europe union and trade policy

8/2/2019 Europe Union and Trade Policy

1/38

january 2010

A Modern TrAde

Policy for The

euroPeAn union

a repot to the ne EopeCommissio d Plimet omthe Eu Tde Polic Std Gop


2/38

2

Trade Policy STudy GrouP

Membes o the Eu Tde Polic Std Gop

ek BagChim o the Eu Tde Polic Std GopSeio Vice Pesidet, SEB.

ha casDiecto, Eope Govemet aisBP Plc

esa Kasta

Diecto, Tde Policnoi Copotio

Mats hmbgVice Pesidet, Itetiol LiisoaBB

las Ga JassSeio Vice PesidetElectol

r MamaDiecto, Govemet aisnie EMEa

hbt obsDiecto, Ecoomics d Itetiol reltiosnestl

u PssVice Pesidet, Govemet aisEicsso

hg PDiecto, Etel Tde & Podct Itegit

Eli Lill & Comp

Stv StatDiecto, Pblic aisIBM


3/38

3


PrefAce

The new European cmmssn n th nw epn Pmnt w f fw hngs

n th nxt v s tht s mptnt n ntng s sstnng th pn w n-

m n nsng th sppt f t. Sppt f t bstn hs bn ttng

n th pst s. rfms mng t pn nms p t gb mpttn hv bn

snt n th nw Mnnm. Th mgnnt wv f t fms sttng n th 1980s sw wn nsb n th 21st nt. Wh th 1990s ws mkb

f t p wth sv mj hvmnts sh s th ug rn, th

Sng Mkt f th epn unn, th Nth-am F T a (NaFTa), th

z-tff gmnt n t n icT gs (iTa) th st s f th 21st nt hv

bn st . Th hv h bn n sgnnt t fms t . cnts

hv th bm fnsv n nxs. Pt shp f t bstn hs

bn bsnt f mn s nw.

Sn Sptmb 2008 n th stt f th nn ss, th tn tws p gb

ntgtn hs bn vs. Th w hs -gbs f th st tm sn th n

f th Sn W W. Fs v nw Gt dpssn sf n t 2008 s thw nm ntt shp, bt ths fs nv mts nt dpssn-st

pts. Th hs nt bn p f th nxs tt-f-tt pttnsm tht pg th

1930s. aft th W Stt csh n 1929, n ss f bnk pss n th 1930s,

gvnmnts smb t bgg-th-nghb ps: w tff pttnsm n

mpttv n vtns. Th nm mt gw ntnst. W knw

th hs tht fw.

it s mftng tht pt s t hv nt pt th mstks f th 1930s. yt

th bsn f bsm nm ntnsm s n fg f th png pttnsm

tht hs gwn ng ths ss. T mn gvnmnts hv t wth pttnst ms-

s n th vn bf tht sh mss sw wn nm nttn f n n-

v nm t tm whn th nt w nm ws fng. Bt ths mss,

ptb, nt sw wn nttn; th n png th pn f vn.

unwnng pttnst mss n stng gwth n th gb nm sh b th

pm fs nw f epn t p. Fw gns n th w hv s gt stk n

gb t s ep. it s n nt tht th st f th w ks t ep f -

shp n gb mm p. T ftn, hwv, th nt gt spns. epn

s hv t ftn bn p wth ntn sqbbs tht hv nstn e-

ps bt t . instttn, ep s nw n mh btt pstn t n t

p nw tht th lsbn Tt hs bn t. Th qstn, hwv, s: wht st f

shp sh ep ff?

Th epn T P St Gp ws fm t ff psptvs n eu t p

t tm whn epn n gb t p n thghtf shp. Mmbs f ths

gp m fm gb bsnss wth sgnnt ptn n nvstmnt n ep. Th

hv f ng tm bn s bsvs f epn n gb t p. Sm f thm

wk f ms tht w bn n ep; ths f ms tht w bn ts ep.

Sh stntns m st mtt t sm, bt nt t gb bsnss wth psn ss

th gb. Th w s nt t, bt mn bsnss hs gbs t sh g tht fw

mpns t n n psspt n hv n ntn ntt. Gbstn

hs bn f , n t hs fft th w n gb m pts. Wh mtntns

fw s g thnk f thmsvs n nw ggph tms, ths s smp n


4/38

4


ng pssb. Th npt f sng hm mkt sv f mpn wh t

bs ts pts n mkt sttgs bf th nh gb s n pssb

f th mpn tht hs t g t f bsnss. Mn shp, n pts s w

s bsnss, n n b sssf f t bs n ths nsght.

Ths pt f th epn T P St Gp ffs mphnsv nt ft p t n sttgs f th ft. Ths hv nt bn s tsks. Gb t

s v m mpt, nvvng n nw nm pws s w s n nw

t bs. cstsng th k sttg pts t f th mn ntsts n vws

tht shp eu t p s t ff. yt t nnt b v. lshp s bt

nng sttgs tht nghtn, mtvt n g pmks n tzns. T

ftn n nt t p, ths sttgs hv bn mssng. unspsng, sts hv

bn bsnt, t. eps t p shp f th nxt v s t hm n b

sh m t vs th tn f t p n n.

1. The GloBAliSATion of BuSineSS

The European Union s th bggst tng ntt n th w. evn f ntn epn

t s snt tht s, t btwn mmbs f th epn unn eps t

wth th w xs th t f chn n th unt Stts, sptv. Th eu hs

n ths pstn thgh sssv ns f ngmnts, n pgssv bs-

tn f t.

Hwv, ep w nt b t th tp f th g nss t h tw-nt bs-

nsss tht hv sz th pptnts t b fw n sm bs t ss-

b xhng. Ths pptnts hv bn sz n ffnt fms: ms nng nw

stms b; ms nng btt ws t p b; ms nnvtng f th g-

b mkt; ms nng btt spps t mpt fm b; n ms tht n ep

bg n psps mkt t pntt. in th w f mnftng, th n fw

sm pkts tht mn nth b gbstn. in eps gt n svs

sts, hwv, th st nsb bs t ss-b xhng. it sh

nt m s sps tht th sgnnt ns n nm tht mst pts f ep hv

xpn s nsqn f gbstn n, t g xtnt, b ttbt t fng

sw nsng nsm ps f mnft gs n nt ps f svs

gt p. in th ws, nsms gt m bng f th bk.

Ths s mptnt sp s t s ftn ngt n th p bt. eps gwth n

nt s hs t nsb xtnt bn vn b wht hs bn Smthn

gwth (ft am Smth) tht s, gwth sp b ns spstn thgh

ss-b xhng. enmsts ftn pnt t nth s f gwth Shmp-tn gwth (ft Jsph Shmpt): gwth tmn b nnvtn. Th s n

nt btwn ths tw shs f gwth. Bth ssnt t gwth. an t -

mns th nt vh f ssmntn f nw nnvtns. yt, s mtt f nt-

stntn, nts tn t m n n ft thn nth n th gwth. an

gwth n ep hs m n Smthn gwth thn, f xmp, th unt Stts

wh Shmptn gwth nnvtn n tv sttn hs f ng bn

mnnt ft f gwth.


5/38

5


chArT 1: A decAde of rAPid TrAde exPAnSion: ToTAl eu TrAde (in Mn eur)

Source: Eurostat; own calculations

Ths p f epn gwth sh sp b nt b pmks n shs

tht bv th s nt btwn bs pn t ss-b xhng n wht hs

bn th epn s m. ov th pst tw s, ep hs h sw

ptvt gwth thn th unt Stts n mn th vp gns. Th tx bs

hs gwn sw n n mn nts bn nb t kp tk wth nm st ntn

n pb xpnts. cnsqnt, th stn f pb svs hs tt.

Mv, nmn wg gwth hs nt bn hgh n mpsn wth th s

nts. dspt ths vpmnt, hwv, mst pp n ep hv xpn sgnnt ns n nm n phsng pw. Ths ns, hgh thn n p-

s f fst gwth f nmn nm, s t nsb g t Smthn gwth

n th bnts fm t. Sm, th ns n ptvt tht ep hs wtnss

s t g xtnt tmn b th ffts f spstn n ss-b t. Wth-

t th bnts fm t n spstn n pst s, vng stns w nt

hv sn s mh s th hv n f fm t n epn gwth w hv fn

vn fth bhn gwth n th vp gns.

it s sntng t wtnss hw mn pmks, n ep n swh, hv bn

pn t sh t th s f t ts n bm gbstn f sts f pbms n

st. Nt n sh vws gnng th nm hst f ep, bt th s s

n nxt n st v gbstn tht smp s nt wnt. Sts whth

pn s hv ws f hngs t ns pspt n wf. Th h-

ng f th ptv st t mn mpttv s bgg n pn nms thn n

s. Bt ths s h pbm; mpttv psss mk th nm m stb,

t m jbs, n ns pptnts f pp n fshn tht s nms

n nv .

Mv, sh vws ftn sp pnf gnn bt hw th mn nm

n mn mpns wk. at th ht s th bf tht mpn n psp, mp

m pp n nt, n p m n ntn txs f th sh fm fgn

mpttn. Tht gmnt ws nv nts g, bt t s vn m s n


6/38

6


mn w f fgmnt n gbs spp hns. F mst gs svs tht

th vg epn mpn nsm bs t, t s smp mpssb t t ts

ntnt. Th spp hn f n mpn hs gwn nsng sphstt. oftn t

nvvs mn nts n sv hn spps.

eq mptnt, t s nt f pt ntst fm th vwpnt f nms t nf th n pt hs bn m n ep, th unt Stts, chn swh. F th

smp sn tht t ss v tt bt wht v f th ptn tht s, hw mh

GdP s t t n n nm. Fthm, n n ssmb-nt nm

wth mpnnts mng fm mn th nts thn th nt f ssmb, th t

gsttn f th n pts n t n pt f th st.

Tk th xmp f n P. Th vg nsm bs n P tht s m n chn.

T sttsts w t sm st: n P s xpt fm chn t th nts.

Bt ths s smpst st tht ngts k fts. Fst, f pt k n P, wth 451

mpnnts tht ght n hp t t, th n ssmb s bs n mpt

mpnnts fm mn nts. Sn, ptn n ssmb f mpnnts s n

n pt f th ptn; pt vpmnt, mktng n t q mptntfm th vwpnt f GdP. in t- vm tms, n P s ns pt f chn.

in GdP tms, hwv, t s nt. on fw pnt f th p f n P n b ttbt

b chns v . 1

Box 1: The frAGMenTATion And GloBAliSATion of SuPPly chAinS

as lte s the lte 1980s, telephoe i Eope s bilt om the st to the lst com-poet i oe cto. Compe tht ith the highl gmeted sppl chi o modemobile phoe. The Fiish comp noi hs bee estimted to hdle moe th 100billio compoets eve e. I 2006 its plts podced od 900,000 mobile pho-es d hdled od 275 millio compoets eve d. Most o these compoetse poced om othe compies, d impoted to the coties hee noi hs lo-cted its ctoies. a lo estimte is tht hl o the mbe o compoets sed to bild mobile phoe hs cossed bode. Fom oe telephoe to 100 billio compoets iless th to decdes this is the sto o mode globlistio.2

Oe m thi tht mode ICT podct ith m light compoets is etemeemple o sppl chi gmettio. It is ot. Te the emple o chis. Thechis podce Hsqv soces its compoets om 250 spplies om moeth 30 coties. Eve chis is bilt o 150 dieet compoets d it is estim-ted tht eve chis hs compoets tht hve, i ggegte, cossed bodes 80times beoe the chis is ssembled i Hsqv cto.

I this old o sppl-chi itegtio, ho is it possible to detemie the tioloigi o podct? The se is simple: it is impossible. Moeove, it is meiglesseecise d polic tht is bsed o tiol oigi o locl-cotet eqiemets ill do

little, bt peseve competitive stctes o podctio.

Te the emple o the c scppig scheme i the uited Sttes. Ol cs om limi-ted mbe o podces (Chsle, Fod d Geel Motos) qlied o the csh-o-cles sbsid. Othe podces ee discimited gist becse the uS gove-met imed to sppot ameic podctio to stee cosmes to b ameic. Theol sg s tht the eligible bds podce cosideble pts o thei cs bodhile m oeig podces hve ctoies i the uited Sttes. Oe cold ot s i thepodctio o GM c eqied moe ameic oes th, s, Gem o jpesec sold o the uS met. I ct, Chsles jeep Ptiot hs despite its me lessameic cotet tht Toots ivl Seqoi. Foeig c podces emploed lmost403,000 oes i the uS i 2008. Toot bilt i 2008 1.66 millio cs i the uS. 3Polic sch s this is dmetll t odds ith the elities o globl bsiess.


