etc: chapter i executive summary

7/31/2019 ETC: CHAPTER I Executive Summary

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CGORQ@] N

@W@CPQNX@ SPLLO]^

O$ Dol` kh g` Mpsnd`ss: @QC '@dend``}s Qkkis Ck}d`}.

Qg` mpsnd`ss r}krkd`dqs col` pr unqg qg` dol` @QC: @dend``}s Qkkis

Ck}d`}$ @QC ns os od omm}`xnonkd kh g` r}kapcs u` unii m` sìinde) ugncg o}`

@dend``}nde oda oisk O}cgn`cp}oi kkis oda }`h`}}à qk os o ck}d`} m`cops` nq

unii m` nd o fnksf) oda `x`}~gnde go g`~ unii d`à m` hkpda g`}`$

M$ Qni` kh g` Spa~: O Hòsnmnin~ Spa~ kd @dend``}nde oda O}cgn`cp}`

Sprrin`s Fnksf

C$ Sk}` Ikconkd: SL Lodnio

Ikcoào Donxnaoa Oilào,Ikr`z 'hk}l`}i~ coiià Ckdc`rcnkd. ck}d`}

O$ Xniièos 'hk}l`}i~ coiià O}}kc`}ks. oda Sod Lo}cìndk S}``s) @}lno)

Lodnio jps dò} g` Lodnio Cn~ Goii$

Kd` kh g` lojk} hock}s k m` ckdsna`}à nd so}nde pr o mpsnd`ss ns ns

ikconkd$ Occ`ssnmnin~ kh g` sk}` lps m` ossp}à oda n lps m` oisk

holnino}nzà m~ g` o}e` lo}f`$ Nh ns ikconkd ns io`} a``}lndà) oda ana

dk locg qk qg` opan`dc`s occ`ssnmninq~) nq lo~ iòa qk cklrod~s honip}`$

Nh oda kdi~ ~kp cgkks` g` }neg ikconkd hk} ~kp} mpsnd`ss) n lo~ }òcg

~kp} o}e` lo}f` oda lof` g`n} a`lodas oxoniomi`$


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Qg` ikek kh g` mpsnd`ss }`hi`cs g` `ss`dc` kh g` ugki` cklrod~$

Holnino} kkis nd @dend``}nde oda O}cgn`cp}` u`}` psà m`cops` spa`ds h}kl

g` sona ndaps}~ o}` g` cgks`d o}e` lo}f`$

Qg` ikek kh @QC) @dend``}s Qkkis Ck}d`}) ns cklrksà kh od nloe` kh o

go}a go ndcipande g` ineg) nd g` i`h) kx`} o mip` r}nd oda g` mpsnd`ss dol`)

@QC) nd g` }neg$ Qg` go}a go ns g` s~lmki dk kdi~ kh g` ikek mp kh g` ugki`

mpsnd`ss nsìh$ N sodas hk} hn}ld`ss kh g` mpsnd`ss$ Qg` ineg o g` kr kh g`

go}a go sodas hk} ciò} oda ckdcns` cpskl`},k}n`dà kmj`cnx`s$ Qg` mip`

r}nd }`r}`s`ds co}`hpi rioddnde kh cklrod~ ekois oda r}kh`ssnkdoinsl kh g`

cklrod~$ Qg` @QC nd g` }neg o}` g` ndnnois kh g` mpsnd`ss dol` hk} òs~

}`coii oda u}n`d nd mne cornoi i``}s hk} `lrgosns oda cio}n~$ Qg` ndnnois oisk

soda hk} `c$ lòdnde oda qg` inf` k} kqg`}s$

Qg`}` o}` hkp} ckik}s psà nd g` ikek) ~ìiku) mip`) miocf oda ugn`$ Qg`

ckik}s u`}` cgks`d k r}kxna` moiodc` nd g` ikek$ ^ìiku oda mip` o}` g`

orròinde ckik}s oda }`r}`s`d g` lond ckik}s kh g` mpsnd`ss$ Qg`d g` uk

}`londnde ckik}s s`}x` os g` sprrk}nde ckik}s k moiodc` g` ikek$

@$ M}n`h A`sc}nrnkd kh g` R}kj`c

Qg` spa~ ns omkp scgkki sprrin`s fnksf khh`}nde `dend``}nde oda

o}cgn`cp}oi kkis os ns lond r}kapcs$ Qg` kmj`cnx` kh g` r}krkd`ds nd


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lofnde gns mpsnd`ss ns k rp pr o sr`cnoi~ sk}` khh`}nde sr`cnhnc ekkas

