EuropeEuropeChapter 12Chapter 12

Key Terms and Main IdeaKey Terms and Main Idea

• FjordFjord

• UplandsUplands

• MesetaMeseta

• Massif CentralMassif Central

• PeatPeat

• Europe is composed of many peninsulas Europe is composed of many peninsulas and islandsand islands

Europe LandformsEurope Landforms

• The Peninsula of PeninsulasThe Peninsula of Peninsulas

• Europe is a large peninsula Europe is a large peninsula stretching west of Asia. It also stretching west of Asia. It also contains many small peninsulas contains many small peninsulas

• A Peninsula is a body land that A Peninsula is a body land that projects out into water but is still projects out into water but is still connected to the main body of land connected to the main body of land

PeninsulaPeninsula

IslandsIslands

• Northern Great Britain, Ireland, Northern Great Britain, Ireland, Iceland, & GreenlandIceland, & Greenland

• Mediterranean – Corsica, Sardinia, Mediterranean – Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, Crete & the Balearic IslandsSicily, Crete & the Balearic Islands

Northern PeninsulaNorthern Peninsula

• Scandinavian Peninsula: Nations of Scandinavian Peninsula: Nations of Norway and Sweden.Norway and Sweden.

• Terrain - thin rocky soil that makes it Terrain - thin rocky soil that makes it hard for farming.hard for farming.

• In Norway glaciers carved out Fjords- In Norway glaciers carved out Fjords- which are steep u shaped valleys which are steep u shaped valleys that connect to the sea that connect to the sea

Jutland PeninsulaJutland Peninsula

• It is directly across the North Sea It is directly across the North Sea from the Scandinavian Peninsula. It from the Scandinavian Peninsula. It forms the largest part of Denmark forms the largest part of Denmark and small part of Germanyand small part of Germany

• This land is an extension that is a This land is an extension that is a broad plain that reaches across broad plain that reaches across Northern Europe Northern Europe

Southern Peninsula’sSouthern Peninsula’s

• Iberian Peninsula: It is Home to Spain and Iberian Peninsula: It is Home to Spain and Portugal. The Pyrenees Mountains block off Portugal. The Pyrenees Mountains block off this Peninsula from the rest of Europethis Peninsula from the rest of Europe

• Italian Peninsula: Home to Italy, extends Italian Peninsula: Home to Italy, extends into the Mediterranean Sea 4700 miles of into the Mediterranean Sea 4700 miles of coast line.coast line.

• Balkan Peninsula: is bordered by the Balkan Peninsula: is bordered by the Adriatic, Mediterranean, and Aegean Seas. It Adriatic, Mediterranean, and Aegean Seas. It is mountainous transportation is difficult. is mountainous transportation is difficult.

Iberian PeninsulaIberian Peninsula

Italian PeninsulaItalian Peninsula

Balkan PeninsulaBalkan Peninsula

MountainsMountains

• Viewed as walls, because the mountains block people Viewed as walls, because the mountains block people or separate groups.or separate groups.

• Alps- Arc across France, Italy, Germany, Switzerland, Alps- Arc across France, Italy, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, and the northern Balkan Peninsula. They cut Austria, and the northern Balkan Peninsula. They cut Italy off from the rest of Europe.Italy off from the rest of Europe.

• Pyrenees- Restrict movement from France to Spain and Pyrenees- Restrict movement from France to Spain and PortugalPortugal

• Apennine- Running like a spine down Italy, they divide Apennine- Running like a spine down Italy, they divide the Italian Peninsula between East and West.the Italian Peninsula between East and West.

• Balkan- Block off the Balkan Peninsula from the rest of Balkan- Block off the Balkan Peninsula from the rest of Europe Europe

LandformsLandforms

• Uplands- are hills or very low Uplands- are hills or very low mountains that also may contain mountains that also may contain Mesas or high plateausMesas or high plateaus

• Meseta- The Central Plateau of SpainMeseta- The Central Plateau of Spain

• Massif Central- 1/6 of the French Massif Central- 1/6 of the French lands are uplandslands are uplands

RiversRivers

• Europe has a network of rivers that bring people and Europe has a network of rivers that bring people and goods togethergoods together

• The two major Castle Lined Rivers are the Danube and The two major Castle Lined Rivers are the Danube and the Rhinethe Rhine

• Danube- Cuts through the heart of Europe from west the Danube- Cuts through the heart of Europe from west the east, touching 9 countries 1771 miles to the Black Sea.east, touching 9 countries 1771 miles to the Black Sea.