7/38

7


Box 2: VAlue Added in euroPeS Shoe ProducTion: cASe STudy ofThe effecTS of TAriffS

The most mos shoe bd i the old, nie, is dvced se o sppl-chigloblistio d mch o its sccess hs bee eplied b its sppl-chi stcte.I ct, oe cold s tht nie tod is moe o globl spots iovtio d esech

comp th it is shoe podce. B otsocig the podctio o ll o its shoes tom hdeds o spplies coss the old i its vitl sppl chi, nie hs coce-tted its o st to developig peomce techolog d mteils, podct desigd metig.

nie is ot loe. all ledig shoe podces i Eope hve otsoced thei podctiod diected locl st i Eope tods r&D d metig. B gmetig the spplchis, these ms hve bee ble to climb the vle-dded chi d cotibte ithmoe ggegted vle dded lso i Eope. I ct, it ts ot tht otsocig o po-dctio hs bee istmetl i icesig the ggegted vle dded i Eope. Thtis, Eope old ot hve climbed the vle-dded chi i shoes less its podceshd otsoced lo-silled pts o the podctio to othe coties. Moeove, heEope slps dditiol dties o impoted shoes om bds ith podctio i Eope,it is htig vle dded i Eope moe th it hts vle dded i the epotig cot

d it is lso pelizig Eope cosmes. Eve lo-cost shoes mde b Eopebds bod hve highe she o thei vle dded i Eope th i, s, Chi dVietm, to tpicl epotes o shoes.4

Ths m sn s n m pnt f tt vn t p. Bt t s f vn t

p n ft, t gs t th ht f mbtns n ffts t hv hgh, smt n m

qtb gwth n ep. an t s bst nt f nn wh wnts t nstn

th f t f nt tht wnts t mb th v- hn th mv t m

hgh-png n hgh-ng ptn. Pt smp, wtht t n wtht gw-

ng mpt f gs fm nts wth w b sts t w b mpssb f

ep t xpn ts wth n mv hgh p n th v- hn.

Ths s th xpntn bhn th fgmnttn n gbstn f spp hns tht w

hv sn n th pst tw s; t hs bn nt pt f th pss n vp n-

ts t ns wth. it s s k xpntn f th nsb xpnsn f t

tht th w hs wtnss n th pst tw s. Fthm, t xpns th nsng

f mgng mkts n th w nm. cnts k chn, tht p t th ss

xpn ts t b t st 20 pnt nn v th pst 15 s, hv ntgt nt

th w nm b sppng ntm gs t mpns b n b bmng

n ssmb hb f pts n mpnnts f th nts n th gn. Wht nmsts

pssng t tn nmnt f mpt gs bf th xpt

hs bn sgnnt n chn, ntng f p t 75 pnt f ts t f sm s.

Ntwthstnng th mgn f chns mtntn mpns n sm sts, chnss n t hs pnp bn st f hw t hs nsng nb gbs spp

hns f Wstn mtntn ms.

T pt ths ffnt: t s n bsnss sttgs n ns mkt mpttn tht

hs vn gbstn n th pst s. Bsnss hs bn t th nt f gbstn

n th mgnnt s n nm n mn nvp pts f th w. dvpng

nts nt nt th w nm hs h gt mpt n ng nmpmnt,

nmpmnt, pvt n stttn.

Th mn tkw pnts fm ths nttn. W w tn t thm t. Bt

tw pnts sh b mphss t ths stg.


8/38

8


Mntnng nsng bs t t n ts w nm mns tht

nt s htng ts wn ms n th mpttvnss.

Wht stngshs gbstn fm pvs s f ntntnstn th

fgmnttn f ptn n th ntgtn f mkts. Bs t mkt -

ss n ep nt hp epn ms; t th pvnts thm fm nsng

th mpttvnss n gb mkts.

2. The GloBAl econoMic criSiS And TrAde Policy

If nance was th st st f th nm ss; t ws tn th sn. Sn

th ss stt, th w hs wtnss shp nttn n t. ov, f th st

tm sn th m-w p, th w hs -gbs; nt n hs t fn ns-

b; s hs gb nn, Fdi, n mgtn.

Th gb nm ss hs spwn fs f sng pttnsm. Fs nt pt-

n pt f th tt-f-tt pttnsm n th 1930s. on Jn 17, 1930, th u.S. n-

t ts Smt-Hw Tff at whh shp ns tffs n sv hn gs.oth nts n ep tt, n ths spng pttnsm hp t tn

stk-mkt ss nt -ng pssn. Btwn 1929 n 1932 w t f b

30% n t tk nth f s nt t h v bk t th gggt vm

f 1929.

Fthm, s th ps f mn t gs f shp th v f t nsqnt

tk shp ht. intntn ps n f n w mts f b 60-70% btwn 1929

n 1932. Wh sm hp pttnsm n th ntw s t b tmp, bs

nt spp qk. Gvnmnts h t spn fw s ngttng n th GaTT

n th ntntn gnstns t gt f th pttnsm mps ng th

ntw p.

am bs sh ng whn nts gttng s t th t n mnt ps

ps n th 1930s. Ftnt, th wst fs v pt t f tt-f-tt tff

pttnsm hv nt mts. ang t svs b th W T ogns-

tn n th W Bnk, th s nt mh vn f shp sh t ns tffs. 5

on bt hnf f nts hv ns tffs sn th ss stt st tmn

(agntn, Bz, e, in, inns, rss, n Tk)6, n th nss hv

v n mt nmb f gs.7 Ths nw tffs vxng n stng t,

bt th nt ps sstm thts t th w nm t th ntgt f th w

tng sstm.

N th sns t bv sttv sn f spng tff pttnsm t bn mmnnt tht. ctn, sm th nts w ns tffs, bvng t w s

ntns f mpns sffng fm nttng mn. Bt sh tff hks

nt k t tgg tt sp th 1930s, t v gs tht sgnnt

t. Th tw stnng fts.

Fst, nts hv bn th tffs n WTo gmnts n nstn th w b

tkn t st mpnstn ngttns spt sttmnt f th s tffs bv

ths mts. a nmb f mgng nts wth sgnnt tff wt th ffn

btwn th bn vs n th pp vs n s tffs wtht vtng WTo

mmtmnts. Sm mgng mkts hv m s f th m f WTo mp-


9/38

9


nt tff hks; ths m s s th ffts f th ss n tpt n mpmnt gw

ws. Bt t s nt k tht ths nts w sh t tff hks. Tb 1 nts th

nts n whh tht m hppn. a hnf f nts b n tp th

tffs wtht vtng th WTo mmtmnts. in th gt st, nss

b vn g.

Table 1. TAriff wATer in eMerGinG MArKeTS

TAriffS on MAnufAcTured iMPorTS

AVerAGe BoundTAriff (%)

AVerAGe APPliedTAriff (%)

TAriff wATerrATio

Chi 9.14 8.96 1.02

Idi 34.94 16.44 2.13

Meico 34.91 13.33 2.62

Bzil 30.79 12.63 2.44

Te 17.03 4.69 3.63

Idoesi 35.55 6.75 5.27

Sdi abi 10.50 4.81 2.18

Soth aic 15.72 7.85 2.00

Thild 25.55 8.17 3.13

ageti 31.84 12.57 2.53Source: WTO Country Profles

Sn, nts wth sgnnt ptptn n w t nnt s tffs n

gn s wtht mgng th mpttvnss f th hm ms. a sgnnt p-

tn f t t s t n pts n mpnnts, npt gs, n mpns hv

fgmnt th spp hns t sh n xtnt tht t s ft t t th gn

ntnt f pt g. avn nms n mgng mkts ns

ntgt thgh sh ptn ntwks. impt s n n t xpt, n nw

tffs n npt gs w vs fft ptbt n tpt hgh p n th v-

hn. Th spp-hn ft n gb t wks n tw ws: whn mn fs

th w b, s t, nsb n n tt t s th vm f t p nt

f nsmptn hs ns. Bt mntst, p-nt ntst kps gvn-

mnts fm ss nss f tffs; sh mss w ht mst ms mptng

n th w mkt.

Hwv, ths tw nstnng fts nt pvnt fms f pttnsm. WTo

gmnts m pwf gnst tff hks thn th fms f pttnsm, .g.

nn-tff bs n smntng stt t mpns. Pttns f spp-hn fg-

mnttn mt th tmp mntst v f tff ns, bt th nt hvth sm fft n t-sttng sbss t mst ms. Nn-tff pttnsm s

ftn m mgng thn tffs. Tffs qnt n mpns n t th

mgns n th ptbt f t. Nn-tff mss, n th th hn, ftn

pq. Fgn ms hv fts n ssssng th st sh mss mps n xst-

ng ptnt t. as sh, th ntnts bgg.

it s th ths fm f pttnsm png th thn spng pttnsm tht

gvnmnts nw smbng t mst th nt nm ss.

cnt pttnst tns sm t pttnsm n th 1970s n 1980s. in th


10/38

10


1970s, -p hks n th shks tgg nw-kng, sht-sght mnt-

st ps, nt st n ep n th unt Stts. immt p spnss w nt

mssv pttnst: th ws n qvnt t th Smt-Hw tff. Nnthss,

stng mst ntvntns xbt nm stss n png stgntn,

nt st th spwnng f pttnst psss. inst ft nst, b gv-

nmnt sbss t hm, sght pttn fm fgn mpttn. Th st ws thnw pttnsm f th 1970s n 1980s.

Thn, s nw, mnfts f s n ep n am f bnkpt. Th u.S.

cngss b t chs n 1979. B thn, th Btsh gvnmnt h b t

rs r n Btsh ln, n rnt ws sv b Fnh txps sht ft

th chs bt. Sv th sts (w n tmb, ng n mns, ws,

ns, shpbng) v gvnmnt sbss n th 1970s. Mn epn mp-

ns w ntns.

Ps k vnt xpt stnts, mktng ngmnts n th

mst nntff bs w p t mng t. in th t 1980s, ths pq

mss fft ppxmt 40 % f w t. Th sts tht v sbss thm s v pttn fm fgn mpttn. Thgh th 1980s, amn

mnfts w ptt b Vers tht stt th nmb f Jpns s xpt

t th u.S. ep ngtt sm gmnt wth Jpn n 1983. T fth stt

Jpns xpts, sm epn gvnmnts mps -ntnt qmnts n

th s p n ep b mpns k Nssn n Tt. Mn th sts, k

smnts n vsstt s, w s ptt b Vers sm ms-

s. Th Fnh gvnmnt vn mn tht Jpns Vcr mpts nt Fn v

Pts, twn hns f ms fm th nst pt.

Mn m fns b m t t-sttng sbss, ns nn-tff b-

s, n th png pttnsm n th 1970s ss. Sm, n fw s tm w p n q xtnsv st f mss tht gvnmnts ntk n 2008-

2010. Th pss hs bgn.

box 3: ProTecTionisT measures during The crisis

The Globl Tde alet (GTa) is poect imed t moitoig the se o tde-estictivemeses dig the cisis.8 Betee novembe 2008 d Decembe 2009, the GTaecoded 297 implemeted meses tht lmost cetil discimite gist oeigcommecil iteest. I tde deece d segd meses e eempted, the gge-gte mbe is 236. O these, 130 meses hve bee itodced b G20 membes.

appoimtel 1214 ti lies (t 4-digit level) hve bee ected b meses tht di-scimite. Chi is the most eqet tget o these meses, olloed b the Eu dthe uS. Thee e sevel othe meses i ti tht ill o m ivolve discimitiogist oeig commecil iteests.


11/38

11


Table 2: criSiS MeASureS which counTrieS hAVe inflicTed MoST hArM?

Source: Evenett, Simon (ed.), 2009, The unrelenting pressure of protectionism: The 3rdGTA Report. London: CEPR /Global Trade Alert.Accessed at http://globaltradealert.org/sites/deault/fles/GTA_report_3.pd

Wht hs hppn? Gvnmnts n th w hv b t mst bnks ntmtv nsts. Th W Bnk stmts tt t nst sppt t mnt t

48 bn u.S. s. lg sbss hv mst bn ntn t fw sp sts,

bt hv s wng sp t th sts. Stt- s n th eu hv bn x

n tn nb ssps stt t b ths n tn sts.

Th hs bn thk wth gvnmnts ns-n-wnks t bnks t n t hm, nt

b, n t mpns t ns tht th sbss spnt n ptn n m-

pmnt t hm, nt b. u.K. bnks vng sbss hv bn qst t v-

g b. Th Fnh sppt f ts tmtv st pps t hv p mpns

t mv ptn fm fgn nts t Fn. on hn pt f th u.S. bt f

ts bnks s sttn n ms t pp f H-1B vss. oth nts hv nt gn s f

s t mps nw sttns n b mgtn, bt pt s hv h s f

Btsh-jbs-f-Btsh-wks-st vws.

