ethernet card_project report

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

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INTRODUCTION

1.1 Overview

Data transferring is the key part of any data acquisition or data collection system.

How to found a useful, extensively, agility, high efficiency data collection system is a

important and difficult problem. Traditional data collection systems use the single-chip as

the kernel of the system. The precision and the operation ability of the system is finite,

the interface is not easy. Again, the distance of data transferring, capability of the data storage is also finite. With the embedded new technology development, data collection

system import multitask operation system. This have many characteristics, such as rapidness of the collection velocity, easy interface etc. The technology will bring into

play important effect on industry development. LAN supplies networking capability to group of computers in close proximity to each other such as in an office, school or a

home. Most LANs are built with relatively inexpensive hardware. Ethernet is a physical and data link layer technology for LANs. Ethernet means

network of everywhere. No computer should be island. With Ethernet, file sharing and printer sharing among machines become possible. Again, installation of Ethernet is easier

and less expensive than other network protocol. It offers efficient ways to connect across MAC.PC, Linux, UNIX workstations. Thus suggests LAN to SPI communication using

Ethernet. To monitor industrial parameters like temperature, speed etc numbers of monitoring equipments are used. Here we proposed LAN to SPI interface to monitor

these industrial parameters with the help of different sensors. The other target application

can be industrial automation, building automation, home control etc.

1.2 Theory

The Ethernet protocol is made up of a number of components, such as the

structure of Ethernet frames, the Physical Layer and its MAC operation. Ethernet is defined as IEEE802.2 standard. It is having Media Access Control (MAC) address of 48

bits. Ethernet is a LAN topology based on carrier sense multiple access/collision detection (CSMA/CD).Ethernet/IP is used with personal computers, mainframes, robots,

input/output (I/O) devices and adapters, programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and many other devices.

Ethernet was invented by engineer Robert Metcalfe. When first widely deployed

in the 1980s, Ethernet supported a maximum theoretical data rate of 10 megabits per

second (Mbps). Later, so-called "Fast Ethernet" standards increased this maximum data

rate to 100 Mbps. Gigabit Ethernet technology further extends peak performance up to

1000 Mbps, and 10 Gigabit Ethernet technologies also exists. An Ethernet card is one

kind of network adapter. These adapters support the Ethernet standard for high-speed

network connections via cables. Ethernet cards are sometimes known as network

interface cards (NICs).

Setting up a network for your small business can be tricky work -- there are a lot

of parts involved, and every computer on the network has to have the correct equipment

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in order to transfer files and access the server. Ethernet cards are essential parts of a network. They connect a computer to another computer or to a server by using a cable, an

alternative to a wireless network

An Ethernet card in your computer serves one basic function is to transmit data

from the network to your computer. An Ethernet card is the communications hub for your computer; it connects to a network using a network cable. Ethernet cards can also

communicate one-on-one with another Ethernet card, allowing for peer-to-peer network connections -- these are useful for direct file sharing. The cable connection on the

Ethernet card is called an RJ-45 connection, which connects to a variety of cable types, all capable of different transmission speeds.

For any computer, Ethernet card performs two crucial tasks

– Establishes and manages the computer’s network connection.

– Translates digital computer data into signals (appropriate for the networking

medium) for outgoing messages, and translates signals into digital computer data

for incoming messages.

1.3 Problem Statements

Main task is to establish the connectivity between PC and server to ensure the connectivity we will send the data from the sensor to server via Ethernet card. Now this

process will send some message to another process, which will contain the destination and source address and some data.

This sending will represent Ethernet communication. Collision on the Ethernet

cable will be detected by CSMA/CD (carrier Sense Multiple Access Collision Detection)

method where the process reads the bus to see if some other process is transiting or not

and accordingly either transmits or waits for a random amount of time. This is how it as

to be simulated.

By using this device SPI serial devices can be converted into a network interface

peripheral to obtain compatibility with the network. This module can be used to monitor

industrial parameters like temperature, speed, humidity etc

1.4 Projects Objectives

Study of Ethernet protocol.

