blackbeard Calico Jack Anne Bonny Grace O’Malley Henry Morgan Black Bellamy Bartholomew Roberts

Female Pirates Many women entered a life

at sea for many reasons The life of a pirate or

merchantman offered a lot Anne Bonny and Mary

Read are the most infamous female pirates. They sailed with Calico Jack Rackham.

The Jamestown Connection Captain Christopher

Newport, commanded the ship the Susan Constant to Jamestown.

Commissioned by England to fight the Spanish

The Lost Colony (Roanoke) was supposed to be a privateering base for England.

The Jamestown Connection Bartholomew Gosnold was

also a privateer raiding Spanish ships for England.

formed the Virginia Company and sailed with the others to Jamestown.

Jefferson & the Barbary Pirates

The Barbary Coast (Northern African nations) was home to several companies of pirates.

In the 17th and 18th centuries, the British and French paid tribute to these pirates for safe passage through the Mediterranean Sea.

After the Revolution, America had to be responsible for the safety of her naval enterprises.

In 1784, Congress decided to allocate money to pay tribute to these pirates.

The Barbary Wars Jefferson argued that

conceding the ransom would only encourage more attacks.

The U.S. paid Algiers the ransom

1801, Jefferson became president and stopped payments

Barbary States declared war on the United States

1804, 1st Barbary War ended after U.S. Marines launched an attack on Tripoli and freed hostages

The Barbary Wars In 1801, Jefferson became President. The Barbary States

issued a demand for tribute from the new administration. Jefferson refused; the States declared war on America. Several frigates were sent to the North African coast on the

Mediterranean Sea where they were victorious over Algiers and Tunis, seizing all the “vessels and goods” of the leaders of the States.

Tripoli continued its fight against America, and subsequently, the American navy set up and maintained a blockade of the Barbary ports and executed a campaign of raids and attacks against the city’s fleets.

In 1803, the Tripoli fleet captured the USS Philadelphia and took the captain and the crew hostage.

In February 1804, the US Marines with help from several Greek, Arab, and Berber mercenaries launched an attack on Tripoli freeing the hostages, and ending the First Barbary War.

A Pirate’s PowerPoint With a partner, you will create a pirate’s

powerpoint Please sign up for your pirate so we don’t have

duplicates!

The powerpoint is due at the beginning of class on Thursday – it should be absolutely no longer than 5 minutes

Please refer to your handout for specific information to include in your presentation

Europe and the Americas

The Spanish Conquest

Courtesy: Susan M. Pojer, Horace Greeley HSCourtesy: Susan M. Pojer, Horace Greeley HS

The Aztecs

Hernán CortésHernán CortésHernán CortésHernán Cortés Moctezuma IIMoctezuma IIMoctezuma IIMoctezuma II

vsvs..

vsvs..

Francisco Francisco PizarroPizarro

AtahualpaAtahualpa

vsvs..

The Incas

The “Columbian The “Columbian Exchange”Exchange”

The “Columbian The “Columbian Exchange”Exchange” Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet

Potatoes

Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine

Cocoa Pineapple

Cassava POTATO

Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE

Syphilis

Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice

Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley

Grape Peach SUGAR CANE

Oats

Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE

Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox

Flu Typhus Measles Malaria

Diptheria Whooping Cough

Trinkets

Liquor

GUNS

Cycle of Conquest & Cycle of Conquest & ColonizationColonization

Cycle of Conquest & Cycle of Conquest & ColonizationColonization

Explorers Conquistadores

Mission

arie

s

PermanentSettlers

OfficialEuropeanColony!

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trans-Atlantic Slave TradeTrade

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trans-Atlantic Slave TradeTrade

The Colonial Class The Colonial Class SystemSystem

The Colonial Class The Colonial Class SystemSystem

PeninsularPeninsulareses CreolesCreoles

MestizoMestizoss

MulattMulattosos

Native IndiansNative Indians Black SlavesBlack Slaves

European Empires in the European Empires in the AmericasAmericas

European Empires in the European Empires in the AmericasAmericas

The Pope’s Line of The Pope’s Line of Demarcation, 1493 & Demarcation, 1493 &

The Treaty of Tordesillas, The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 1494

The Pope’s Line of The Pope’s Line of Demarcation, 1493 & Demarcation, 1493 &

The Treaty of Tordesillas, The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 1494 * Spain and Portugal start to argue

over who gets what land* Pope Alexander VI decides to draw an imaginary line called the Line of Demarcation* Portugal received all the land to the east of it, Spain received all the land to the west

•Portugal is unhappy with the arrangement so Spain agrees to move the line 800 miles west (the Treaty of Tordesillas); this goes through Brazil today

The Pope’s Line of The Pope’s Line of Demarcation, 1493 & Demarcation, 1493 &

The Treaty of Tordesillas, The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 1494

The Pope’s Line of The Pope’s Line of Demarcation, 1493 & Demarcation, 1493 &

The Treaty of Tordesillas, The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 1494

The Pope’s Line of The Pope’s Line of Demarcation, 1493 & Demarcation, 1493 &

The Treaty of Tordesillas, The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 1494

The Pope’s Line of The Pope’s Line of Demarcation, 1493 & Demarcation, 1493 &

The Treaty of Tordesillas, The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 1494

New Colonial RivalsNew Colonial RivalsNew Colonial RivalsNew Colonial Rivals

New Patterns of World New Patterns of World TradeTrade

New Patterns of World New Patterns of World TradeTrade

The Slave TradeThe Slave TradeThe Slave TradeThe Slave Trade1. Existed in Africa before the

coming of the Europeans

2. First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518

3. Portuguese

sugar plantations

More than one million enslaved Africans exported to Brazil

4. Between 16c & 19c, about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas

Slave ShipSlave ShipSlave ShipSlave Ship

““Middle Passage”Middle Passage”

““Coffin” Position Coffin” Position Below DeckBelow Deck

““Coffin” Position Coffin” Position Below DeckBelow Deck

African CaptivesAfrican CaptivesThrown OverboardThrown OverboardAfrican CaptivesAfrican Captives

Thrown OverboardThrown Overboard

Impact of European Impact of European ExpansionExpansion

Impact of European Impact of European ExpansionExpansion

1. Native populations ravaged by disease.

2. Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate.

3. New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”].

4. Deepened colonial rivalries.