B ntn pvsns n gvnmnt pmnt hv bn tth t th u.S. s

stms pkg. oth gvnmnts, s n Spn n Swn, hv ng pp t

b ntn p gs. Gvnmnt pmnt hs s bn fv ms

t sppt mst mnfts n asn nts tht nt mmbs f th Gvn-

mnt Pmnt agmnt (GPa) n th WTo. chns pvns n inns, f x-

mp, hv sng t mst st ms s fv sbjts. Sv chns pvns

hv gn mh fth; n Hnn th gvnmnt nt n 2009 tns t

gvnmnt fs t b pssng vhs n w mts, nng mns, m

rankrankED BynuMBEr OFMEaSurES

rankED By THEnuMBEr OF TarIFFLInES aFFECTED ByMEaSurES

rankED By THEnuMBEr OFSECTOrSaFFECTED By

MEaSurES

rankED By THEnuMBEr OF TraDInGParTnErS aFFECTEDBy MEaSurES

1 Eu27 rssi algei Chi

2 rssi uie Eu27 Eu27

3 ageti Chi Ecdo Idi

4 Gem Ecdo Idoesi rssi

5 uk Idoesi rssi Idoesi

6 Chi Idi uie uk

7 Idi Eu27 Chi uSa

8 Idoesi jp Bels Fce

9 Itl uk Meico Gem

10 Spi uSa Gem ageti


12/38

12


s n th pvn. Nn-tff bs (NTBs) hv s ns n sm sts

fm Bgn ht n dth ggs (chn) t ts (in) n t t pts n TVs

n th icT gs (agntn). apt fm nw st NTBs, inns hs s mt

th nmb f mpt nts.

cpng pttnsm m pp ss nfnttn thn tff pttnsm btt s nt t t s sh mss ss mgng t w t thn tff hks. Th

fft pns n th s f mss n whh sts th v. Th f sns

t b w bt nt tns f png pttnsm.

Fst, nt pttnst mss n st n tgg tt-f-tt pttnsm. Ms-

s stng nk t s stms pkgs, bts n t gvnmnt bhv.

if v s sw, n f th w b b p, gvnmnts m mv fth n th

pttnst tn t ns th fft f pst n nw stms pkgs. ins

sbss k t tgg th nts t sbss th sm st. Ths ws th x-

pn fm th st n f sbss t tmtv mpns. Th u.S. sbs t ts

ps tgg sm ps n cn n ep.

Sn, WTo gmnts nt t spn png pttnsm s mh s th

mt th stn pw f nts t ns tffs. Mn mss pt t

(.g. nn-tff bs vs sttns) nt v, g fftv, b WTo

gmnt. Th s WTo gmnt n sbss tht tn s tnb n sm f

th sbss gvn t t mnfts, bt th gmnt tsf hs wknsss, whh

xpns wh sm nts hv psh f stng sbs gmnt n th nt

dh rn. Th s s pbm f tnspn n wth sbstnttng mpnt t

th WTo; th fft sbs hs n mpn n t n b n. Fn, th s-

pnng fft fm th WTo wkns f mst nts ptptng n st t

pt mss tht n n w th th hv th ntntn n th fft f sbssng

ms t th xpns f fgn ps. Th sk s tht n nt tks nthnt t th WTo t v n abs-Bng sttn wh bth pts s h

th f nwf sbsstn.

Th, sbss, b- ps n nn-tff mss ftn m t fm f

sppt thn pttn n tffs. Sh mss ftn m ft t mnt

n th th. Pt snstvts tn t b hgh.

Fth, nt png pttnsm xbts pttnst tns tht w nw

bf th ss stt. Ths sh b th bg w f gb s s th ns

mss t pvnt stng pttnsm.

cpng pttnsm ws sfng bf th ss bgn n nvv th psthn ths mntn bv. antmpng tns hv bn n th mh gn f sm

tm. Th nmb f nw gb ntmpng ss hs tkn bg jmp. in th st hf f

2009 th nmb f nw ntmpng nttns s b 17 pnt, n stmts shw th

ns ntn n th sn hf. in 2008, th nmb f n ntmpng mss

ns b 22 pnt. Th ns s vn bth b vpng n vp n-

ms.

Stns pttnsm hs pft n gt n mnftng n n-

sng tk f mt bn-bs tffs hv mgn pttnst thts. Th eu

hs nt p-n-t shm whh w ns th st f ptn n ng


13/38

13


bsnss f epn ps vs--vs th nts. T v ttng mpt-

tvnss, n s bn kg, t hs bn pps tht th eu sh mps

b tx n mpts fm th nts. S f, sh mns hv bn sst spt

pss fm sv mmb stts. Th b n th u.S. cngss n p-n-t mks

pvsns f sm ngmnts gnst nts tht nt th mssns f

bn.

Kn-jk chn-bshng s bmng m pvnt, wth stns f nf t

nk t n mnptn n bt t ts. cs f tv mss

gnst chn k t ns s th nw uS mnsttn hs m s t f

bng chn n mnpt. Th ss tsf, n ts g ts n gb mb-

ns, hv ns th sk f t mss t t th mbns. chn s

th mst fqnt tgt n nt-mpng mss, n ths tn s k t ns.

invstmnt sttns hv ns, n th nmb f ws nfvb t ss-b

nvstmnt hs ns n nt s. cnts s vs s chn n Fn hv sn-

g t sttg sts n ntn hmpns t b ptt fm th mb f pn

mpttn, n th t f gbstn. invstmnt pttnst tnns nb sn vwh n mn sts.

in ths ntxt f gb png pttnsm, hw hs th epn unn f? Ths

s ft qstn. as Tb 2 shw, th eu ss hgh n mn spts f mss

tht hv nt hm pn th nts mm ntsts. at th sm tm, hw-

v, th eu hs bhv btt thn mst th gvnmnts s f s vt hn p-

ttnst ss-t mss nn. Ths s t g xtnt t th Sng

Mkt n cmmn cmm P n ep n th spnng fft th hv

h n epn gvnmnts. c, th hv bn gs tht hv nt bk, t s

phs f Shk Hms. in ntst t th ss n hst, mpttv nm

vtns, tff hks n th bgg-th-nghb ps hv nt sn th ghtn ep n ths ss. N hs th bn sgnnt ns n th s f t -

fn mss, whh hs bn th nm stt f ffs n pst wntns n ssns.

Fthm, ep hs nt bn sng gvnmnt pmnt s smntv t

t sppt nsts.

in th ntxt f ss-t mss, th mn nn s th xtn f stt-

s st tmn n th sgnnt s f gvnmnt sbss. Ths s pnp st

bt smntng stt t th nn st n t th tmtv st; sbss

t ths sts psnt th vst pt f sbss gvn ng th ss. Bt th s

th sts tht hv v stt ng th ss n n sv f ths ss s-

s qstns n b s bt th xtnt t whh gvnmnts thght t nvnnt t

s th wnw f x spns n stt t pss h wth sbss tht hv n

mmt tn t th ss bt t ng-tm pbms f mpttvnss.

Tkng nt f b vpmnts, hwv, ep ts s fnsv n t s-

ss s mst th nts n th w. Th mptnt nns tht sh nt b

ngt, bt v th gn f mm p fms hv stgnt n ep,

t. Th p mt hs bm ss fn, f nt hst, tws t-bsng -

fms. an th s, s hs bn pt b th WTo, n nsng tn n ep tws

th s f pq sttns n ntntn t, thgh nn-tff bs, stns,

SPS ms n sm fms f bs t t tht b smbn t png p-

ttnsm.


14/38

14


3. The dohA round And The world TrAde orGAniSATion

The nancial crisis n th nm ssn m t tm whn qstns bt th

n mpt f th nt f gb t p th W T ognstn (WTo)

nsng sgnnt n nms. it s tng n wng tht th WTo hs gbn n th sns n th t-p spnss t th nm nttn. Th nt

w t (th stt f t p) hs bn pnf bsnt fm sssn

n nns v th gb nm n th nt pst. G20 s pp tmn t

wt th nstttn stt f gb nm nstttns, bt th ngt f t-

p ffs n th v f nw Bttn Ws stt bs wtnss t th nt

mt f pnn mng pt s, whh s g bs gnst fth t b-

stn, n th tt pt vn th WTo s sn t hv b thm.

it s ft t pt th stts f th ngttns n th dh rn f t ngttns.

Nt mh hs hppn sn th J mtng n 2008 whn ffts t ns s-

mts f th ngttns f t gn. Sm s ngttns w b sm gn

n 2010, wth th vw f sng n t 2010 2011. oths s th n s . Shsssn, hwv, s -n stt.

Wht s s tht th ngttns nt k t b sssf n f ngt-

ts jst ntn t wht th hv n n th pst ght s. Bsnss-s-s n

n ng b sttg. Th nt sttg smp hs nt wk n t s s f s-

ntnt tht s nnt gv fnk vws bt wht tntv s f tn mght

b m k t bng th n t nsn.

Bsnss s pt sk t xpss ts sppt f th n n t psh pt s

t tht n. Th sh b n bt tht th s stng bsnss sppt f n mbts

n tht vs nw t pptnts f bsnsss. N sh t m s sps

tht bsnss, s w s n th stkh, w hv t m nn n th

n n tk m tv pt f pt s shw tht th w n -mkng

m n ngtt ss. Ths m hs g bn bsnt sn th WTo mnst-

mtng n dh n 2001. Bsnss n ss n nss nmb f sttmnts pshng

f th n, bt ths w nt mtt mh whn pt shp s bsnt n whn

ngtts nnt gv pp nts f th bsts n hw th n b ss b

tntv sttgs. Bsnss n mk pssv s f t bstn, bt n th

pst s n n hs bn wng t stn.

Th pbms f th n xtn bn nt ngttns. Th sh b n bt

tht th mtt f t p s hvng n ntt ss. Th pbms fng

th WTo stt. agb, th WTo hs nt wk pp f m thn tn s.it hs nt bn vh f fng p t, whh s th sn t f th gnstn.

it s 15 s sn th ug rn n. Mh hs hppn sn thn. an f

th WTo nnt b m vnt s n gnstn ssng ntmp nns,

gvnmnts w ntn t s fth n t. if n nw bstn ms t f th WTo

sstm n th nxt 15 s, th w pbb b pp spt-sttmnt sstm

tht s ss spt n h. Th s-bs pph t t ns t b xtn

nt nw s .g. nvstmnt n mpttn n nw sts (.g. ng). Bt n th

bss f nt tns, th WTo w g n th ppst tn. obvs, ths s f gt

nn t s n bsnss gn. it sh s pmpt pt s t mmt

tk tn t pvnt sh vpmnt fm mtsng.


15/38

15


Th WTos ntt ss s spsng. Th WTo hs nv bn s pp s t f n

jgs b th sz f th mmbshp; t hs 153 mmbs fm ns f th w n

wth ffnt vpmnt stts. Mn th ntntn gnstns k t th WTo

f gn n hw t b stng, s-bs fm f mttsm. yt th WTo s

bmng ss vnt t k sss fng th w nm n m b t ss sk f

sng nt bst n vn.

Hw n w nstn ths vpmnt? Th sv fs t p, bt mn f th

pbms sp n th dh n t sttg n stt pbms tht mg

fm th t mx f nstttns, ntsts n s whn sm n b-k GaTT

bm mtt t gnstn. Tgth wth th fts, sh s n ns

nntn b mn nts t ngtt pfnt t gmnts, th sn f th

fntn bss hs pt th WTo n th shws f th nt vpmnts f

th w nm.

Ths s px vpmnt: th hv t fms n th WTo sstm hv s-

tnt shp th gbstn f mm n ntbt t th npnt gwth

f gb wf n nt s. Ths vpmnt s s s f nn. Th sv sns n gns f fn s w s qt t nh w t n t

p n mtt n nn-smnt sstm. Th v bnts f tng

sstm tht gvtts fm gb nstttn vwhmng n nt n f spt

n nfm mmnt. Ths hs f mst, f nt , spts f th WTo sstm f

mkt ss sss s w s f t s n th gt fmwk. Mv, n

ft-ngt pt f th WTo s tht t gvs nts q ss t s n spt-

sttmnt psss tht tmps pt pssns mng th bg tng nts.

Ths s f nt mptn t sm n vpng nts.

yt t pt pp n th twnt-st nt, n n n wth nt nns

n pptnts, th stt f th mtt tng mst b vst. Th -nt tn f w t p s pfn mvng w fm th nn-smnt

nt f th WTo.