Study of MAC and PHYSICAL layer.

Study of SPI protocol.

Study of MSSP module of PIC16f877A.

Study of ENC28J60 external Ethernet controller chip.

Study of RJ45 cable and signals.

Study of Ethernet transformer.

Study of ferrite bead.

Study of power supply 5v 1A.

Study of Ethernet to serial conversion.

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1.5 Importance of Project

Speed

An Ethernet card provides a fast connection for data transmission. Tasks such as video conferencing, streaming high-definition movies and some computer gaming are

often more practical using an Ethernet card.

Reliability and Security Ethernet card provide a reliable connection to the data transmission that should

not vary in performance or availability if the network if functioning properly. Ethernet card provide more secure connections. Ethernet is comparatively easy to use

than that of other wireless protocols.

Bandwidth

Main advantage is Bandwidth offered by Ethernet; very large data can be transferred between two or more PC’s which are locally connected to Ethernet.

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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

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LITERATURE REVIEW

Communication protocol or data transfer mechanism is a key part in designing a

data acquisition system. There are many protocols which can do same job with different

mechanisms and speed. Each system is having its own advantages and drawbacks. For

example consider RS232 protocol which is commonly used for point-to-point wiring.

More to the point, each transmitter connected to the receiver on the other node hence only

one device can be connected to other. But it is suitable for small distance as it has less

noise immunity. The data transmission speed provided by RS232 is comparatively less as considering small distance.

Ethernet is really a standard for computer network technologies that describes both hardware and communication protocols.

Ethernet handles both the physical media control and the software encoding for

data going onto a network. Since Ethernet is a broadcast topology, where every computer

can potentially "talk" at once, it has a mechanism to handle collisions—when data

packets from two computers are transmitted at the same time. If a collision is detected,

both sides retransmit the data after a random delay. This works pretty well most of the

time. However, this is also a downside to the Ethernet architecture. All computers

attached to an Ethernet network are broadcasting on the same physical wire, and an

Ethernet card on the network sees all the traffic passing it. The Ethernet card is designed

to process only packets addressed to it, but you can clearly see the security implication

here.

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CHAPTER 3

PROCESS FLOW

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PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM

POWER ON

Input

SPI

Initialization

LCD Initialization

Port Initialization

Output

ADC

Initialization

Display

SPI Tx.

Process Data

Ethernet

LCD LCD Display

PHY init

MAC init

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MAIN PROGRAM

START

INIT_LCD ( )

ADC_INIT ( )

SPI_INIT ( )

PHY_INIT ( )

MAC_INIT ( )

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ADC

1. Function name - adc_init();

Function arguments - NULL

Functions return type – NULL

Function operation - To initialize ADC procedure of the controller

2. Function name - adc_process(unsigned int);

Function arguments - unsigned char

Functions return type - NULL

Function operation - To convert data in proper format.

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LCD

1. Function name – init_lcd(); Function arguments - NULL

Functions return type - NULL Function operation - To initialize LCD.

2. Function name – lcd_cmd(unsigned char);

Function arguments - unsigned char Functions return type - NULL

Function operation - To send command to LCD.

3. Function name – lcd_write(unsigned char);

Function arguments - unsigned char


Function operation - To send data to be displayed on LCD.

4. Function name – write_string (unsigned char,unsigned char);

Function arguments - unsigned char,unsigned char


Function operation - To write string on LCD.

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SPI

1. Function name - SPI_init();

Function arguments - NULL Functions return type - NULL

Function operation - To initialize MSSP module for SPI communication

2. Function name - SPI_Tx(unsigned char);

Function arguments – unsigned char


Function operation - To initialize SPI to transmit the data.

3. Function name - MAC_init(); Function arguments - NULL

Functions return type - NULL Function operation - To initialize MAC procedure of the controller.

