Europe in 1914Europe in 1914

Nationalism

Imperialism

Alliances

Militarism

International Anarchy

The Major Players: 1914-17

The Major Players: 1914-17

Nicholas II Nicholas II [Rus][Rus]

Nicholas II Nicholas II [Rus][Rus]

George V [Br]George V [Br]George V [Br]George V [Br]

Pres. Poincare Pres. Poincare [Fr][Fr]

Pres. Poincare Pres. Poincare [Fr][Fr]

Allied PowersAllied Powers::Allied PowersAllied Powers::

Franz Josef [A-H]Franz Josef [A-H]Franz Josef [A-H]Franz Josef [A-H]

Wilhelm II [Ger]Wilhelm II [Ger]Wilhelm II [Ger]Wilhelm II [Ger]

Victor Emmanuel Victor Emmanuel II [It]II [It]

Victor Emmanuel Victor Emmanuel II [It]II [It]

Central PowersCentral Powers::Central PowersCentral Powers::

Enver PashaEnver Pasha[Turkey][Turkey]

Enver PashaEnver Pasha[Turkey][Turkey]

4. Aggressive Nationalism

4. Aggressive Nationalism

The Great Powers

Great Britain

Germany

Austria

Russia

Italy

France

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OJe1W_HIWmA&feature=related

3. Economic & Imperial Rivalries

3. Economic & Imperial Rivalries

The Three Emperors’ League (1872)

The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78

The Dual Alliance

The Triple Alliance

The Reinsurance Treaty (1887)

The Franco-Russian Alliance (1894)

Deterioration of Anglo-German Relations

The Anglo-French Entente (1904)

The Anglo-Russian Entente (1907)

The Triple Entente

2. Militarism & Arms Race2. Militarism & Arms Race

1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1914

94 130 154 268 289 398

Total Defense Expenditures for the Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br.,

Rus.] Rus.] in millions of £s.in millions of £s.

1910-1914 Increase in Defense

Expenditures

France 10%

Britain 13%

Russia 39%

Germany

73%

Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914

Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914

The“Powder

Keg”of Europe

The“Powder

Keg”of Europe

Sarajevo, Bosnia – June 28, 1914

Who’s To Blame?Who’s To Blame?

COUNTRIES TAKE A SIDE

• Shocked Francis Joseph blames Serbia, feels Serb Gov’t knew of the plot

• Believed that Serbia wanted south Slav empire

• Wanted to deal harshly with the Serbs

• Needed German backing first• Kaiser Wilhelm II told Austria

that Germany would support any action they saw fit

• Essentially giving Austria a blank check to do anything.

AUSTRIA ANSWERS SERBIA

• Austria sends Serbia a severe ultimatum or final set of demands 7/23/14

• Serbia must end all anti-Austrian agitation and punish and Serbian official involved in the murder.

• Dismiss all officials hostile to Austria-Hungary• Allow Austrian officials into Serbia to investigate the

Archduke’s murder themselves• Serbia agrees to all of the terms except the last, rejecting it

as an infringement on Serbian sovereignty.• 7/28/14 Austria balk at Serbia and declare war on the Serbs

July 28, 1914 – Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia

July 30, 1914 – Russia prepared to defend Serbia

August 1, 1914 – Germany declares war on Russia

August 3, 1914 – Germany declared war on France

August 3, 1914 – Germany invaded neutral Belgium

August 4, 1914 – British declared war on Germany

Ready Since 1905

Response to possibility of a Two front war

France on the West

Russia on the East

Paris in Six Weeks

March Against Russia

FRENCH STRONGHOLD AT VERDUN.

- IDEA WAS TO BLEED FRANCE TO DEATH AND BREAK THERE SPIRIT

German first assault, February 21, artillery bombardment,

-five months of fighting causes

-430,000 German dead

-540,000 French dead

-Germans bleed French white but, not to death and hurt there military in the end

THEY

SHALL NOT PASS

FRENCH HOLD THE LINE.