Th nt pbms f th dh rn nt nns sttns tht nt

b ntpt t th tst f th nw rn. lg th m th nsv sss

tht mg fm th hng fm n gnztn fs n th mnftng st

n th ngttn pss, wth mmbshp mt (n fft) t vp nts, t

gb nstttn wth mtp mbtns n mn sts n mmbshp stt

ntnng vgng ntsts n mbtns. in th ws, th nt st f pbms

ts th tnsfmtn f th GaTT nt th WTo. Ths tnsfmtn hs nt bn

pp nst.

essnt, ths xpnsn f th WTo mt s nt: t s f hngng w

nm; th nw nns fng ps n nsms, n nw mgng -

nm pws hv bght th wn pfns nt t p. Fthm, th xpn-

sn s ts th sssf pst-w p f t bstn whh t sbstn-

t tns n nst tffs. ov, ths tffs n th vp w t w t

mt n wn n f t ngttns. yt th nvvmnt f nw s n nw sss

mps tht th WTo w hv t fntn n ffnt w. Th nt nstttn

stt f th w t hs nt wk w n th st , n nss th

fm th stts f th WTo w mnsh.


16/38

16


Th nw cmmssn n Pmnt n ep sh gv hgh pt t th W T

ognstn. ep, s th ng tng b n th w, s gt bn f th

WTo n w b th bggst s f th vn f th nt WTo sstm mnshs.

Th pts sh g wk n th epn unn tws th WTo, ts vn

n ntgt.

a. EurOPE SHOuLD DEMOnSTraTE LEaDErSHIP FOr THE wOrLDECOnOMy.

Europe should take shp n bkng dh nw. Tm s f th ssn. it s

nstmnt tht th n nshs sn. Wth n dh wthn h bf th n

f 2010, t s psb tht th n w jst zz t nt wtht n n. it

w b fgttn, bt nt gn. Hwv, t w mn n th w f th bsnss t b

nt t th WTo. Ths s th wst-s sn f th n. Bt t s th tk -

nt ngttns fwng.

ep s nt nt n f th pts tht stng ngttns. Ths s nt t s thtep s nt f hngs n sm snstv s; t s. Bt ths hngs

mngb n g nn t th gt st. it s n pstn whh gvs

t n pptnt t . it sh tk tht pptnt. Nt n w t p ff mt; t

w s mnstt tht ep hs th pt t ssm ntntn shp.

B. EurOPE SHOuLD DEFInE ITS LOnG-TErM POST-DOHa InTErESTS

Europe should start nvstng ntt tm n ng nt thnkng bt th pst-

dh gn f t p. Ths s m mptnt thn t sns; t s bt nng th

mt tn f th w tng sstm n th 21st nt th gb s w s

th epn tn. in pt, ep sh stt n xs t n wht t wntsfm th WTo sstm n th mm-t-ng-tm.

Ths s nt phsph xs; t s bt gttng ts wn pts ght n nng ts

sttg ng. Ths s n wh ep hs bvs pbms. it s nt spsng

tht gn t b f 27 nts w hv fts sttng t sttgs tht

fftv wh t th sm tm tng th ss f ts mmbs. Bt th bsn f

mphnsv sttg mns tht ep nnt gt s mh t f ts xtn t

p s t sh. it s mns tht th s nt stght n btwn th nm

n mm ntsts, n th n hn, n ps, n th th hn.

Mv, ths xs s f mptn t th WTo tsf. Th bg mmbs f th WTo

th mmbs whh hv th hghst stk n th w nm th n nts tht

hv th pt t . Th fw nts thn n thnks tht n sh sh

pt shp. Gbstn hs sp t n mn mgng mkts. Th sng

nm pws n as w bm ng mmbs f th WTo n ft. Bt w

fng svs f w b th hp bt mgng mkts n th mmt mkt

pw. Th st f bhn ep n th unt Stts n tms f t, Fdi, fgn

ft ss, pt shp, n nnvtn. Mn f thm hv nsb nstt-

tn n pt nstnts pvntng thm fm shp. Th hv bm m

pws n s sh th mptnt. Bt th gnts f gb mm st ep

n th unt Stts. it s fm thm shp hs t m bt th ft vn n


17/38

17


ntgt f th w tng sstm. Bt, mptnt, th mgng nm gnts, chn

n in, n t b f ntgt n ssm th sm v f spnsbts s th

gw bgg n th pst-dh ft.

Th bt v th pst-dh gn hs stt. cmmssns, wkng gps

n nv shs hv pps nw ws t k t th WTo n ts n th g-b nm. T ftn, hwv, ths bt hs st nt sss tht nstttn

tht n nt sss tht smp t ft pt t bstt t

wnt ttntn. Th WTo s n ntgvnmnt gnstn n s k t mn s

f th fsb ft. dbtng th ntn f tkng w th vt ght f h mmb,

whh sm shs hv sggst, s s. it smp w nt hppn n sh nt

tk p tm n ng.

Wht hs bn mssng n th sssn, n wh n nttv b ep w p

sgnnt , s t -stbsh th nk btwn mm bnts n gn fmtn

tht s, negotiation agenda based on targeting the issues that would deliver most economic

and commercial gains. Ths nk s nt bsnt n th nt n, bt t s wk. Ngttng

mkt ss w nv b n t f f t fth. Ngtt s th fntnf nghtn mntsm; f ts g t n n pn th mkts gss f th

hs f th nts. on n mnt ths stt f ffs, bt ths wh sg t

n ss tb. a btt nstnng f th mj mm bnts w s g

nts n stng pppt mths t hv th mbtns.

obvs, pst-dh gn w nt b n -nsv, -nmpssng, sng-n-

tkng tvt. cnts w hv t b m xb n mths f ngttns. Th

ngtn f nts nvv w hv t b fntn f mt ntst n n ss,

n th wngnss t bs t n mpv s, th thn pst mttsm.

oftn, pt gmnts mng tns f th wng w pbb b g

h. in th ss, tntv mths hv t b s.

Box 3: An ideA free TrAde for The diGiTAl econoMy

Fe sectos e s globl i te s the ICT sectos. Tde i ICT podcts hs eplo-ded i the pst te es. Tde i ICT sevices is pidl icesig, too. The secto islso eble o tde, cilittig icesig liges coss bodes betee pod-ces d cosmes. Eqll impott, ICT hs cilitted globl ecoomic itegtio isectos peviosl closed o tde. Techologicl developmet hs edced the techi-cl estictiveess o sevices. Sectos o loge hve to be cosideed o-tdbleo techicl esos. Fthemoe, it is impossible to imgie the globlistio o spplchis i the pst decdes ithot the ssistce o mode ICT to eble sppl chimgemet.

Pst tde iititives hve bee istmetl i osteig this developmet. The Iom-tio Techolog ageemet (ITa) om the lte 1990s is schoolboo emple o tdeegotitios eeig p tde d osteig goth. aod the sme time, goveme-ts lso geed i the wTO to impose motoim o pplig cstoms dties oe-commece. Bt o highl iovtive secto, these pst chievemets e ot eogh.M bies emi d e bies, sch s licesig o ecptio eqiemets, hvebee itodced. nTBs d ICT sevices ee let otside the ITa. Fthemoe, hile theITa s ig t the edges om the stt, e developmets o the god, e.g. techo-logicl covegece, peset moe pood chlleges to the stcte o the ITa.


18/38

18


Bt hee is e ide to ddess these poblems: Itetiol Digitl Ecoomageemet (IDEa). Bildig o pst geemets, the IDEa old go the th stepdig the goods covege o the ITa d picipll:

- eted the covege o the ITa geemet to ll ICT podcts;

- ope o libelistio o, d stoge disciplies o, nTBs, icldig egltotspec- libelise ICT sevices: compte d elted sevices, d telecommictio sevices- impove d disciplie tde cilittio

a sciet mbe o coties hve iteest i tig sch iititive. Fe coti-es ith sigict shes o tde i these elds hve stog deesive iteests. The llhve the oesive ged. The IDEa cold be doe s pliltel geemet, bthosed i the wTO d sbect to its disciplies.

T sm, sh s f tn w b vsn fm p mttsm. Phps t

s. Bt ptng m st pst s nt n nt wth vnng mttsm. it

s th bt knwgng th mmns nm ffns btwn mmbs f thWTo n mkng th bst f th nt sttn. it s s nsstnt wth pvs sts

n th hst f th WTo. Th hs ws bn ffn n wht mmbs hv -

pt t ntk n mtt t ns. Sp n ffnt ttmnt s t

s bt-n pnp n th ptns f th WTo.

Mv, mmbs s mnstt n th t 1990s tht st ngttns mng

tns f th wng g mths t vn th WTo gn wh sptng

th ffns btwn mmbs. Th infmtn Thng agmnt (iTa) s g

xmp. Th iTa, z-tff gmnt vng icT pts, s g fntn f

tnstnt shp. Th gmnt ws ntt n pnp ngtt b th eu

n th uS tgth wth Jpn. oth nts w nfm bt vpmnts n

w nvt t jn whn th stt f th gmnt ws n p. Mn nts s

jn, nng chn n in (s bsnt fm th WTo z t gmnts);

th iTa t hs 44 mmbs (ntng th eu s n). Th ntb bsnts .g.

Bz bt th gmnt vs mst t n th icT gs.

Fthm, mn nts t sgn p n mnt th tffs spt hvng

pttv nstnts n fnsv ntsts n sm f th iTa sts. Th s n f

f bng ft ts n bng svntgs pstn gnst th nts. in p-

t, th f f bng x fm th gbstn f spp hns pmpt sv

nts t jn th iTa. if th nts pss h wth th mbtns t bs,

n bsnt w s tng pptnts n nw nvstmnts fm th nts.

Th mnt bnts t mpttvnss n ptvt f ns sg f icTpts s p .

Th iTa ws gt hvmnt tht sp t n thng nnvtn. it hs

mnstt hw t s t nnvtn s t ssmnts nnvtns n mks t

s t nvsts t p nvst ss. Bt th iTa ws nt wss, n mn f

th ws n t hv nw m thmsvs knwn.

Fst, th gs v b th iTa w nt mpt st f icT pts. Th

sgnnt mssns, n s nnvts mvng tws thng ptfm ntg-

tn n mtfntn gs, th n b sgnnt nts btwn n pt f g

tht s v b th iTa n nth pt f g tht s nt. Sh nts hv bn


19/38

19


bght t ght n th nt WTo spt btwn th uS n gp f asn nts,

n th n hn, n th epn unn, n th th hn. Th eu, f nstn, hs s-

s sm lcd mnts s tvsn sts, gng tht lcd mnts bv tn sz

k t b s f tvsn ppss th thn nthng s. lcd mnts s

f mpt ppss v b th iTa n nsqnt t f. Tvsns

sts, hwv, nt v b th iTa n f sgnnt tff n th epnunn.

anth nt xmp nn n eu pps t nt tff gnst mpt

mb phns. Mb phns pt n p f th iTa. Bt mn phns f s

ff nw thng svs t stms, sh s wthng tvsn. Hn: hw

sh mb phn b ss s mb phn s tvsn st? Th nsw

s ptt smp, n t ws smwht mbssng t bsv hw th eu w ss

bt t pps tffs n n f th bggst n mst nnvtv sts n ep. Th

mn nm fft f sh tffs w hv bn t ns th st f mpt npt

gs s b th ng mb phn mpns s w s th nsm ps n ep.

Ths w hv m mb phns m xpnsv, n eu mpns ss mpttvn th gb mkt. Ftnt, th pps ws tmnt.

Sn, th iTa s nt v nn-tff bs (NTBs) n mn nts hv -

nt mv t ptt th mst ps wth sh bs. as Tb 3 shws, NTBs

hgh n mn nts sp n as n th mv t n ns s f

sh bs thtns th vtt f th gb mkt. an xpn n vs iTa sh

sp tgt ths NTBs.

Th, thgh mst icT gs t s v v th psnt iTa mmbshp, mj

nn-ptptng nms n ltn am, as n af sh b ng t jn

th iTa.