4. Function name - PHY_init();

Function arguments - NULL


Function operation - To initialize PHY procedure of the controller

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CHAPTER 4

HARDWARE DEVELOPMENT

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HARDWARE DEVELOPMENT

4.1 Hardware Overview:

PIC16F877A

High-Performance RISC CPU:

• Only 35 single-word instructions to learn • All single-cycle instructions except for program branches, which are

two-cycle • Operating speed: DC – 20 MHz clock input DC – 200 ns instruction

cycle • Up to 8K x 14 words of Flash Program Memory, Up to 368 x 8 bytes of

Data Memory (RAM), Up to 256 x 8 bytes of EEPROM Data Memory

Peripheral Features:

• Timer0: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit prescaler

• Timer1: 16-bit timer/counter with prescaler, can be incremented during

Sleep via external crystal/clock

• Timer2: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit period register, prescaler and

postscaler

• Two Capture, Compare, PWM modules

- Capture is 16-bit, max. resolution is 12.5 ns

- Compare is 16-bit, max. resolution is 200 ns

- PWM max. resolution is 10-bit

• Synchronous Serial Port (SSP) with SPI™ (Master mode) and I2C™

(Master/Slave)

• Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter

(USART/SCI) with 9-bit address detection

• Parallel Slave Port (PSP) – 8 bits wide with external RD, WR and CS controls (40/44-pin only)

• Brown-out detection circuitry for Brown-out Reset (BOR)

Analog Features:

• 10-bit, up to 8-channel Analog-to-Digital Converter (A/D) • Brown-out Reset (BOR)

• Analog Comparator module with: - Two analog comparators

- Programmable on-chip voltage reference (VREF) module - Programmable input multiplexing from device inputs and

internal voltage reference - Comparator outputs are externally accessible

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Special Microcontroller Features:

• 100,000 erase/write cycle Enhanced Flash program memory typical • 1,000,000 erase/write cycle Data EEPROM memory typical

• Data EEPROM Retention > 40 years • Self-reprogrammable under software control

• In-Circuit Serial Programming™ (ICSP™) via two pins • Single-supply 5V In-Circuit Serial Programming

• Watchdog Timer (WDT) with its own on-chip RC oscillator for reliable operation

• Programmable code protection • Power saving Sleep mode

• Selectable oscillator options

• In-Circuit Debug (ICD) via two pins

Ethernet Controller (ENC28J60) • IEEE 802.3 compatible Ethernet controller • Integrated MAC and 10BASE-T PHY

• Receiver and collision squelch circuit • Supports one 10BASE-T port with automatic polarity detection and

correction • Supports Full and Half-Duplex modes

• Programmable automatic retransmit on collision • Programmable padding and CRC generation

• Programmable automatic rejection of erroneous packets • SPI™ Interface with speeds up to 10 Mb/s

Buffer

• 8-Kbyte transmit/receive packet dual port SRAM • Configurable transmit/receive buffer size

• Hardware-managed circular receive FIFO

• Byte-wide random and sequential access with auto-increment

• Internal DMA for fast data movement

• Hardware assisted IP checksum calculation

Medium Access Controller (MAC) Features

• Supports Unicast, Multicast and Broadcast packets

• Programmable receive packet filtering and wake-up host on logical AND

or OR of the following:

- Unicast destination address, Multicast address

- Broadcast address Magic Packet™

- Group destination addresses as defined by 64-bit hash table

- Programmable pattern matching of up to 64B at user defined

offset

• Loopback mode

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Physical Layer (PHY) Features • Wave shaping output filter

• Loopback mode

Operational • Two programmable LED outputs for LINK, TX, RX, collision

and full/half-duplex status • Seven interrupt sources with two interrupt pins

• 25MHz clock • Clock out pin with programmable prescaler

• Operating voltage range of 3.14V to 3.45V • TTL level inputs

• 28-pin SPDIP, SSOP, SOIC, QFN packages

Temperature Sensor LM35

• Calibrated Directly in Celsius (Centigrade)

• Linear + 10-mV/°C Scale Factor • 0.5°C Ensured Accuracy (at 25°C)

