ETSI EN 303 396 V1.2.1 (2017-11)

Short Range Devices;Measurement Techniques for Automotive

and Surveillance Radar Equipment

EUROPEAN STANDARD

ReferenceDEN/ERM-TGSRR-77

Keywordsmeasurement uncertainty, power measurement,

radio measurements

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ContentsIntellectual Property Rights.................................................................................................................................

Foreword.............................................................................................................................................................

Modal verbs terminology....................................................................................................................................

Introduction.........................................................................................................................................................

1 Scope.........................................................................................................................................................

2 References.................................................................................................................................................

3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations....................................................................................................3.1 Definitions...........................................................................................................................................................3.2 Symbols...............................................................................................................................................................3.3 Abbreviations.......................................................................................................................................................

Annex X (informative): Radar target reflectors............................................................................................7

X.1 General remarks........................................................................................................................................

X.2 Direct target reflectors..............................................................................................................................

X.3 Delay line target reflectors........................................................................................................................

X.4 Electronic target reflectors........................................................................................................................

Annex E (informative): Bibliography............................................................................................................11

Annex F (informative): Change History.......................................................................................................12

History...............................................................................................................................................................

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Intellectual Property RightsIPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The information pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web server (https://ipr.etsi.org/).

Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.

ForewordThis European Standard (EN) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM).

It is intended to be used in conjunction with an appropriate harmonised standard for the purposes of assessing conformity with the Radio Equipment Directive [Error: Reference source not found].

National transposition dates

Date of adoption of this EN: 5 December 2016

Date of latest announcement of this EN (doa): 31 March 2017

Date of latest publication of new National Standardor endorsement of this EN (dop/e): 30 September 2017

Date of withdrawal of any conflicting National Standard (dow): 30 September 2017

Modal verbs terminologyIn the present document "shall", "shall not", "should", "should not", "may", "need not", "will", "will not", "can" and "cannot" are to be interpreted as described in clause 3.2 of the ETSI Drafting Rules (Verbal forms for the expression of provisions).

"must" and "must not" are NOT allowed in ETSI deliverables except when used in direct citation.

Introduction

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1 Scope

2 References

3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations3.1 Definitions

3.2 SymbolsFor the purposes of the present document, the following symbols apply:

wavelengthB (pulse) bandwidthBFH Bandwidth used for frequency hopping systemsc0 Speed of light in free space

d largest dimension of the antenna aperturedB decibeldFF Far Field DistanceE Field strengthfc Carrier frequencyfD Doppler frequencyfH highest frequencyfL lowest frequencyF Permitted frequency bandwidthF1 Low boundary between OOB and Spurious domainsF2 High boundary between OOB and Spurious domainsσ Radar Cross SectionBW_o Observation bandwidthf_max Maximum frequency range of interestf_mod Modulation frequency rangeP_min Minimum relevant signal powerPCORR Measured power corrected with regard to the RBWPMEASURED Measured powerP_RX Power received by a radar sensorRBW Resolution BandwidthRBWREF Reference Resolution BandwidthRBWMEASURED Resolution Bandwidth used for the measurementsS Power Flux DensityTC Chip periodt_d1,2,3 Individual dwell time contributionst_d Dwell timet_o Observation timet_r Repetition timeTP Total Power

vph Phase velocity

vr Radial velocity

3.3 AbbreviationsFor the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:

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AC Alternating CurrentACC Adaptive Cruise ControlADAS Advanced Driver Assistance SystemsADC Analogue-to-digital converterATT ATTenuatorBSD Blind Spot DetectionBW BandWidthCEPT European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications administrationsCISPR Comité International Spécial des Perturbations RadioélectriquesCW Continuous WaveDAC Digital-to-analogue converterDC Direct Currente.i.r.p. equivalent isotropically radiated powerEC European CommissionECC Electronic Communications CommitteeEMC Electro Magnetic CompatibilityERC European Radiocommunication CommitteeEUT Equipment Under TestFFT Fast Fourier TransformFH Frequency HoppingFMCW Frequency Modulation Continuous WaveFSK Frequency Shift KeyingHS Harmonised StandardsIF Intermediate FrequencyLNA Low Noise AmplifierOBW Occupied BandWidthOOB Out-Of-BandPCS Pre-Crash SystemPRF Pulse Repetition FrequencyPRI Pulse Repetition IntervalPSD Power Spectral DensityRBW Resolution BandWidthRCS Radar Cross SectionRE-D Radio Equipment DirectiveRF Radio FrequencyRMS Root Mean SquareRR ITU-R Radio RegulationsRx Receiver (Receive)SNR Signal to Noise RatioSRD Short Range DeviceSRR Short Range RadarTTT Transport & Traffic TelematicsTx TransmitterUWB Ultra Wide BandVBW Video BandWidthVSWR Voltage Standing Wave Ratio

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Annex X (informative):Radar target reflectors

X.1 General remarksIn radar measurements power is transmitted towards a target and the reflected power is received. The received power depends – among others – on the radar cross section σ of the target:

P_Rx σ

The radar cross section σ in turn depends on several parameters:

Frequency of radar signal Target material Target shape Target size Target motion

For a target in a real world traffic scenario, like a vehicle or a pedestrian, the material, shape and size vary with the incident angle so that the radar cross section varies as well:

Figure X.1: Exemplary radar cross section of a vehicle at 24 GHz [T. Schipper et al.].