20/38

20


TABle 3: nTBS in hiGh-Tech SecTorS

Footnotes: 1) WTO bound taris; 2) World Bank tari calculations based on WTOs integrated database and UNCTADs TRAINS, and MAcMaps databaseis used or ad-valorem equivalents; 3) Latest available World Bank data based on UNCTADs TRAINS data-set and their own calculations;4) World Bankcalculation (sum o taris, AVE o NTBs, and AVE o domestic support); 5) No NTB values or EU, selected EU countries are used as a proxy. Source:WTO and World Bank (or more inormation on the methodology used by the World Bank in the NTB calculations see Kee, Hiau Looi, Alessandro Nicitaand Marcelo Olarreaga (2008). 6) For 8525 all 6-digit categories are included as listed below in the NTBs except or 852540: still image video cameras

and other video camera recorders

Source: Dreyer, Iana & Brian Hindley, 2008, Trade in inormation technology goods: Adapting the ITA to 21st century technological challenges. Brussels:ECIPE

TAriffS And TAriff rATe equiVAlenTS on SelecTed icT GoodS

avege o aV Dties1 avege Tis icl. aVEs2 ad-Vloem Eqivlet o nTB i %3 rte o potectio4

8443: Pitig d cill mchie

Chi 10.86% 17.54% 0% 17.54%

jp 0% 0% 0% 0%

Mlsi 5% 0% 28.72% 28.72%

uSa 1.11% 0.77% 0% 0.77%Eope uio5 1.75%

Fce 0.32% 0% 0.32%

Gem 0.32% 0% 0.32%

The nethelds 0.32% 0% 0.32%

uited kigdom 0.32% 0% 0.32%

8518: adio-electoic eqipmet, ecept ecodig devices

Chi 5.79% 15% 0% 15%

jp 0% 0% 63.93% 63.93%

Mlsi 17.81% 8.63% 42.48% 51.12%

uSa 1.84% 2.43% 1.29% 3.72%

Eope uio5 1.64%

Fce 0.27% 0% 0.27%

Gem 0.27% 0% 0.27%



8521: Video ecodig d epodcig ppts

Chi 25% 41.59% 62.23% 103.82%

jp 0% 0% 37.32% 37.32%

Mlsi 30% 0% 77.84% 77.84%

uSa 0% 0.51% 0% 0.51%

Eope uio5 10.65%

Fce 2.52% 0% 2.52%

Gem 2.52% 0% 2.52%



8525: rdio d TV tsmittes, televisio cmes6

Chi 8.90% 15.61% 0.75% 16.37%

jp 0% 0% 0% 0%

Mlsi 3.33% 1.62% 28.83% 30.45%

uSa 0.97% 1.08% 21.19% 22.27%

Eope uio5 2.80%

Fce 0.29% 0% 0.29%

Gem 0.29% 0% 0.29%



8534: Electoic pited cicits

Chi 0% 11.00% 0% 11.00%

jp 0% 0% 0% 0%

Mlsi 0% 0% 0% 0%

uSa 0% 0.76% 0% 0.76%

Eope uio5 0%

Fce 0% 0% 0%

Gem 0% 0% 0%

The nethelds 0% 0% 0%

uited kigdom 0% 0% 0%


21/38

21


Th z-tff mbtn n th iTa hs s bn mnfst n th sts n sh

b xtn t mn m sts. Th sts hv bn sm: t hs bn sgn-

nt bst n ssmntn f nw nnvtns hs mv fst. Ths mnstts

th pw f z tffs. evn sm tffs n hv pvntv fft n t.

C. EurOPE SHOuLD rESPECT COrE PrInCIPLES OF THE wTO

Europe should pay m ttntn t th pnps f WTo gmnts n v p-

s tht vt hng ths pnps. Gn, ep s sptf f WTo s. in

th f nvnmnt p, hwv, t hs nt hppn t ftn tht pt-

tnsm nst p tvsm hv bn t th p wtht mh tn

n th nsstn wth WTo s. Ths m b hbng f gt nts t m.

in ft, w m sn f gn nt btwn WTo s n ps t

th ffts n mpttvnss fm mt hng ps. ep, s w s th unt

Stts, hs thtn mgng mkts n pt tht t w mps th qvnt f

tff n mpts fm nts tht nt ntk ptb tns n bn ms-

sns , s n th s f vpng nts n nt mt hng ngttns, pft nss n bn mssns t n ptb v.

Th s g b f sh n mmnt v ths ss. N n hs t bn b

t mk s s tht sh mss, whn tkng nt nt pt mtts v th

k sgn, w b nsstnt wth WTo s. Th s, t bst, wk n tht-

s tht hs bn psnt. Bt th ps n th eu emssn Tng Shm hv

wn th tks f mss t b pps, phps vn mps. evn f ps

nt g s f s ntng nw f tffs n w t, ep hs bn tng

wth w-ntns t-sttv mss n sm f ts mt-hng t p. its

bfs p s n xmp, n nt ps b th eu w tk ths p fth n

th tn f nst-p tvsm n pttnsm. dsgng WTo s hs sv fft. it n sp t th s f p n t th nts. ep,

whh hs bnt gt fm th spt-sttmnt sstm n th WTo, sh b v

ts n nt g wn ths t.

4. A new STrucTure for euroPeS BilATerAl AGendA

Pfnt T agmnts (PTa), bt F T agmnts (FTa), gnng

n. Th nmb f PTas n f hs ns p - gh 250 xstng PTas

hv bn nt t th WTo n n pts f th w th nt mn bt-

gmnts bng ngtt. Wth 60 PTas ngtt n n th ppn n as n,

w n t th n f th bgnnng f th f p PTa pftn. a ntsn as hv nw jn th FTa bnwgn, n th mn ffts t fm gn

t bs. Th aSeaN gp hv pnn t fm mmn mkt. chn n aSeaN

jst nh nw FTa. W mbtns bng sss f n est asn enm

cmmnt (bng n ast n Nw Zn). Th s s tk bt n as enm

cmmnt, whh s w nvv in n th Sth asn nts. Fthm,

tff-f aPec s st sbjt t sssn t aPec smmt mtngs. Th Tns-P

Sttg enm Ptnshp agmnt (TPP) s gn bng ns n ss

sss.

Th epn unn hs jn th FTa bnwgn gn n n 2006 mbk n nw


22/38

22


pgmm f PTas. it hs nt nsh ngttns wth Sth K n nt

n gmnt (t t b t). attmpts t stt PTa ngttns wth in n aSeaN

hv nt n sts; n hv ffts t nsh ng-stnng PTa ngttns wth

Ms n th Gf cptn cn (Gcc) bn sssf.

PTas ft t sq wth k pnp t bsnss: nn-smntn. Pf-nt T agmnts b ntn smnt. Th bs n xhngs f

pfnt ss t th mkts btwn th nttng pts. Hwv, n sh b

ts bt pttng th ss f PTas n Mnhn tms, sh s mttsm v-

ss btsm. it s nt t s tht stng bt -ptn nss mps

pbms f mttsm. Th bt v btsm, gnsm n mttsm

ftn tns t bm g. Nns st n ntxts ngt.

Sm PTas nbt f gt nm v. Sm PTas hv s bst mt-

t tvt. Th ug rn f t ngttns nsh n th sm tm s

th eu n ts sng mkt n th NaFTa ws sgn. Ths tw f th mst

mbts nttvs f gn n pfnt t -ptn v ntkn, n

th nt pvnt mmbs f th GaTT fm sgnng mtt gmnt. in ft,n mk pwf gmnt t th ppst n: ths gn nttvs helped

t psh th ug rn t sssf n. rgn s w s mtt bs-

tn ws pt f th sm ntmp v f gn nm bstn. rgn

bstn hp ths t nntt mns n psh f mtt n th

f tht th w b svntgs fft b ths nttvs nss v tff

vs m wn.

Sm, th ssss f th Knn rn n th 1960s n pt b ttbt t th

epn mpmnttn f th mmn mkt n th mmn mm p (stt-

ng n 1957). Th unt Stts f, t, tht bs wthn ep w

vs fft th mpttvnss f amn ms, tv t epn ms, n thepn mkt. esp s s th fmtn f th mmn mm p n e-

p t tht tm (th cstms unn) mp nsng tffs n sm f th mmb

stts tht h n mptv b t gms (.g. Gmn). Thf, th uS

gvnmnt m nsb ffts t mk s tht nw GaTT n ws stt n

tht t nsh sssf wth sgnnt tns n v tff vs.

Whn t th unt Stts T rpsnttv (uSTr), rbt Zk, nt th

h f th W Bnk, -nh th f mpttv bstn. Bng n

th nt pst f mt-tk t p, Zk m mptng mbtns btwn

nts t sgn bt gmnts w nt n b sttg t f uS t p

bt s sp mtt sts s bt gmnts w b stppng stns t WTo

gmnt. Th f mpttv bstn hs ght bn st f ts k f

nm g. on s hstt n gns f pt nm. Bt t s wng t

s tht bt nttvs n pnp n hv n pstv ffts n mtt ngt-

tns. it pns n th tp f nttvs. Mst bt t gmnts f tt

n sstm mptn. Th nt hv mh tff bstn, n sm g f

bn WTo mmtmnts n k s. cnsqnt, th f tt nm mp-

tn. Th tp bt gmnt s th btwn tw sm nms (sth-sth)

btwn bg n sm nm (nt-pph). Bth tps f FTas hv vs

ffts n th mtt tng sstm. Th pvk sm t vsn, bt nt

psh th nts tws mtt bstn. Sm f thm s g p t b


23/38

23


mpx wbs f s-f-gn gtns. Bt t b f: th ffts tp mgn.

Th s fw bt gmnts btwn bgg nms th uS-ast F

T agmnt bng th pm n. Bt th n gmnts btwn th bggst

nms n t s ths gmnts tht w hv sstm ffts.

in n w, PTas w nt b n. Bt th nnt b wp t fm th mp ft p. a bn pph t PTas w pt th mphss n ths spts.

cnts sh b ts t ngg n pfnt t s. Whn th

ngg n sh gmnts, t sh b gmnts f sgnnt nm n

mm v wth stng ffts. Fthm, th sh hv sgnnt

bsng fft: nts sh hv t ntk sgnnt nm -

fms s nsqn f bt gmnt. rn-f-th-m PTas wth sm

nms mst ftn nt wth t.

cnts nggng n PTa sh stv t ff mttstn f th pf-

ns n n gmnt. Bts, whn f, sh b wb t pn

mkts n psh f sn t fms. it sh nt b ftsss tht mkt ft f th nts f gb bsnss t ss mkts.

agnst ths bnhmks, hw hs eps nw p f bt gmnts f?

Nt v w, s ssssmnt. amtt, t s t sn t gv pp jgmnt s

Gb ep, th pgmm f bt t ngttns, ws n nh n 2006.

Bt th pbms ths gn hv f w xpt n sh hv pmpt nth

s f tn. Wht w ths xpt pbms?

Fst, th ntntn f ths bt s ws, n b tms, t tgt m-sz n-

ms wth sm sgnnt bs n sk thm f pfnt ss wtht hvng

t gv s mh n tn. Hn, bhn th FTas ws th tht sh ngttns

g ts t sv pbms fng ns wn bsnss. Th th pt w v p

hng; ep w nt hv t ff mh p hng t s th g f bg nm-

bs (eu s mh bgg mkt thn ths tgt) w gv th th pt sgnnt

nss f xpt vm t ep. Tht s, t bst, n ptmst tn. it s ft t

ngtt PTas btwn nts f ffnt sz sp f th t ffnt v-

pmnt vs. oftn t bms n-w stt f mns. Whn n w, sh PTas

n hp n nt t psh f k fms n k thm nt n gmnt. T ftn,

hwv, ngttns nt pgss n sh fshn. Ths s p t smp bsv-

tn: th sss, nt, f ngttn s fntn f th nvv ntntns. eps

bt sttg hs f s bn bs n mx f ntntns, bt t mn f th tgt

FTas hv h nbn ntns tht hv pvnt sts.

Sn, mst f th nts tgt n eps FTa sttg hv nt bn f sfnt

sstm mptn f ths ngttns t hv pstv fft n mtt tks. it

ws f t th tst f Gb ep tht t w st th dh rn s ep

nw w sh mn nts nt pn btsm. Tht tn t t b n n-

wnt f. Gb ep hs h n mpt t n th dh rn. Th pm sn

s t b fn n th rn tsf, bt eps stn f FTa ptns nth psh

thmsvs n t th nts.

Ths pnt, hwv, xtns bn sht-tm tts. a g FTa sh hv n mpt


24/38

24


n th nts, bt t sh nt b n mpt tht ns thm mks t ft t

gt ss n n q ftng. it sh th b n mpt tht s s t mtts

n tht sts v f mbtn tht ths hv t g t f th s wnt t b pt f

th pfnt b. as ths bsvtn pnts n th tn f nt stn. T

hv ths mbtns wth n FTa, t s th bg nms tht sh b tgt.

in th ws, th pbm wth eps nw sttg s tht t s t s t mn f ts

pst bt t s wth sm nts tht hv s ssn t th ec/eu

tht hv bn pt f pst ns. Wth Gb ep, th eu wnt t mv tws

mm vnt PTas bt t stpp hfw b tgtng m-sz nms

th thn bg nms.

Wth nw cmmssn n nw Pmnt, ths s g tm t vst th stt f

Gb ep wth th vw f sttng t nw gn. on sh nt, hwv, p-jg

th tm f sh mv. Th mptnt thng nw s tht ep sks tsf th ght

qstns. Wht b n?

a. Th eu sh stt wth fnk ssssmnt f whh f th nt ngttns n-k t sts n th nxt v s. if th sh tms n th gn, th sh

b pp. Th s n pnt wstng tm n th ngttns tht hv nt v f th

s nt ss bf tht bsts t nsh , whtv th , w g w sn.