• Rated for Full −55°C to 150°C Range • Suitable for Remote Applications

• Operates from 4 V to 30 V • Less than 60-μA Current Drain

• Low Self-Heating, 0.08°C in Still Air • Non-Linearity Only ±¼°C Typical

• Low-Impedance Output, 0.1 Ω for 1-mA Load

LCD

• Type: Character • Format 16x2 Characters

• Duty cycle: 1/16 • 5 x 8 dots includes cursor

• + 5 V power supply • LED can be driven by pin 1, pin 2, or A and K

• Optional: Smaller character size (2.95 mm x 4.35 mm) • Compliant to RoHS directive 2002/95/EC

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4.2 Hardware Parts

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4.3 Data Transmission and Reception

SPI- Serial Peripheral Interface

Hardware Handshaking Signals

Software Handshaking Signals

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4.4 Circuit Operation

Block diagram Ethernet Card

BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION:

As our project main aim is to established the connectivity between

sensor and PC via Ethernet card ,so to ensure connectivity we have to send

some data ,for that we use LM 35 temperature sensor. LM 35 then measure

the temperature of surrounding and give temperature in analog form. But

other components need the data in digital form .So, conversion of analog to

digital is carried out in microcontroller PIC 16F877A.When we give the 5V

power supply to pic it gets initialized and starts functioning. At same time,

MASTER SYNCHRONOUS SERIAL PORT (MSSP) MODULE also get

initialized. The Master Synchronous Serial Port (MSSP) module is a serial

interface, useful for communicating with other peripheral or microcontroller

devices. The MSSP module can operate in one of two modes: Serial

Peripheral Interface (SPI) and Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C). But to send

data serially we use MSSP module in SPI mode. So to ensure that LM 35

give the correct output or not we check output of sensor on LCD display. We

uses 4 bit LCD display. TO get reliable data at output ,the averaging of the

bits of digital data is done in PIC itself. THEN averaged data is converted to

decimal form and send to LCD . Also the averaged data is send to Ethernet

controller ENC28J60.

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Ethernet controller ENC28J60 is basically consist of three stages Tx

/Rx buffer, MAC(Media Access Control) and PHY(Physical Layer). The

main function of this is to arrange the data in form of frame format of

Ethernet protocol. Also data encapsulation- decapsulation, frame coding and

error detection these are the main functions of MAC and this is carried out at

MAC layer. Also, the speed of data transmission, mode of transmission

these all are carried out at PHY chip of controller. Then Ethernet frame

formed by Ethernet controller is send to PC via RJ 45 (Resistor Jack) data

transmission cable. To send data it first sense the channel is free or not and

then sends. The data is transmitted to PC in form of packets. So, in this way

after the successful transmission of data from sensor to PC via Ethernet

controller we can say that the connectivity between sensor and PC is

achieved successfully.

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Schematic Description:

LCD Interface:

LCD PIN PIC16F877a PIN PIC16F877a PIN NO.

D4 RD4 27

D5 RD5 28

D6 RD6 29

D7 RD7 30

R/W RE1 9

EN RE2 10

RS RE0 8

LM35 Sensor Interface:

LM35 PIN PIC16F877a PIN PIC16F877a PIN NO

VCC VCC 11

OUT AN1 3

ENC28j60 SPI Interface:

ENC28j60 Pin PIC16F877a PIN PIC16F877a PIN NO

VCC VCC 11

GND GND 12

SCK SCK/RC3 18

SDI SDI/RC4 23

SDO SDO/RC5 24

CS SS/RA5 7

Other Connections:

PIC16F877a PIN PIC16F877a PIN NO

VCC 11,32

GND 12,31

OSC1,OSC2 13,14

MCLR 1

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4.5 Hardware Assembling:

INPUT SECTION:

Input section consists of temperature sensor LM35 which is having temperature range from -55 to 150°C. Output of sensor is connected to

channel 1 of ADC from PIC16f877a.

MICROCONTROLLER SECTION: PIC16F877A microcontroller is used. We are using inbuilt ADC of PIC to

convert analog output of sensor into digital. For communication we are

using SPI protocol from MSSP module of PIC.