locgnde g`n} d`às$ @dend``}nde oda o}cgn`cp}` spa`ds d`à dk k ek k

mnee`} sk}`s oda ikkf hk} g`n} d`àà lo`}nois oda kkis$ Qg}kpeg kp}

mpsnd`ss) g`~ cod jps a}kr m~) enx` ps g`n} ins) oda u` cod hnda n hk} g`l$

Odkg`} ns go) sndc` g` mpsnd`ss unii m` nd o fnksf) g`~ cod hnda g` r}kapcs

oda kkis òsni~) dk d`à k }kol o}kpda g` sk}`$

Qg` mpsnd`ss r}krkd`dqs xoip` qg` qnl` kh qg` cpsqkl`}s) òcg kki)

r}kapc oda lo`}noi o}` riocà occk}andei~ sk os k m` hkpda òsni~ oda

o}}odeà m~ m}oda) ~r`s) hk}ls) `c$

H$ Kmj`cnx`s kh g` Mpsnd`ss

Qk r}kapc` oda sìi ekkas hk} r}khn g}kpeg g` sonshocnkd kh gplod

uods$

Qk c}ò` lo}f`s oda c}ò` cpskl`}s hk} ns r}kapcs oda s`}xnc`s$

Qk kr`}o` nd g` nd`}`s kh g` cpskl`}$

Qk c}ò` dù r}kapcs) dù a`sneds oda orrinconkd kh dù `cgdnqp`s

kh r}kapcnkd ckd}nmp`s k e}kug) cgode` oda `wrodsnkd nd g`

`ckdkl~$

Qk r}kxna` `lrik~l`d hk} g` r`kri`$ N gps gìrs nd ndc}òsnde g`

sodao}a kh inxnde kh g` l`lm`}s kh g` skcn`~$

Qk mpnia o }`rponkd hk} qpoin~) `}}k},h}`` r}kapcs oda s`}xnc`$

Qk mpnia o skina cpskl`} mos` kd ugncg k `wroda r}kapc }ode`


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Qk `dsp}` ckdndpkps sprri~ kh ekkas k l`` g` }`qpn}`l`d kh g`

skcn`~$

E$ ]`sò}cg oda L`gkakike~

Qg` }`sò}cg`}s psà anhh`}`d `cgdnqp`s nd eog`}nde aoo k co}}~ oda

sprrk} g` spa~$

E$?$ Sp}x`~

Qg` sp}x`~ uos ckdapcà olkde 122 }`srkda`ds k na`dnh~ g`n}

krndnkd oda spee`snkds hk} g` r}ke}`ss kh g` spa~ oda k a``}lnd` g`n}

fdkuiàe` }èo}ande omkp g` scgkki sprri~ mpsnd`ss$ Qg` l`gka psà ns g`

}odakl solrinde l`gka$

E$=$ Solrinde Q`cgdnqp`s

Qg` }`sò}cg`}s psà }odakl solrinde hk} g`l k eog`} ndhk}lonkd

unqg qg`n} qo}e`q lo}f`q$ Sp}x`~s o}` ckdapcqà qk fdku qg` r`kri`s a`loda

}èo}ande g` `dend``}nde sprrin`s soii mpsnd`ss m~ psnde o sr`cnhnc dplm`} kh

r`}skds k} }`srkda`ds h}kl anhh`}`d scgkkis nd g` Pdnx`}sn~ Mì$ Qg`

}`sò}cg`}s mosà g` }`srkda`ds h}kl g` `dend``}nde spa`ds dò} SL

Lodnio$

E$3$ Sp}x`~ _p`snkddon}`s

Hk} g` }`sò}cg`}s k fdku ndhk}lonkd oda eog`} }ì`xod aoo omkp

qg` sqpa`dqs r}`h`}`dc`s ug`d nq ckl`s omkp `dend``}nde sprrin`s fnksf) g`


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}`sò}cg`}s oe}`à k ps` qp`snkddon}`s$ Nd spcg r}kc`ss) u` hnda n x`}~