B. Th eu sh xmn th f tgtng th bg nms f bt ngttns.

Ths nms th uS, chn n Jpn. Th s n bt tht sh ngttns

sgnnt nm bnts. Hwv, th mght s psnt fts tht

t bg t jstf sh ngttns. N n n t gv nt f wht sh

bt s w nt; t w q mh m nss n tn t v t

nsn. Bt t s wth ths nts tht th gtst bnts w b gnt n

th bggst mpt (f g ) n th w tng sstm w b fn. in pt-

ths s v f chn, bng gns s n mgng nm gnt, bt st n mn

spts bntng fm vpng nt stts, wng n pt ns sttns

n mkt ss.

c. ep sh s nn-PTa fmwks m xtnsv t sk stns t stv

pbms t hs wth nts. T ftn th h sms t b btwn mtt

n PTa. Bt t s pbb m fsb t bt pt wth nts

n mt nmb f sss wtht hvng t g thgh th nt mhn f f-

g ngttn.

ep hs t ths sttg n th nt pst wth chn n th unt Stts. Wth ch-

n t nh n 2008 Hgh lv T n enm dg (HlTed) tht fwn th hs f th Sttg enm dg btwn chn n th uS. in 2007, e-

p nh tgth wth th uS th Tnstnt enm cptn (Tec), whh

m t gt hmnstn n fw st s. Nth th HlTed n th Tec

hs bn sss. Fnk, th hv bn gt sppntmnts. Pt nthng hs

bn hv n ths fmts. if ths ptv mhnsms t b mntn, th

n t stt vng sbstntv sts. if nt, th sh b pp t w f th

fmts t b sss n t.

is t th fmt tht hs pvn wng? Nt nss. it s m k tht t s th s-

tn f nts tht nt t wth ths fmt n th mbtns tth t th nttvs.


25/38

25


Sm-s ptn s k t wk btt wth sm nms. Wth bg nms

nvv, vn th smst hng w b mbsm. effts s zz t whn sm

hngs wth sm bnts t th nt.

a ffnt fmt f bt t-p tns s n sm mstns s ns-

st f ep, sp n ts tns t rss.

rss s nt mmb f th W T ognstn. Hn, t s t

tht ep n mbk n ngttng f-g PTa wth rss s ng s

th tt nssts n bng ts th WTo. at th sm tm, th t mn

nns n tnts n eps mm tns wth rss f ep t

jst wt f rssn WTo ssn. Ths nns hv t b ss mh

sn. on n sss hw ths bst n b n, bt s nth mtt n

bt PTa pphs n ptn, ep ns m xb fmts -

mpn b hgh v f pt mmtmnt.

Th ntgtn f nghbng nts nt eps nm s nt t n-

sh bsnss. Mh mns t b n. Bt th PTa fmt s nt wkbstn f mpv mm tns wth, f nstn, sm f th e-

sn nts. oth stns n t b sght.

in sm, ep sh m ts pssn f nw PTa ngttns. PTas sh nt b

t jst bs th smnt, bt whn th ps th sh nt n-

sb mm n nm v n s tt smntn s s pssb. eps

pbm wth ss t th mkts n smtms b m s tk b th nt-

tvs pt nttvs nn-PTa bt nttvs.

5. AuTonoMouS TrAde reforMS: The doMeSTic TrAde AGendA

Trade policy is ftn thght f n tw ws: mtt t p n bt t.

eq mptnt, hwv, s th mst t p, sp n t b k th

epn unn. T tt s ths tnms ( nt) t fms; tht

s, nts ntkng t n t-t fms gss f th nts

hs.

atnms bstn f xtn bs t t ws gng pnp n th p-

1914 mt f nm p, n hs bn ff m f bstn n mn -

vpng nts n th st s. Bgnnng n th 1960s, asn Tgs nh stng

pgmms f tnms t fms, bs n g pnng t th w mkt.

Nw Zn n ast ntk sm fms. in th gp f pst-sst tns-

tn nts, estn s th nt mst sst wth tnms t fms. Ths

nts hv g bn bttm-p bss n ntkn fms bf th hv

bn th ps n t gmnts ngtt wth th nts bt

mtt. lbs st, ngtt t ws th sgn f th Mt l gvnmnt

n estn fm 1992 nws.

chn s th st pp f tnms bstns n nt s. Bng n th xp-

n f th asn Tgs, chn stt ts fms n th t 1970s, n t fms w

psh sbstnt n vn f ts mmbshp n th WTo. in th wk f chns fms

th asn nts fw, sp in. Th pss hs bn n f mtn b


26/38

26


mpttn. chn hs ns th v f mpttn n th w nm n th

nts hv, tnms bt tnt, bs n nt t b svntgs

pstn gnst chns mpttvnss n ts snng n th gb nm.

Th W Bnk stmts tht f tff bstns sn 1980, 65 pnt hv bn

hv nt, ts th ntxt f t ngttn. atnms fms s

p nt n th pst-w p mt n ep, sp n Gmn, n nth pst-c W p m n tnstn nts (sp n estn).

yt ng wth th gn sw-wn f bstn n th vpng s w s th v-

p w, tnms fms n ng ns t b pt fsb. am-

ng, n nts k chn, pst fms hv s bn tt s nw gtns hv

bn ns (.g. th nt pps v spw thng n ptps n nw n-

s nsng qmnts). Th nsng tnn t hng mst t n nm

fms pn p gv-n-gt mhnsms n gmnts hs s m th n-

t t ss ssb, nt t mntn ss ppng.

yt tnms fms s nk t mtt fms. agb, th n

mn ws p-ntns t sssf mtt stt f t p. Bf n-ts n mmt t sbstnt gmnts n mtt sttng, n n bt/

gn sttng, th mst t-t fms n sh gmnts mst hv

bn stt. oftn, mst fms m bf nts g t k thm nt t

gmnt. Th s s stng nk btwn mst (ntn) fms n t (xt-

n) bstn. Th tt s nt wk wtht th fm; th stn f tgth.

Th f tp-wn stt n whh nts mtt ( gn) mmt t

bstn bf mkng pgss n mst fms, hs wk tv w n th

pst, bt ss s t. Mn f ts k sss t t th f mst p n n-

stttns, n fms h w ssnt mg fm wthn (ngns) th thn

fm ts (xgns) fms w b hv bttm p th thn tp wn. ast p t s m bt nn-b bs n vns nt t-t s

(.g. th s Sngp isss) n gt ffs (wf p, b mkts, t

t) t s nsng mptnt t nstn th mhnsms f t-p fms

tht ts nt n mtt mths t h th. WTo pgss w nv b m

n mn f th nw n ft sss nss nts hv ntkn nss fms

bf th mtt pss gts ng. Ths pnts t th n f nts t pp

thmsvs m vgs f mtt t fms b vnng mst fm

gn tht n fm th bss f WTo mmtmnts t t stg.

ep s n sv ws n g pstn t psh tnms t fms tht sbs-

qnt n psh gb fms. Th sng mkt f gs n ep hs t pn n

s-bs ps f ss-b t. ep hs bs nsb nt-

n. extnng ths pnnss t ts xtn p s s thn n mn th nts.

yt ths s nt th f st. eu mst bstn n p hmnstn n-

mpt. in ft, n sv k s f eps wn n fgn nm p .g.

sv bstn n th ntgt f ntt ppt ghts ep s nt hv

mst-hmns p tht ws t t b s ffnsv n sttg s t sh

n ts xtn ngs wth th nts.

Sh fgmnttn s hppnng m n th eu thn n th jstns. in th eu, s

swh n th oecd, th mbtn f pst-w t p t mnt tffs n


27/38

27


th b bs hs g bn hv. Bt th nxt fnt n t p th

tn f nn-b bs mb n mst gtn tspsss n th

p s, sh s th gtn f svs sts, hth n sft stns, f-

sft stns, ntt ppt pttn n gvnmnt pmnt. Ths

nhnt mst. Hn t ps v-xpnng ng nmshs t n ts f -

mst p thkts. yt th s n tn spt t ths vpmnt n th eu, gvnts p hb f spntnsm n ntgvnmntsm. T p s n f th

eus fw h p s n tht p mkng s nts n Bsss. Fm th Bs-

ss vntg pnt, t p s s fgn p n vpmnt p. Ths mks t

tmptng t f tn f th eu p s tht mght nt b t t t,

bt n whh t eu mptn s wk.

anth s f fgmnttn s th mts t eu spntn jstn mptn

n nw s f t p. Th eus mptn hs bn xtn t v sm spts

f svs n ntt ppt ghts. Bt ths nw mptns mt, n

th nt mnt th cmmssn t ngtt mbts nw t gmnts n ths

s. Fthm, th s n n eu-w gtn n bth p s: th eu snt hv sng mkt f svs cmmnt-w ptnt sstm. Ths s

nstnt n th eus ngttng pw vs--vs th nts.

Box 4: A diGiTAl SinGle MArKeT

Eope hs te the st steps to cete sigle met o sevices. Bt m moesteps emi to be te. It ppes liel tht e iititive to go o ll libelis-tio ill be te i the et ve es. The ods om the ght i 2003 d 2004 ovethe Sigle Met Diective hve still ot heled. Hoeve, mch e libelistio cbe chieved ithot bmpig ito the sme obstcles gi.

Eope shold, o emple, iitite Digitl Sigle Met. Fo m o the digitl se-vices, bode bies emi impott blocges to coss-bode itegtio. This s

echoed i the Polic Gidelies tht jose-Mel Boso peseted to the EopePlimet i the tm o 2009. The iititive ims t elimitig itel bies st-dig i the o digitl distibtio o cltl d othe podcts d sevices. as digitldistibtio d commictio is becomig eve moe impott to Eope goth d to Eope tde elimitig itel bies old boost the Eope ecoom.

invstmnt p s nth wth mt eu jstn (pt fm pst-stbsh-

mnt mtts, whh sbjt t Sng Mkt s). Th cmmssn hs s

mnt t ngtt sm nvstmnt sss t t th Gn agmnt n T n

Svs (GaTS) n th WTo. Bt ths s nw mnt; t s nt v mn nvst-

mnt sss tht fnt n nt n ts w f gb nm p. in ft, n

ths s eu mmb stts mpt wth h th t s vntgs ss t

th nts. Th ng st s sm pbmt: th bsn f sng mkt f

ng mps th eus bt t ngtt mm gmnts wth th nts.


28/38

28


Box 5: SinGle MArKeT for enerGy

Eope hs gmeted eeg met. Mets e segmeted log tiol bodes,thee is too little ivestmet i coss-bode gids d tsmissio cpcit, d too o-te the eeg mets e sbect to ceti politicl coditios. Govemets hevil

eglte the eeg met, d e ote ol too hpp to docto ith egltios i tht cetes stble ivestmet coditios.

a sigle met o gs hs bee o the cds o log time, d i mbe o legis-ltive pcges Eope hs te steps i tht diectio. Hoeve, too m membecoties hve ot bee peped to libelise thei home met d llo o siglemet disciplies.

The bsece o sigle met o eeg lso ects Eopes eltios ith eegepotes. with gmeted met, d politicll divided membeship, Eope c-ot se its met poe to disciplie the behvio o othe met ctos d seceecess coditios o ecipocl ccess o tde d ivestmet to othe mets.Othe tools cold be sed to tht ed, bt ithot the coe odtio o sigle metthee ill ot be ll commo polic i etel eltios. ad he oml metdisciplies e ot o ode, etic behvio o met ctos c go so d csepoliticl ictio.

Sh p fgmnttn nstns th eus nt gn f t ngttns. Th

k f n p f svs n nvstmnt hs s th hns t ngtt

sbstnt t gmnt wth in, whs mbtn s t gt btt ss f

inn nvsts n sv spps t th eu. invstmnt n svs nns

epn mtntn ms hv wth ss t th chns mkt. c pbms n

eu-rss tns nvstmnt pttn n th ng st, mpnt vtns f pt-

nts, t, nnt b qt t wth b th eu s t hs n mnt f pttn f

epn nvstmnts b n n mmn ng p.

cnvntn wsm hs tht ths ns w b vm s sn s th lsbnTt s pt. Tht m nt b t. Sm nvstmnts p w tn b hm-

ns. Bt f fm nvstmnt pttn sss (.g. ptf nvstmnts) w. ep

sh s b pp f sttn wh nv mmb stts w ght t tn

mptn n nvstmnt p. utmt, ths m hv t b stt b th epn

ct f Jst (ssmng n hngs t th nt tt txt). evn f th ecJ s n

fv f n xpnsn f jstn mptn, t w v n sm pt f vnt

nvstmnt sss.

in sm, th f s f mmt nn n th ntxt f mst tnms

t p.