OUTPUT SECTION: 16x2 LCD is interfaced with PIC in 4bit mode. ENC28j60 which is an

external Ethernet controller is interfaced with SPI protocol.

4.6 Hardware Testing:

Test point

Hardware

1.Test point 1 (tp1)

Voltage across secondary voltage of transformer


Output voltage of Bridge Rectifier IC


Output voltage of Power Supply


Voltage at MCLR pin


Output of LM35

6.Test point 6 (tp6) VCC at PIC (Pin 11 and 32)

7. Test point 7 LCD CONTROL and DATA signals

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CHAPTER 5

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

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5.1 Hardware Experiments

Test point

Hardware Testing


Voltage across secondary

voltage of transformer Tested Ok

2.Test point 2

(tp2)

Output voltage of Bridge

Rectifier IC Tested Ok


Output voltage of Power Supply

Tested Ok

4.Test point 4

(tp4)

Voltage at MCLR pin Tested Ok

5.Test point 5

(tp5)

Output of LM35 Tested Ok

6.Test point 6

(tp6)

VCC at PIC (Pin 11 and

32)

Tested Ok

7. Test point 7

LCD CONTROL and

DATA signals

Tested Ok

5.2 Comparison of Result -

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CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION AND

RECOMMENDATION

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6.1 CONCLUSION:

Any microcontroller based system can be connected with the Ethernet interface

card and the whole system can be connected to the internet by which we can communicate with the system. The heart of the entire system is the Ethernet controller

ENC28J60 which communicates with MCU through its SPI interface. So, MCU only need to have the SPI .This Ethernet interface can be used to develop different

applications like embedded web server, Ethernet based Data acquisition system, internet controlled robot etc.

Documentation part and version completed and Ethernet communication part is in

Progress.

VERSION 1: The code of LCD has successfully completed.

VERSION 2: The code of SPI has successfully completed.

VERSION 3: The code of ADC+LCD has successfully completed.

Project is partially completed till data/

6.2 PROJECT LIMITATION:

At a time only one device communication takes place.

The card operates on speed up to 10 Mbps. The Ethernet card can be used for controlling as well as monitoring the devices

we have developed the application only for monitoring device parameter.

6.3 FUTURE RECOMMENDATION:

The Ethernet card that we have developed is external device to the system. But in future this can be embedded within the system as internal device with high speed.

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REFERENCES

1. RESEARCH PAPERS:

Sr.

No

Author name Title of book Publisher Year of

publication

1 Zobair Ullah

Use of Ethernet

Technology in

Computer Network

Global

Journals

Inc.(USA)

2012

2 Bheema Rao

Introduction to

Ethernet

Technology

Global

Technology

Centre

2011

2. PDF:

PIC 16F877A datasheet

ENC28J60 datasheet

LM 35 datasheet

Interfacing PIC microcontroller

Ethernet Basics

Practical Networking with Ethernet.

3. BIBLIOGRAPHY:

www.microchip.com

www.wikipedia.org

www.alldatasheet.com

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPI

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4. BOOKS:

Sr.

No

Author

name Title of book Publisher

Year of

publication

1 NXP PIC 16F877Adatasheet MICROCHIP 2003

2 Martin Bates

Interfacing of PIC

Microcontroller Elsevier 2006

3 Milan Verle PIC Microcontrollers

Programming in C mikroElektronika 2009

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Individual contribution :

In case of a group project - What is individual’s role in project (in brief).

1.Tanmay Chauk

- Power Supply Design

- Power Supply Testing with load

- Continuity testing

- Mother Board, Soldering and hardware testing

- Chapter 4:Hardware Development

- Coding: SPI

2.Priyanka Chaudhary



- Mother Board Testing and Hardware testing

- Chapter 2:Literature review, Result and Conclusion

- Chapter 3:Software Development

- Coding: SPI and LCD

3.Chanchal Rani



- Continuity testing

- Chapter 1:Introduction, Literature review

- Chapter 4:Hardware Development

- Coding: LCD, ADC.

ethernet card_project report

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