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Figure X.2: Exemplary radar cross section of a pedestrian at 77 GHz [EC Joint Resarch Center].

For stable radar test results a target reflector with less variability in radar cross section is prefered.

This annex in the following describes three different classes of such target reflectors.

X.2 Direct target reflectorsBy using well conducting metal as material and by limiting the complexity of the geometric shape and by avoiding motion, reflectors can be realized for which the reflection behavior is simple enough to be analytically computed.

Examples are:

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By adding motion to a direct target reflector the occurring Doppler effect causes the reflected power to be shifted in frequency (fC + fD):

fD = 2 vr /

Motion towards the radar sensor gives a positive frequency shift while motion away from the radar sensor gives a negative frequency shift.

An example of such a reflector is a rotating fan.

X.3 Delay line target reflectorsTo realize a target reflector at a distance larger than the size of a test lab, a wound-up waveguide can be used as shown in Fig. X.3.

Figure X.3: Schematic diagram of a delay line target reflector with wound-up waveguide.

The effective length is equal to the waveguide length multiplied by the ratio of speed of light in free space and phase velocity in the waveguide.

X.4 Electronic target reflectorsUsing analogue electronic components like amplifiers and phase shifters, then the radar cross section and Doppler frequency shift can be adjusted (see for example Fig. X.4).

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Wound-up waveguide

Wave- guide

Horn antenna Short

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Figure X.4: Schematic diagram of an analogue electronic target reflector.

Using digital electronic components like ADCs, DACs and processors, then the target reflector properties can be adjusted in a very general way (see for example Fig. X.5).

Figure X.5: Schematic diagram of a digital electronic target reflector.

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Phase shifterHorn

antenna

LO

Fast digital signal

processor

DAC

ADC

Up converter

~Horn

antenna

Down converter

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Annex E (informative):BibliographyCEPT/ERC Recommendation 70-03: "Relating to the use of Short Range Devices (SRD)".

CEPT/ERC Recommendation 01-06: "Procedure for mutual recognition of type testing and type approval for radio equipment".

Directive 2004/104/EC of 14 October 2004, adapting to technical progress Council Directive 72/245/EEC, relating to the radio interference (electromagnetic compatibility) of vehicles and amending Directive 70/156/EC on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the type-approval of motor vehicles and their trailers (OJL 337, 13.11.204).

ECC decision ECC/DEC/(04)03 of 19 March 2004 on the frequency band 77 - 81 GHz to be designated for the use of Automotive Short Range Radars.

EC Decision 2004/545/EC of 8 July 2004 on the harmonisation of radio spectrum in the 79 GHz range for the use of automotive short-range radar equipment in the Community.

Recommendation ITU-R M.1177-4 (2011): "Techniques for measurement of unwanted emissions of radar systems".

Recommendation ITU-R M.1452-2 (2012): "Millimetre wave vehicular collision avoidance radars and radiocommunication systems for intelligent transport system applications".

Recommendation ITU-R M.2057-0 (2014): "Systems characteristics of automotive radars operating in the frequency band 76-81 GHz for intelligent transport systems applications".

ITU-R Report SM.2153-5 (2015): "Technical and operating parameters and spectrum requirements for short-range devices".

ETSI EN 301 489-51: "Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) standard for radio equipment and services; Harmonised Standard covering the essential requirements of article 3.1b of the Directive 2014/53/EU; Part 51: Specific conditions for Automotive and Surveillance Radar Devices using 24,05 GHz to 24,5 GHz or 76 GHz to 81 GHz".

Commission implementing Decision 2013/752/EU of 11 December 2013 amending Decision 2006/771/EC on harmonisation of the radio spectrum for use by short-range devices and repealing Decision 2005/928/EC.

T. Schipper, J. Fortuny-Guasch, D. Tarchi, L. Reichardt, und T. Zwick, “RCS Measurement Results for Automotive Related Objects at 23-27 GHz,” in Proc. European Conf. Antennas and Propag., Rome, Italy, Apr. 2011, S. 683–686.

EC Joint Research Center: Radar Cross Section Measurements of Pedestrian Dummies and Humans in the 24/77 GHz Frequency Bands, 2013

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Annex F (informative):Change History

Date Version Information about changes10th November 2015 1.1.1_0.0.3 Outcome of TGSRR-drafting webmeeting127th November 2015 1.1.1_0.0.5 Outcome of TGSRR-drafting webmeeting230th November 2015 1.1.1_0.0.6 Editorial cleaning17th December 2015 1.1.1_0.0.8 Outcome of TGSRR-AdHoc meeting21st December 2015 1.1.1_0.0.9 Outcome of online drafting session20th January 2016 1.1.1_0.0.11 Drafting version TGSRR#23 First day21th January 2016 1.1.1_0.0.13 Drafting version TGSRR#23 Second day22nd January 2016 1.1.1_1.0.0 Amended by TG SRR#23 for ENAP5th February 2016 1.1.1_1.0.1 Editorial and formal corrections during TG SRR Goto Meeting 4th of

February20th July 2016 1.1.1_1.1.1 Outcome resolution meeting @ TG SRR#2529th November 2017 1.2.1_0.0.1 Added annex on radar target reflectors

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HistoryDocument history

V1.1.0 April 2016 EN Approval Procedure AP 20160717: 2016-04-18 to 2016-07-18

V1.1.1 October 2016 Vote V 20161205: 2016-10-06 to 2016-12-05

V1.1.1 December 2016 Publication

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