Single market for servicesA. . Th eu s nt hv pp sng mkt f svsn k pt f th nw epn shp sh b t pss h wth

mnng fms, nng th tn f gt sng mkt. Th bsn f

sng mkt f svs sws wn gwth n ep n nstns ts bt

t tk shp n gb svs p, nt t mntn ts ngtv mpt n

eps mpttvnss n ptvt, whst eps mv tws svs

n knwg-ntnsv nsts s xpt t ntn.

Common patent policyB. . Th eu s nt hv mmn ptnt p n sh

tf ths wknss. it vs p th st f nnvtn n ep, n stts

th bt f ep t ntntn, whn ptnt p s nt nts


29/38

29


t eu nstttns. Ptnts th bkbn f th iPr sstm. Th f

nvstmnts n sh n nnvtn. in ntst t sm th iPrs, ptnts

psnt nms v t th epn nm s t s nt t sm f th

sts n ep: tmtvs, hms, phmts n tmm-

ntn gs. in mn ws, th ptnt sstm ns t b stngthn.

Box 6. reSeArch, innoVATion And PATenTS

Ptets e ccil to copote ivestmets i esech d developmet (r&D). wit-hot ptets, d the limited peiod o eclsivit the oe, ivestmets i iovtioold be cosidebl smlle. The oe chce o the ivesto to ecop iov-tio ivestmet ivestmet tht ote old ot be doe i othes immeditel coldme se o the iovtio ithot pig o it. Theoeticll, this is lso the deece ocopights, bt ptets e distictl dieet om copights s the e mch moe di-clt to obti d cove geie developmet o oledge d iovtio.

Tble 4 s the sectos i Eope tht sped most o esech d developmet. notspisigl, these sectos e lso the most r&D d IP itesive sectos. Compies

om these sectos lso domite the list o the biggest idividl r&D spedes iEope.

Chemicls d phmceticls e the to sectos tht e most depedet o ptets.The both o ith log esech ccles, bt the vible cost i the podctio o theigoods is smll. a vege medicie, o emple, hs bee estimted to cost od800 millio uSD to develop, bt the vible cost o sigle pill, oce the iovtio hsbee chieved, is ve smll. Hece, ithot ptets it old be es o othes to stse the eslt o the 800 millio uSD ivestmet d pice the medicie t mch loepice s the do ot hve to ecop the 800 millio uSD i thei sles.

Fo gee iovtios, stog potectio is cetl to the commecil vibilit. I eegd eeg techolog, Eope compies e t the edge o esech d iovtio.rpidl icesig esoces e ivested i esech o e eeg techolog to i-cese eeg eciec d loe the emissio o geehose gses. Spisigl otethee e clls to violte the itellectl popet potectio gee iovtio. Eopepoliticis lso echo sch clls. yet i this potectio old be eoded, iovtio ddissemitio o gee iovtio old slo do cosidebl. ad Eope oldlose sigict mots o sles, vle dded, d obs.

Thee is cosideble oom o impovemet o Eopes ptet sstem. The eectivedtio o ptet is sometimes too shot s pteted podct eeds to go thoghm othe eglto steps beoe it c be plced o the met. The ptet qlit,d the eocebilit o ptets, vies too mch i Eope, ith some coties oeighigh qlit hile othe coties do ot. The cost o obtiig d eeig ptets iEope c lso be pohibitive. Fthemoe, Eope thoities do ot devote s mcheeg to pholdig ptets i thid coties hee the e violted. This is ptl coseqece o the mied esposibilit o polic i Eope.

Table 4. The fiVe BiGGeST r&d SPenderS in euroPe (Mn eur)

r&d 2008

atomotives 30 413

Phmceticls 19 825

Telecommictio eqipmet 12 020

aeospce & deece 7 547

Chemicls 7 339Source: European Innovation Scoreboard, 2009, The 2009 industrial R&D investment scoreboard. Seville: European Commission JointResearch Centre


30/38

30


The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP)C. . Fw thngs nstn eps bt t

gb s mh s ts pgmm f gt sbss n hgh tffs

n gt mpt. Th pgmm s st, tng p n 40 pnt f

th eus bgt. it pvnts tntv nvstmnts n sh n vpmnt.

eq mptnt, vn nst n svs sts n ep p p

f th mphss ep pts n pttng gt n gb t ngt-

tns. if ep s nt pp t gv mpv mkt ss t xpts f g-

t p, ths xpts w mntn bs gnst eps nst

n svs ms. cnsqnt, th caP sh b nsb fm s

ep mvs tw ts nxt bgt fmwk (sttng n 2013).

Trade defence instruments.D. Fw s f t p s pq n nn-tns-

pnt s t fn p: nt-mpng, nt-sbs n ntvng -

ts. Th st cmmssn nh n ttmpt t hvng ths p fm n

ep, wth th m f stbshng p nsstnt wth nm nns

n th gbstn f eps ptn. Th ttmpt, hwv, f; fws f t p n ep s snstv n vsv s t fn nst-

mnts. Th fm w hv bn mptnt, mn f tw sns.

Fst, wh ep, tgth wth th unt Stts, hs bn th bggst s f

t fn nstmnts f th pst s, t s nw mgng mkts wh

th mst fqnt ss. an ep s ftn tgt f ths tns b mg-

ng mkts. Hn, th s f n xtnsv s f t fn nstmnts

hs hng.

Sn, t ftn ntmpng thts n ep t gt pns t mn-

stt th jsttn f t fn mss n hv t s gmnts tht smp nt nvnng. Ths s th s n mn f th nsm pts tht

f nt-mpng ts.

a fm f Tdi s nt bt thwng th p vb. Th gtmt

ss whn t fn nstmnts wnt, sh s whn fgn m

pts pt png gts nsb sbss tht stt f m-

kt s f mpttn. T fn nstmnts sh b nstn t

sh ss. usng thm f th ppss .g. smp t ptt fm fgn

mpttn fw nn-mpttv mpns wth vt n xsv p-

tn n ep n sts sh s txts, gmnts, n shs n mks th

nts nn t tt epn xpts n th sm w. Fthm, Tdi

mss nt st n ptn mnng n tnng t ep; th jst

t ptn mvng t nts tht nt f n tn t.

6. horizonTAl AGendA: Key PrioriTieS for euroPe

In previous sections w hv sss fms f t p n th mst t gn-

. lt s n tn t eps pts n ts xtn t p. a t p sh

b mphnsv n sstmt. it sh v sts n sss. F n ntt f 27

mmbs, t s th m mptnt tht nts wth n ntst f th nns

t n t p.


31/38

31


eps t p s ns t b fftv n tgt th mn mm pts.

Ths s n wh th s sgnnt m f mpvmnts. T ftn, ep nnt

mk sttg pts n v th chstms-t wsh-st pph. it s sp

mptnt t hv sttg pts whn ep sks nn-PTa mths t vn

p mm ntgtn sv nns. Sh fmts n mk sns f th p-

ts mt t fw st s n nns.

on sh b sptf f th fts n stng sttg pts. it s b nt

stv pph z-sm xs. yt n nbt t mk pts mgs n

mpmss th nt t p.

Wht th pts tht sh b fnt n nt n eps pph? lt s mntn

v s wth k mm ntnt.

Z tffs n k stsa.

epn tw-nt bsnss hs stng ntsts n mntng tffs t

hm s w s b. oftn th tffs sm n ep n gv h n

pttn. Th n nsn f mpts s w s xpts. oth

nts wth hgh tffs psnt gt fts. in eps bt n

pst-dh pph, th mbtn sh b t st th sts n ep tht

mk th hghst ntbtns t GdP n hv th gtst t ptnt, n

g f z tffs n ths sts. Th s tt pnt tng wth fms f

pntgs tn. it sh b f mntn.

a mphnsv NTB pphB.

Th mn bs t t n mm t ftn nn-tff bs n

gtns pvntng ss-b ntgtn. an nw t gmnt sh

b jg pn ts bt t sh bs. it s tn f sh bstht w v th bggst bnts t epn bsnss. Nw bt g-

mnts sh hv stng gn f ng mntng NTBs n g-

t hs. Ths s th gn f gs s w s svs.

Ths NTBs ff fm nt t nt. dsmntn n gvnmnt p-

mnt s n fqnt NTB n nts tht nt f sgnts t th WTo

Gvnmnt Pmnt agmnt. Sh ps fft mn vn sts

n ep wth hgh GdP ntbtns vthng fm gn thngs, sh

s wnms n tbns, t tmmntn qpmnt, t gsttn n

png f phmts. estbshng f s wtht smntn n gv-

nmnt pmnt sh b n f eps k pts n ts t p.

Thn bs t t nth vxng pbm f mn epn ms

tgtng mkts n as. Ths TBTs, n s sh s tmtvs n tm-

mntn, ftn s hgh tht f mntn f tffs n ths nts

w nt t sgnnt ns f t. in sh ss, NTB tns

sh tk pt v th ss.

NTBs mst ptv ss n st ntxt, b th v nt

ftn bng thn n sp. an pph mbnng z-tffs n -

ssng NTBs (s n xpn iTa v) sh b s whn pssb.


32/38

32


invstmnt pttn n tnspnc.

Th w nm s vn s mh b nvstmnt s b t. an th gwth

n nvstmnt v th pst tw s hs b f tp t gwth. Bt

nvstmnt s sbjt t fw spns tht mt bt n smnt

pts. Th ns t b pfn pg f nvstmnt gmnts n th

nvstmnt mpnnt n eps bt pph. Tw s .

Fst, epn ms sh gt mpv nvstmnt pttn f ts fgn n-

vstmnts. invstmnt pttn sh b xtnsv n sm t wht ep

ffs fgn nvsts. it sh n th pssbt f nvst-stt spt

sttmnt. a pp nvstmnt pttn sh s v k psnn. Th

epn unn sh s t t gt th nts t mp wth n nvst-

mnt gmnt n th vnt tht spt-sttmnt s nt n ptn f th n-

v nvsts.

Sn, ep sh mk tsf m pn t nvstmnts n v nw x-

ssv gtns f ptf nvsts. it sh, hwv, s mps stttnspn qmnts n fgn nvsts. Svgn Wth Fns n th

gvnmnt-wn nvstmnt vhs fm tt nts wth smtms

bs mbtns f ts nvstmnt p nsng mptnt n gb

nvstmnt n nn. Th nnt b stpp; n sh th. Bt th sh

b gt mns n tnspn.

intt Ppt rghts (iPrs)d.

intt Ppt rghts (iPrs) nt t g ptns f th epn

nm n t t th sss f th Bs cmmssns 2020 sttg.

Wtht pp pttn, th bsnss m n mn sts w ps.

iPr pttn s s nt t t. Wth stng pttn, mpns f n-nt t xpt t th nts n t nvst th. in ths w, t n iPrs

stn f tgth. if iPr pttn s x, ssmntn f nw thng

thgh t w mnsh.

Mn iPrs n pt . Th hs bn stng v t t th n-

tgt f ptnts n nt s. Spsng, sm epn gvnmnts n

eu nstttns hv bn nwng t pps mssgs f ths wh wnts t

wk n tht tn. Ths s v wng sp s nw mns kp

bng m n mpns t gv w th ntt ppt f n g

hgh pps. a epn nnvtn mt tht stmts ntn nvst-

mnts n r&d s fnmnt pnnt n stng iPr pttn.

ep hs nt bn sssf n gttng btt nfmnt f iPr gstn n

th nts. Wh pt mmtmnt s th, eps mns ftn

t gns. rmpnt vtns f iPrs fts f f f epn ms

b sp n nts k chn. oftn t s n bsn f nfmnt

tht ss pbms. Bt n sm nts th s pbms wth nsf-

nt gstn.

cnsb v s s t stk n ep ns t pt t m mphss

n shp fs n ts iPr mns. Nt, tht sh stt wth


33/38

33


nfmnt f TriPS gstn. Bt t nnt n th. TriPS sts n ntn-

tn stn f iPrs, bt nt v hgh stn. lgstv mpvmnts

n n k mgng mkts.

Tk th xmp f th phmt st st tht pns n ptnt

pttn. evn f nt hs sgn p t TriPS, th ntgt f ptnt s sthng bs f ng, mbsm, pq n nn-tnspnt ps

f ppv f ms n mns, nsfnt gt t pttn,

s f pmnt, s f. Mn f ths spts f th ntgt f

th ptnt tsf; wtht thm, th ptnt s smtms f tt, vn n, s.

ep hs t t sv sm iPr nns n ts bt pph. it hs nt

bn sssf. T ftn t hs bn th sm chstms-t wsh st p-

ph wth s mn mns tht th th pt jst stps stnng. Th s

gt n f sttg pts pts bs n th nm v t

ep f iPrs.