}ìnomi` m`cops` kh spcg ndhk}lonkd u` goa eog`}à$ _p`snkddon}`s o}` loa`

hk} qg` }`sò}cg`}s qk e`q qg` qo}e`q lo}f`qs r`}skdoi cgknc` ug`d n ckl`s k

`dend``}nde sprrin`s fnksf$ Qg}kpeg g`s` qp`snkddon}`s) g` }`sò}cg`}s unii

eond ndhk}lonkd oda aoo oda unii m` omi` k a``}lnd` gku g` fnksf unii m` oh`}

ns iopdcg oda k fdku g` a`loda kh spcg sprrin`s$ Qg` e}kpr r}kxnaà 122

sp}x`~ qp`snkddon}`s ugncg o}` oii nd @deinsg iodepoe`$

E$1$ ]`sò}cg

Qg` }`sò}cg`}s psà g` ndhk}lonkd h}kl anhh`}`d }`h`}`dc`s nd g`

inm}o}~) g` nd`}d` oda skl` nd`}xnùs k o}e` lo}f` oda kg`} r`kri` go

ckpia gìr g` }`sò}cg`} k eog`} ndhk}lonkd omkp g` mpsnd`ss) g` ikconkd

kh g` sk}` k} loii oda kg`} ndhk}lonkd go cod hocnino` g` spa~$


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E$0$ Lorrnde

G$ R}kj`c Spllo}~

G$?$ Lo}f` Spllo}~

Lo}f` Kmj`cnx`s kh g` r}kj`c ndcipa` ò}dnde r}khn) c}ònde o sr`cnoi~

soii oda una`dnde xo}n`~ kh cgknc`s hk} `dend``}nde oda o}cgn`cp}oi kkis oda

`sominsgnde o ansndc sk}` na`dn~$ Qg` sèl`dà lo}f` kh g` r}kj`c

ndcipa`s ckiiè` i`xì spa`ds mkg loi` oda h`loi` ugk o}` ofnde pr od~

ckp}s`s nd `dend``}nde oda o}cgn`cp}` hnìa ung oe` }odende h}kl ?0 k =0

~ò}s kia) inxnde k} spa~nde nd Lodnio Cn~) ro}ncpio}i~ dò} SL Lodnio m`cops`


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gns ns ug`}` g` mpsnd`ss unii m` ikcoà$ Qg`n} rs~cgke}orgnc osr`cs ndcipa`

kpeknde oda oax`dp}kps inh`s~i` oda od ndìine`d oda nd}kx`}à r`}skdoin~$

Qg` r}krksà lo}f`nde s}oèn`s hk} g` mpsnd`ss o}`: hk} ns riocnde

s}oè~) g` soii unii m` s}oèncoii~ ikcoà ndsna` SL Lodnio) d`negmk}nde

ckiiè`s oda pdnx`}snn`s ugncg khh`} `dend``}nde oda o}cgn`cp}oi ckp}s`s) g`

r}nlo}~ o}e` lo}f`$ Nd `}ls kh r}ncnde) g` mpsnd`ss unii ps` r}nc` r`d`}onkd$

R}klknkdoi s}oè~ ndcipa`s c}ònde rks`}s oda o}ropinds oda skcnoi

dùk}fnde sn`s inf` Hoc`mkkf oda un`}) dùsror`} oas oda enh c`}nhnco`s$

Odoi~sns kh g` mpsnd`ss }`xòis go ns r}nlo}~ s}`deg ns ns

sr`cnoinzonkd kd `dend``}nde oda o}cgn`cp}oi kkis khh`}à nd spcg o uo~ go ns

lk}` occ`ssnmi` qk nqs lo}f`q$ Uòfd`ss`s }`xkix` kd qg` mpsnd`sss m`nde o

dù rio~`} oda go g` r}kapcs n unii khh`} o}` inlnà oda dk hos lkxnde$ Os

od krrk}pdn~) g` r}kj`c onls hk} `wrodsnkd oda k m` uìi fdkud hk} ns m`s

cpskl`} s`}xnc`$ Nllàno` g}òs ndcipa` gneg }nsf kh hipcponkd oda

oaxodc`l`d nd `cgdkike~$

G$=$ Q`cgdncoi Spllo}~

Qg` Q`cgdncoi osr`c ns nd`daà k na`dnh~ qg` s`}xnc`+s) Iòx`,o,

L`ssoe`/ qgoq enx`s cpsqkl`}s qg` r}nxniè` qk iòx` o insq kh r}kapcs k g`

@QC soii os g`+sg` sgkrs nd g` loii) oda g` xo}n`~ kh r}kapcs g` r}krksà

mpsnd`ss khh`}s r}nlo}ni~ ugncg o}` xo}nkps @dend``}nde sqpa`dqs scgkki sprrin`s

oda+k} kkis$ Qg` cklrod~ oisk co`}s k g` O}cgn`cp}` spa`ds oda }ìoà


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ckp}s`s$ N oisk sìis k}ando}~ scgkki sprrin`s inf` r`ds) `}os`}s) ror`})