• Rhine- Flows 820 miles from the interior of Europe north Rhine- Flows 820 miles from the interior of Europe north to the North Sea to the North Sea

ResourcesResourcesRivers/SeasRivers/Seas

– Many natural bays Many natural bays and harbors and harbors •Helps trade & Helps trade & fishing fishing industriesindustries

– How are rivers How are rivers used in Europe?used in Europe?•Gives access to Gives access to the seasthe seas

•Transport goods Transport goods & people& people

ResourcesResourcesFertile Plains/AgricultureFertile Plains/Agriculture

– About 33% of land is suitable for About 33% of land is suitable for agricultureagriculture

– Major crops are grains, grapes, olivesMajor crops are grains, grapes, olives– Northern European Plain (N.E.P.)Northern European Plain (N.E.P.)– Other Smaller Plains in Sweden, Other Smaller Plains in Sweden,

Hungary, & northern ItalyHungary, & northern Italy

ResourcesResourcesEnergyEnergy

– Several oil and natural gas Several oil and natural gas reserves throughout the North Seareserves throughout the North Sea

– Coal and Iron ore throughout Coal and Iron ore throughout northern Europe northern Europe

•Big part of early Big part of early Industrialization Industrialization

•helps in steel productionhelps in steel production

•+ good transportation + good transportation

• - pollution- pollution– Due to lack of energy resources, Due to lack of energy resources,

Irish can use Irish can use peatpeat to burn as fuel to burn as fuel

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Climate & Vegetation:Warm Westerly Winds

Most of Europe has a Marine West Coast climate.

Climate & Vegetation:Warm Westerly WindsEurope enjoys a much milder climate than other regions at this latitude.

Why?

North Atlantic Drift a current of warm water from the tropics that flows near Europe’s west coast.

The prevailing westerlies pick up warm air from this current and carry it over Europe

North Atlantic Drift a current elevates temperature and carries moisture.

Climate & Vegetation: Harsher Conditions Inland

Areas in Europe far from the coast have a harsher climate than coastal areas. These areas have mild to hot summers and cold, snowy winters. They don’t receive the warm westerly winds produced by the Northern Atlantic Drift.

The Alps have a cold climate because of their high elevation.

Alps in the summer

Climate & Vegetation:Mediterranean

The areas around the Mediterranean Sea enjoy a mild climate. Mountains block cold air from the North.

The parts of Europe that

benefit from this climate includes: Southern Spain &

France, Italy, Greece, & parts of

the Balkans

Climate & Vegetation:Mediterranean: Special Winds

An exception to this is the Mediterranean coast of FranceNot protected by mountains

A cold, dry wind called the mistral blows from the north

The sirocco is a hot, steady south wind that blows from North Africa

Climate & Vegetation:Mediterranean

The major crops of the Mediterranean region are

citrus fruits, olives, grapes, and wheat

Its mild climate and sunny beaches make tourism a major industry in the region

Climate & Vegetation:Land of Midnight Sun

In far northern Scandinavia, along the Arctic Circle, lies a band of tundra climate. The cold limits agriculture to southern Scandinavia.

No trees grow in this tundra climate, only mosses and

lichens, because the

topsoil is always frozen.

North of the Arctic Circle,

there are winter days when the

sun never rises and summer days when

the sun never sets

Sometimes called the Land of the Midnight Sun

III. Human-III. Human-EnvironmentEnvironmentInteractionInteractionPolders in the Polders in the

NetherlandsNetherlands•Built by the Dutch to reclaim land from the sea•40% of Netherlands was once under Sea•During storms the Dutch go to Terpens, which are high, earthen platforms.

•Dikes - An earthen bank used to Dikes - An earthen bank used to direct or prevent the passage of direct or prevent the passage of waterwater

•Polders - Land that is reclaimed Polders - Land that is reclaimed by building dikes and drainingby building dikes and draining

•Terpens – high earthen platforms Terpens – high earthen platforms used in seaworksused in seaworks

Canals in Venice, ItalyCanals in Venice, Italy

VeniceVenice

• Made up of 120 small islands and part of Made up of 120 small islands and part of the mainlandthe mainland

• Venice began when people tried to Venice began when people tried to escape invaders (the Huns) in the 400sescape invaders (the Huns) in the 400s

• There are more than 150 canalsThere are more than 150 canals

• People either take a boat or walkPeople either take a boat or walk

everywhereeverywhere

• Problems •Water pollution: industrial waste, sewer & saltwater •Erosion •Flooding•Algae – Kills fish, stinks

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