7. TwenTy recoMMendATionS for A new eu TrAde AGendA

The trade policy mt n th nxt v s w b ft n ep s w s b.

Th v w b mptv ng n fft th mt f t fms. Th

nw cmmssn n Pmnt nht n mbts gn. Th lsbn Tt -

fms w hv t b nstttns n pp wkng btwn th cmmssn,

th Pmnt n th cn w hv t b stt. Nn f ths sh pv v

f wk pt shp; t th sggsts tht ep nw w n mh stng

pt shp f ts t p. rptng th mstks f th pst v s, n n-

ng ths p wth s fw sts s ws hv n th pst p, s smp nt n ptn.

it w mg th epn nm. Hwv, t s tht th pph s st

n tht ep ms f wht t s pssb t hv. it s vn m mptnt nw, t th

bgnnng f ng v , tht fms m t sttg sts n sss tht n

sgnnt v f th nm. T tht n, n n th bss f th ss-

sn n ths pp, th fwng mmntns sh b bnhmk f wht sh

b hv n th nxt v s.

GenerAl recoMMendATionS

EDuCaTE anD EnLIGHTEn!

Sttegic d log tem tde polic ledeship t home d bod is to lge etet bot edctig d elighteig policmes d citizes o

ho the mode ecoom os d the beets o tde. Tods Eopeistittios il i this egd. The politicl sppot o globl d egiolledeship i tde mttes is llig. as Eopes itegtio ith the oldgos deepe d becomes eve moe dvced, it is eve moe impottth beoe to impove the pblic destdig o mode tde d globlcommece. Especill the Eope Commissio hs specil edctiolesposibilit d shold ivest mch moe time d deptmetl esoces iicesig the pblic destdig o tde d the old ecoom.

rEVIEw rECEnT DISCrIMInaTInG MEaSurES

The cisis did ot tigge epl o the tit-o-tt potectioism i the 1930s,


34/38


bt too m tde estictive d discimito meses hve beeitodced dig the cisis, lso i the Eu. Ceepig potectioism is lsogoig. The Eu shold ppoit Gop o wise Pesos to evie its opolicies dig the cisis d emie thei eects o tde, tde ce, decoomic goth. Opqe potectioism d discimito pctices thive olc o tspec.

ESTaBLISH a rEVIEw anD TranSParEnCy BOarD FOr TraDE

Eope lcs commo istittios o stctes tht evie tde polic doe lsis o te sttegies d eom. The Commissio pts lessesoces ito lticl sppot th othe govemets o big ecoomies d some o the Eu membe sttes. Coseqetl, Eopes tde policlcs clte o evltio. as Eus tde polic istittios ill chgeith the Lisbo Tet it becomes eve moe impott to hve bodies thtgive sod lses o cet d te tde polic. Fo emple, revied Tspec Bod, esemblig the astli Ti Bod d astliPodctivit Commissio, c give coe lticl stcte to tde polic d

help to estblish evidece-bsed ppoch tht demies istittiolivl d ctiol tedecies.

MulTilATerAl APProAcheS

BrOkEr a DOHa DEaL nOw!

The Doh rod eeds to ish soo. Time is o the essece. withot ished Doh rod ithi e s set ot b the ltest G20 smmit thee is seios is tht stcted ed o the od cot be chievedt the sme time s it ill pevet othe bsiess om tig plce. The Dohrod ill ot be the Gold Stdd geemet evisioed t the stt. Btit is bette to ed it ith ht hs bee geed so , th to im o the sts.Eope shold te ledeship to boe del. It hs mch bigge stei the mltiltel tdig sstem th othe coties, bt it is ot oe o thecoties tht e blocig egotitios o.

DEFInE LOnG-TErM, POST-DOHa InTErESTS In THE wTO

Clel, te globl tde polic ill be dieet om mltiltel tde polic ithe pst ceties. Eveoe is coledgig tht e ppoch is eededt the wTO. Bt e hve deed o themselves ht thei coe iteests ed ht sttegies e eeded to pse those iteests. Tde egotitiose oms to pse sttegic ecoomic iteests. Tde polic shold imso big commecil d ecoomic gis. not destdig oes coe

iteests demies the vitlit o tde polic d tde-polic ogistios.udestdig them, d liig them to domestic eom geds, lie thesccesso to the Lisbo ged o competitiveess, is moe impott thlooig t e gd istittiol desigs o the wTO.

InITIaTE nEw PLurILaTEraL aGrEEMEnTS

Mch bsiess c be doe t the wTO thogh colitios o the illig iselected sectos d o selected isses. Sch geemets c lso sbstittebiltel ppoches tht the is o itodcig too mch discimitio itoold tde. as the ledig tdig etit o the old, Eope hs mch stogeiteests th most othe coties i most sectos. It is ol tl tht Eope


35/38


tes the ledeship i settig ot the poles o e pliltel geemets.

nExT STEP FOr THE DIGITaL ECOnOMy

The ICT secto is cetl to the Eope ecoom. Eope too the ledeshipi the lte 1990s to egotite tde del o iomtio techolog podcts; iititive tht sped tde d goth. no e steps hve to be te.The Iomtio Techolog ageemet (ITa) eeds to be eteded d eedsto te ccot o nTBs. ICT sevices eed to be libelised d sbect totde disciplies; too m coties e doctoig ith tde estictios ithe old o digitl sevices. This cold be doe b iititig egotitios o Itetiol Digitl Ecoom ageemet (IDEa).

rESPECT THE ruLES!

as the biggest tdig bloc i the old, Eope hs big iteest i esigtht coties e espectig geemets d les o the wTO. Too ote,Eope shes its o polic i diectios tht seiosl is violtig coe

wTO les. These policies ote emege om othe es th tde, e.g.eviometl polic. Eope shold void legisltio tht it os m cofictith its wTO obligtios d be smbolicll chllegig. with cofict ovetde d climte chge polic loomig, this becomes eve moe impott.

BilATerAl APProAcheS

rEVIEw CurrEnT aPPrOaCH

Eope is egged i m biltel egotitios. Some o them hve beeo the cds o m es. Othes loo liel to be ished time soo

de to politicl obstcles. Eope shold te dispssiote ppoch to thelched biltel egotitios d evie ho liel it is tht the ill ishtime soo. negotitios tht e ot liel to mte ito geemets sooshold be dopped.

BE CauTIOuS wITH BILaTEraL anD GO FOr THOSE THaT MakECOMMErCIaL SEnSE!

Biltel tde dels e om idel; the itodce discimitio ito thetdig sstem. Too ote, the led to hdl sigict libelistio.Eope shold be dispssiote d ot ideologicl i its ppoch to FeeTde ageemets. Some FTas c cosidebl libelise tde, ope mets

to Eope bsiess, boost goth d help to stimlte gete ctio o themltiltel ot. It is biltel tde geemets ith othe big ecoomies thtcold delive sigict vle to the Eope ecoom d help to stimltectivit o the mltiltel ot.

MakE BETTEr uSE OF TarGETED, nOn-FTa BILaTEraL FraME-wOrkS

The best ltetive is ot ls to go o ll egotitios ove Fee Tdeageemet. a bette stteg c be to tget selected iitts i bilteleltio d d meo o ecipocl biltel egotitios ove thoseiitts. This hs bee the tiole o the High Level Tde d Ecoomic


36/38

36


Diloge ith Chi. yet this stteg hs ot deliveed. I cotst to theSttegic Ecoomic Diloge betee Chi d the uS, hich deliveed esltsi m tde es, the Eu hs ot bee ble to chieve thig i its bilteltls ith Chi. This sggests tht it is ot the omt tht is og; it is thesbsttive cotet d the lc o politicl b-i t top levels tht e missig.

exTernAl PrioriTieS

rEDuCInG nOn-TarIFF BarrIErS

no-ti bies (nTBs) ote potect ecoom to gete etet thtis. Eope shold pt nTBs ot d cete i ll its etel tde polic.The bechms o ht nTB egotitios shold ccomplish shold be high highe th i tods ppoch.

DISCIPLInED GOVErnMEnT PrOCurEMEnT

The Eu hs disciplied its govemet pocemet i its competitio polic

d i the Govemet Pocemet ageemet (GPa). Othe coties,icldig the uS, hve ot goe s s the Eu. ad m Eu compiese hevil discimited gist bod i govemet pocemet. Thisdiscimitio epesets big losses.

STrEnGTHEnED InTELLECTuaL PrOPErTy PrOTECTIOn

Eope loses sigict sles d vle dded becse o itellectl popetvioltios, especill o ptets, i thid coties. Too ote the Eu eglectsto give sciet pioit d ocs to violtios o IPrs i its etel ctio.To iovtio-bsed ecoom, it is o eistetil impotce tht itellectlpopet is espected.

InVESTMEnT PrOTECTIOn anD TranSParEnCy

Eope eeds ivestmet polic tht bette potects its oeig ivestmets.Too m isses e coveed i Eopes ivestmet ppoch d stddBITs i Eope ll behid ameic BITs i secig potectio. Eope sholdlso hve gete eqiemets o ivestmet tspec. Eope shold bemoe ope to oeig ivestmets th it is tod, bt it shold demd thtoeig ivestos e tspet.

The doMeSTic TrAde AGendA

SInGLE MarkET FOr EnErGyEopes eeg mets e gmeted d too eglted. The eed to beeed p d eble mch moe coss-bode ivestmet d tde. This is lsocetl to Eopes eeg secit d eltioship ith eeg epotes. asigle met o eeg old itodce bette met disciplies d voidbitte politicl ghts ove eeg eltios d ivestmets.

SInGLE MarkET FOr SErVICES

The st step to cete sigle met o sevices hs bee te. no it istime to icese eots to give tde i sevices simil coditios s iteltde i goods. The poposl to cete digitl sigle met shold be pshed.


37/38

37


Othe iititives shold be te, too. Bt Eope shold void lchig gd ght i the the did he the oigil diective o sigle met osevices s tbled.

COMMOn PaTEnT SySTEM

Eope eeds stoge ptet sstem tht potects ivestmet i esech diovtio. It lso eeds commo ptet polic tht edces the cost o ptetpplictio d tht ebles Eope to eoce ptets moe vigoosl bod.

rEFOrM THE COMMOn aGrICuLTuraL POLICy (CaP)

Eope is set to eom its Commo agicltl Polic (CaP) s it moves closeto the et bdget meo. This is good oppotit to eom gicltlpolic d edce spedig o gicltl sbsidies.

DISCIPLInE THE uSE OF anTIDuMPInG

Eope shold disciplie its se o tde deece istmets. atidmpigpolic hs impoved i the pst es, bt the impovemets e eeded tovoid polic tht hts Eopes o ecoom d tigges othe cotiesto ct o-coopetivel ith Eope ms. Tde deece meses eted, bt i too m cses Eope st ses this polic to potect somecoddled sectos tht e competitive the th sectos tht e ced ithcompetitive behvio om oeig ms.


38/38


fooTnoTeS

This sto o the podctio o iPod is bsed o Lide, Geg, et l, 2009, who cptes vle i 1.

globl iovtio eto?: the cse o apples iPod. Communications of the ACM, vol. 52(3).

reihdt, ad, 2006, nois mgicet mobile-phoe mctig mchie, Bsiess2.

wee, agst 3, 2006. accessed t http://.bsiessee.com/globlbiz/cotet/g2006/

gb20060803_618811.htm

Slghte, Mtthe, 2009, wht is ameic c?,3. Wall Street Journal, M 7, 2009

ntiol Bod o Tde, 2007,4. Adding value to the European economy. Stocholm: ntiol Bod

o Tde. accessed t http://.ommes.se/plod/alsiv/abetsom%C3%a5de/Eus%20

tte%20hdelspoliti/addigvletotheEopeecoom.pd

wold Tde Ogistio, 2009, Ovevie o developmets i the itetiol tdig eviomet,5.

Annual Report by the Director-General, wold Tde Ogistio wT/TPr/OV/12, 18 novembe 2009

Tde emedies lie tidmpig e ot ccoted o s sch meses e tgeted gist specic6.

coties/epotes.

Ecdo, hoeve, hs imposed tis o moe th 600 items.7.

Eveett, Simo (ed.), 2009,8. The unrelenting pressure of protectionism: The 3rd GTA Report. Lodo:

CEPr/Globl Tde alet. accessed t http://globltdelet.og/sites/delt/les/GTa_epot_3.pd

Figes o 2008, hoeve, do ot sho cisis-elted tidmpig s it tes loge time o -9.

tidmpig cse to mte, i.e. gettig mteil evidece ove loge time peiod.

unCTaD, 2009,10. World Investment Report 2009. ne yo/Geev: uited ntios Pblictio.

europe union and trade policy

Documents