James Villanueva

Europe

Issue 1

Whether to replace Kyoto with a legally binding treaty or other kind of instrumento Are there more effective ways to define mitigation targets than assigning targets

or countries choosing their own targets?o Other ways to divide responsibility with different roles of developed and

developing countries

Issue 2

UN REDD programo Have developed countries provided adequate financial assistance to make this a

workable program?o How are the national aspirations of developing countries realized through REDD?

Instructions for Europe:

Moving force of Kyoto Protocolo Adopted and accepted greenhouse gas reduction goal of 8%

Differentiated within the EU Pushing for strong climate treaty language

o Very unhappy with the Copenhagen Accord WANT LEGALLY BINDING AND DETAILED TREATY Adopted a GHG emissions or carbon trading system

o Nations in EU have binding carbon targetso Nations must meet commitments – part of European lawo Require corporations, energy companies to meet targets tooo Can either reduce its own emission or buy a CARBON CREDIT OR

ALLOWANCE from another entity already meeting its targeto WANT TO EXPAND THIS SYSTEM IN A NEW TREATY

Countries are in financial crisiso Developed nations’ commitment is creating a division within Europe

Europe is committed to the goal of meanningful emission reductions and creation of a legally binding treaty

Information on Union Inventory System i

Planning, preparation and management of the Union greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory Seeks to ensure accuracy, comparability, consistency, completeness, transpareny, and

timeliness of inventories of Member States with regard to the preparation of the Union GHG inventory in accordance with UNFCCC Guidelines

Current progress towards Kyoto and 2020 targets ii

Data accurate as of 2011 In 2011, EU-15 and EU-28 GHG emissions continue at downward trend decreasing by

4.2% and 3.3% compared to 2010.o Preliminary shows .5% and 1.3% decrease in 2012

EU-15o 2011 - at 14.9% below base year leves – on track to overachieve Kyoto

GDP continues to increase while emissions decrease.

Greenhouse gas inventory 2013

Greenhouse gas emission trendso EU-27 – 18.4% decrease until 2011; 3.3% between 2010 and 2011o EU-15 – 14.7% decrease until 2011; 4.2% between 2010 and 2011

Adaptation

Adaptation strategies are needed at all levels of administrationo Most adaptation initiatives will be taken at the regional or local levels. o Ability to cope and adapt also differs across populations, economic sectors and

regions within Europe. The Commission adopted an EU adaptation strategy in April 2013 which has been

welcomed by the Member States. The EU’s role can be particularly appropriate when climate change impacts transcend

borders of individual states - such as with river basins - and when impacts vary considerably across regions.

o The role of the EU can be especially useful to enhance solidarity among Member States and ensure that disadvantaged regions and those most affected by climate change are capable of taking the necessary measures to adapt.

Examples of adaptation measures include: o using scarce water resources more efficiently; o adapting building codes to future climate conditions and extreme weather events; o building flood defences and raising the levels of dykes; o developing drought-tolerant crops; o choosing tree species and forestry practices less vulnerable to storms and fires;

and o setting aside land corridors to help species migrate.

REDD iii

Emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries remain difficult to quantify.

They constitute around one sixth global CO2 emissions, or one eighth of all global greenhouse gas emissions. At the same time nearly one billion vulnerable people depend on these forests for food, water, shelter and energy.

If designed properly, REDD+ could entail substantial benefits in addition to the mitigation. These include positive impacts on biodiversity, climate change adaptation, low emission development and strengthening indigenous peoples' rights.

o REDD+ therefore has the potential for a triple dividend - gains for the climate, for biodiversity and for sustainable development.

o How far this potential can be materialised depends on providing a legal framework, and additional and proportionate resources that are used in a cost-effective manner.

The European Commission is investigating ways to catalyse private sector investment in addressing the drivers of deforestation and further increase the effectiveness and efficiency of REDD+ financing.

o The need to scale up financing for REDD+ is implicit in the pledge by developing countries to provide climate finance of $100 bn per year to the developing world from 2020 in the context of developing countries undertaking meaningful emissions mitigation action in a transparent way.

Goals for negotiation

Targetso Renewable targetso Cap and trade program

Openingo Issue 1iv

Binding agreement with define mitigation targets Taking into account the economy and emissions

40% reduction – 27% renewables – willing to index this Expanded cap and trade program

o Issue 2 We want to direct money towards REDD initiatives Allow emitters to direct proceeds towards REDD

Government proceeds going to private or government assistance depending on situation

Cap and Trade v

Government establishes a cap on emissions over a fixed period Government creates tradable allowances Entities must show that they enough allowances to cover units of pollution emitted EU Emissions Trading Scheme – covering major carbon dioxide emitters

o Australia, New Zealand, and South Korea have establishedo China has launched pilot programso US has launched state and regional programs

More cost-effective than direct regulation

o Allows polluters flexibility in reducing emissionso Makes polluters pay for the amount they produce

Can address one greenhouse gas or several Offsets

o Credits generated through activities that reduce greenhouse gas emissions outside the scope of cap-and-trade

Linking programso Create larger trading areas

Opening Statement vi

My name is _____ and I am an agent for Europe. The European Union is politically and legally committed to the goal of meaningful emission reductions and the creation of a legally binding treaty. This commitment to emission reduction and implementation of the Kyoto Protocol has lead to concrete policies and actions throughout the EU as we continue to deliver on our Kyoto target. The use of our cap-and-trade program has led to great results within the EU. Our current statistics show that we have met and in fact exceeded our Kyoto target. The Kyoto Protocol was a great and necessary first step, but it is important that we continue to look towards our next steps to battle against climate change.

In doing so, the EU propose the creation of a new legally binding agreement with defined mitigation targets. While taking into account the economy and emissions of other Countries, the next step should include a scaled up effort to reduce carbon emissions and increased use of renewable energy. Developed countries must continue to take on serious and important roles in the future as will the EU. Our personal target is 40% reduction and 27% renewables In line with the principle of common and differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, the EU proposes that developing and developed countries engage in a global cap and trade system. A global system will allow greater flexibility for those countries struggling to reduce emissions while also providing funds to countries in need of continuing adaptation.

In addition to a new cap and trade system, the EU also wants to continue funding towards the REDD program. It is important that the developed nations collaborate to assist developing countries to reduce deforestation and forest degradation. In addition to continued general funding, the EU also proposes a system connecting REDD with the cap and trade system. In this manner, emitters would be able to direct proceeds towards the REDD funds in order to pay for the amount of emissions.

With assistance from developed countries and developing countries, we can continue our progress if not for us, then for our children and grandchildren.

i http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/g-gas/monitoring/docs/swd_2013_308_en.pdf ii http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/g-gas/docs/com_2013_698_en.pdfiii http://unfccc.int/files/meetings/ad_hoc_working_groups/kp/application/pdf/awgkp_eu_19042012.pdfiv http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-14-54_en.htmv Cap and Trade Chapter 11vi http://www.eu-un.europa.eu/articles/en/article_5436_en.htm