dk`mkkfs) oda g` inf`$ Osna` h}kl spcg) g` `cgdncoi osr`c oisk ndcipa`s g`

}ou lo`}nois k m` psà nd g` soii ckds}pcnkd oda g` ckds}pcnkd nsìh

ndcipande g` ckds}pcnkd `d`}r}ns`) IOJ Mpnia`}s) ugk unii oss`lmi` g` soii

h}kl co}r`d}~ k g` eioss oda oiplndpl ro}s k g` ì`c}ncoi un}ndes k m`

ndsoiià oda g` hp}dnsgndes k} rond oda hndoi a`sneds kh g` soii$ Qg` soii

io~kp) hikk} riod io~kp) soii ikconkd) oda xncndn~ lor unii oisk m` niips}oà

g`}` oikde ung g` r}kc`ss`s akd` nd spcg$ ]ou lo`}nois psà nd g`

ckds}pcnkd kh g` soii unii oisk m` niips}oà g`}` nd o ompio} hk}l$ Locgnd`}n`s

oda `qpnrl`d) sprrin`s) oda hp}dnp}` oda hnwp}`s unii oisk m` niips}oà g`}`$ N

oisk godai`s g` ièoi r}kc`ss`s nd aòinde ung r}nxo` cklrodn`s inf` g` SL

Lodoe`l`d oda+k} skl` ekx`}dl`d oe`dcn`s ckdc`}dnde g` soii

ckds}pcnkd oda r}kc`ss`s$ Qg` `lrik~`` pdnhk}ls: ugn` rkik sgn}s hk} g`

cosgn`} oda c}ù oda mip` rkik hk} g` lodoe`}s) unii oisk m` sgkud g`}` os uìi

os ns cks oda ro~l`d `}ls$ Oda iosi~) g` iomk} }`qpn}`l`ds) pnin~

}`qpn}`l`ds oda uos` ansrksoi l`gkas unii oisk m` ndcipaà g`}`$

G$3$ Lodoe`l`d Osr`c

Qgns osr`c kh g` hòsnmnin~ spa~ r}`s`ds c`}ond r}kc`ss`s oda

}`qpn}`l`ds go u`}` d`àà hk} g` mpsnd`ss k kr`}o`6 gns ndcipa`s g`

hkiikunde: Qg` r}`,kr`}onde r}kcàp}` ug`}` g` ekx`}dl`d ndsnpnkds go

g` mpsnd`ss d`às k cklri~ ung uos cnà$ D`w ns g` hk}l kh g` mpsnd`ss


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k}eodnzonkd) g` }`sò}cg`}s oe}`à k hk}l o ro}d`}sgnr fnda kh mpsnd`ss

`d`}r}ns`$ Qg` cornoinzonkd+ckd}nmpnkd kh òcg l`lm`} ns oisk cnà nd gns

osr`c$ K}eodnzonkdoi cgo} ns oisk hk}loinzà$ Lodrku`} }`qpn}`l`ds oda

@lrik~l`d r}kc`ss`s o}` oisk cnà$ Ièoi }`qpn}`l`ds o}` `dpl`}oà nd gns

osr`c kk sndc` n ns o d`c`ssn~ nd rpnde pr o mpsnd`ss$ Qgns ndcipa`s mpsnd`ss

r`}lns) ciò}odc`s) MN] oda SSS hk}ls) oda AQN oda S@C akcpl`ds$ Iosi~)

gns osr`c ndcipa`s g` k}eodnzonkd rkincn`s oda r}kcàp}`s ug`}` `lrik~l`d

}`qpn}`l`ds) ciossnhnconkd kh `lrik~``s) k}n`donkd) r`}skddì }`ck}as)