-FORCE GERMAN STALEMATE

-CREATE PROBLEMS FOR GERMAN HIGH COMMAND

Tennenberg

German army quickly isolates and destroys the Russian forces, at the end of August.

Galicia Austria, ends the war for Russia

OTTOMAN EMPIRE SIDES WITH GERMNY. CLOSE DARDANELLES TO ALLIED SHIPPING

BRITAIN GOES TO OPEN AREA AND WINDS UP STAYING FOR A YEAR AND LOSING 65,000 MEN

American Neutrality• Wilson—neither threatened vital

American interest• American against the war Pacifists,

Isolationists, Socialist• Edward M. House and Robert

Lansing– Wilson’s pro-British advisors

• William Jennings Bryan– Against pro-British tilt

• Germany had no advocates in government

• British blockade of Germany– Violates American neutrality, Wilson

protests

(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

British navy blocks German coast and starves people

Germany counters with U-boats

British Big naval advantage countered by hidden boats

Submarine Warfare• Unterseeboot (U-boat)• Lusitania (May 1915)

– 1198 killed, 128 Americans

– Germans had warned the passenger was a target

• Bryan resigns when Wilson refuses to criticize both British blockade and U-boats

• Sussex pledge (1916)• 1916 preparedness measures

(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

German Escalation

• Russia’s imminent collapse• Germany concentrates on Britain and

France– Renew U-boat war

• "Zimmerman telegram“• American declaration of war: “make the

world safe for democracy”

(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

American Intervention

• Russian revolution (1917)– Vladimir Lenin and Bolshevik Party

• Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918)– Publication of secret Allied treaties

• German 1918 offensive• American Expeditionary Force (AEF)

– John J. Pershing

• Allied 1918 offensive• Armistice 11-11-1918

(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

32 STATES REPRESENTING 75% OF THE WORLD’S POPULATION.

TALKS WERE DOMINATED BY THE 5 MAJOR POWERS RESPONSIBLE FOR DEFEATING THE CENTRAL POWERS

UNITED STATES

GREAT BRITAIN

ITALY FRANCE JAPAN

4 ALLIED LEADERS DOMINATED THE NEGOTIATIONS

GOAL WAS TO PUNISH GERMANY AND MAKE SURE THAT IT WOULD NEVER BECOME A THREAT AGAIN!!!

Germany

1.THE SURRENDER OF ALL GERMAN COLONIES AS LEAGUE OF NATIONS MANDATES

2. THE RETURN OF ALSACE AND LORAINE TO FRANCE

WHAT ABOUT THE GERMAN’S LIVING THERE??

3. DANZIG TO BECOME A FREE CITY/CREATION OF THE POLISH CORRIDOR

Split Germany!! Access to East Prussia from Germany??

4. DEMILITARIZATION AND A 15 YEAR OCCUPATION OF THE RHINELANDWho would defend and

occupy it?What about the German’s

living there?Who would pay for the

occupation?

5. GERMAN REPARATIONS OF 6,600 MILLION POUNDS

6. A BAN ON THE UNION OF GERMANY AND AUSTRIA

7. AN ACCEPTANCE OF GERMANY’S GUILT IN CAUSING THE WAR

8. PROVISION FOR THE TRIAL OF THE FORMER KAISER AND OTHER WAR LEADERS THE TRIALS

NEVER OCCURED

9. LIMITATION OF GERMANY’S ARMY TO 100,000 MEN WITH NO CONSCRIPTION, NO TANKS, NO HEAVY ARTILLERY, NO POISON-GAS SUPPLIES, NO AIRCRAFT AND NO AIRSHIPS

=

10. LIMITATION OF THE GERMAN NAVY TO VESSELS UNDER 100,000 TONS, AND NO SUBMARINES

GERMANY: SIGNED UNDER PROTEST

FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN: ANGRY THAT THERE WAS NO ACTUAL TRIAL OF THE KAISER OR OTHER WAR LEADERS. DIDN’T THINK THE TREATY WAS HARD ENOUGH ON GERMANY