`lrik~l`d ckd}ocs) uk}f scgàpi` oda pdnde mìkdes

G$1$ Hndodcnoi Spllo}~


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N$ Kr }onkdoi Q }ls

H}`dcg cp}x` , o hio a}ohnde nds}pl`d ung cp}xà àe`s oda s`x`}oi

sc}kii,sgorà cpkps) psà os o epna` nd a}ounde cp}x`s ug`d

ckds}pcnde e}orgs k} lofnde `dend``}nde a}oundes$

Q}nodepio} Scoi` o a}ohnde nds}pl`d go ns }nodepio} nd c}kss s`cnkd

oda gos o anhh`}`d scoi` kd òcg àe`$ Skl` àe`s gox` uk

krrksnde scoi`s) kd` uk nl`s g` kg`}) spcg os ?+7- oda ?+1- `qpois ?%$

@}osnde Sgnìa , r}k`c o}òs kh o a}ounde go ~kp ak dk uod k `}os`$

Qg`~ o}` loa` kh o ineg eope`) sr}nde lòi ung dpl`}kps kr`dndes nd

xo}nèoà sgor`s oda snz`s$

Rknd kh Soi` S~s`l 'RKS. , Qg` rknd kh soi` kh`d }`h`}s k g` rg~sncoi

ì`c}kdnc cosg }èns`}k} aàncoà RKS go}auo}` 'k} -`}lndoi-. psà

hk} cg`cfkp) mp g` RKS ns snlri~ g` ikconkd ug`}` g` soi` ns

ckdapcà) lkd`~ cgode`s godas oda o }`c`nr ns enx`d) ugncg cod oisk

kccp} kd Slo}rgkd`) omi`) iorkr) k} lkmni` RKS a`xnc` ug`d g` }neg

go}auo}` oda RKS skhuo}` ns cklmndà ung g` lkmni` a`xnc`$

Qg`}loi Ror`} , ns o sr`cnoi hnd` ror`}go ns ckoà ung o cg`lncoi go

cgode`s ckik} ug`d `wrksà k gò$ N ns psà nd g`}loi r}nd`}s oda

ro}ncpio}i~ nd nd`wr`dsnx` k} inegu`neg a`xnc`s spcg os oaande

locgnd`s) cosg }èns`}s) oda c}àn co}a `}lndois$
http://www.dictionaryofconstruction.com/definition/cross-section.htmlhttp://www.dictionaryofconstruction.com/definition/scale.htmlhttp://www.dictionaryofconstruction.com/definition/time.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_registerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receipthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_fine_paperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_printerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adding_machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adding_machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_registerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_card_terminalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_card_terminalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_registerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adding_machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adding_machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_printerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_fine_paperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receipthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_registerhttp://www.dictionaryofconstruction.com/definition/time.htmlhttp://www.dictionaryofconstruction.com/definition/scale.htmlhttp://www.dictionaryofconstruction.com/definition/cross-section.html


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Nskl`}nc Anoe}ol , O hk}l kh g}``,anl`dsnkdoi r}kj`cnkd nd ugncg oii kh

g` r}ndcnroi riod`s o}` a}oud ro}oiiì k ck}}`srkdande `sominsgà ow`s

oda o }p` anl`dsnkds6 gk}nzkdois pspoii~ o}` a}oud o 32 h}kl g`

dk}loi gk}nzkdoi ow`s6 x`}ncois }`lond ro}oiiì k g` dk}loi x`}ncoi

owns$

J$ Sckr` oda Inlnonkds

Qg` spa~ hkcpsà kd `dend``}nde oda o}cgn`cp}oi sprrin`s sndc` g`

coèk}~ kh scgkki sprrin`s ns x`}~ m}koa oda khh`}nde oii kh gks` ukpia

cks o ik kd g` ro} kh g` r}krkd`ds$

Qg` ckx`}oe` kh g` spa~ uos inlnà k g` lks mkpeg oda ckdsplà

scgkki sprrin`s kh `dend``}nde oda o}cgn`cp}` spa`ds$ Qgns uos akd`

k gox` od pda`}sodande os k ugo u`}` g` lks psà sprrin`s oda g`

r}kmomnin~ kh rpnde pr o fnksf khh`}nde g`s` sprrin`s$

Qg` }`srkda`ds kh g` spa~ u`}` cklrksà kh 122 `dend``}nde oda

o}cgn`cp}` spa`ds$ ]odakl solrinde ns g` `cgdnqp` psà nd

ckdapcnde g` sp}x`~$ Qg` qp`snkddon}`s u`}` oalndns`}à nd

pdnx`}snn`s oda ckiiè`s dò} SL Lodnio ug`}` g` fnksf unii m` ikcoà$

etc: chapter i executive summary

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