Estimating Ammonia Estimating Ammonia Emissions in CaliforniaEmissions in California

Dr. Michael T. BenjaminDr. Michael T. BenjaminCalifornia Air Resources BoardCalifornia Air Resources Board

LADCO Workshop on Fine Particle Emission InventoriesLADCO Workshop on Fine Particle Emission InventoriesDes Plaines, ILDes Plaines, IL

September 28, 2000September 28, 2000

Presentation OverviewPresentation Overview

• Air quality in CaliforniaAir quality in California

• NH3 emission inventory methodologyNH3 emission inventory methodology

• NH3 emission inventory resultsNH3 emission inventory results

• Current research projectsCurrent research projects

• Future prioritiesFuture priorities

• Conclusions and recommendationsConclusions and recommendations

Air Quality in CaliforniaAir Quality in California

• Most areas are in nonattainment for OMost areas are in nonattainment for O33 and and PM PM

• Serious PMSerious PM1010 exceedances exceedances

• Increasing concern about PMIncreasing concern about PM2.52.5 and haze and haze

• Major regional and seasonal Major regional and seasonal variations in air quality exceedancesvariations in air quality exceedances

California PMCalifornia PM1010 Nonattainment AreasNonattainment Areas

California PMCalifornia PM2.52.5

• Extensive study of PM2.5 in CAExtensive study of PM2.5 in CA

– CRPAQSCRPAQS

– IMPROVE monitoring studyIMPROVE monitoring study

• California PM2.5 is nitrate-dominatedCalifornia PM2.5 is nitrate-dominated

• Emissions are extremely variable by:Emissions are extremely variable by:– By seasonBy season

– By locationBy location

– By dayBy day

Mobile6%

Industrial5%

Geologic6%

Burning16%

Nitrates67%

secondarysecondary

emissionsemissions

primary, directprimary, direct

emissionsemissions

From ammonia and From ammonia and

combustion exhaustcombustion exhaust

San Joaquin Valley San Joaquin Valley Wintertime PMWintertime PM2.52.5

Source Data and Source Data and MethodologyMethodology

• Activity and Population DataActivity and Population Data– Primarily government agenciesPrimarily government agencies

– Industry groups when possibleIndustry groups when possible

• Emission Rate DataEmission Rate Data– California-specific where possibleCalifornia-specific where possible

– Peer-review literaturePeer-review literature

• Inventory MethodologyInventory Methodology– Statewide inventory is tabular (Excel)Statewide inventory is tabular (Excel)

– County- and gridded inventories will be GIS-basedCounty- and gridded inventories will be GIS-based

Current Ammonia Emission Current Ammonia Emission InventoryInventory

• Statewide spatial resolutionStatewide spatial resolution

• Average annual dayAverage annual day

• By source categoryBy source category

– Anthropogenic: 13 major categoriesAnthropogenic: 13 major categories

– Biogenic: 4 major categoriesBiogenic: 4 major categories

ARB Ammonia Emission ARB Ammonia Emission Inventory Sample OutputInventory Sample Output

ANTHROPOGENIC SOURCESActivity Emission Factor Emissions Emissions %

Source Category Value Units Reference Value Units Reference tons/day tons/yr Total

Beef Cattle 223.79 81,682 14.80Range Operations 1,711,326 head A1 74 lb/head/yr E2 173.48 63,319 11.48Feedlots 282,504 head A1 130 lb/head/yr E2 50.31 18,363 3.33

Dairy Cattle 264.17 96,422 17.47Dairy Operations 2,605,987 head A1 74 lb/head/yr E2 264.17 96,422 17.47

Other Livestock 95.98 35,031 6.35Horses and Ponies 113,110 head A1 26.9 lb/head/yr E1 4.17 1,521 0.28Mules and Burros 3,022 head A1 26.9 lb/head/yr E1 0.11 41 0.01Hogs and Pigs 212,088 head A1 20.3 lb/head/yr E1 5.90 2,153 0.39Layers and pullets 37,718,490 head A1 0.996 lb/head/yr E1 51.46 18,784 3.40Broilers and other meat-type chickens 34,781,220 head A1 0.368 lb/head/yr E1 17.53 6,400 1.16Turkeys 8,633,371 head A1 0.74 lb/head/yr E3 8.70 3,177 0.58Sheep and lambs 784,041 head A1 7.43 lb/head/yr E1 7.98 2,913 0.53Milk Goats 15,780 head A1 1.28 lb/head/yr E4 0.03 10 0.00Angora Goats 3,617 head A1 1.28 lb/head/yr E4 0.01 2 0.00Other Goats 20,794 head A1 1.28 lb/head/yr E4 0.04 13 0.00Rabbits 94,953 head A1 0.37 lb/head/yr E5 0.05 18 0.00

Summary of California Summary of California Ammonia EmissionsAmmonia Emissions

Emissions Type Category

(TPY) (% of total)

Anthropogenic Cattle Waste 178,100 32.3

Other Livestock 35,000 6.4

Fertilizer Application 38,400 7.0

On-Road Mobile 22,400 4.1

Other Anthropogenic 47,000 9.6

Biogenic Soils and Vegetation 206,100 37.4

Other Biogenic 18,700 3.4

Total All Sources 545,700 100

California Ammonia Emissions by California Ammonia Emissions by SourceSource

On-Road Mobile

4%

Other Anthropogenic

10%

Cattle32%

Other Livestock

6%

Fertilizer Application

7% Other Biogenic3%

Natural Soils and

Vegetation38%

Data Source: ARB (2000)Data Source: ARB (2000)

Spatial Allocation of Cattle EmissionsSpatial Allocation of Cattle Emissions

Ammonia Emission Inventory Ammonia Emission Inventory ComparisonsComparisons

Ammonia Source

CA SCAQMD

(1991)

CA SJV

(1999)

CA Statewide

(2000) NC

(1995)

Texas (2000)

National EPA

(1997)

Soils and Vegetation 17% 42% 38% - 52% -

Fertilizer Application 4% 6% 7% 6% 4% 19%

Livestock 43% 44% 38% 89% 39% 60%

Point Sources 21% 4% 3% 1% 1% 13%

Domestic 12% 4% 3% 3% -

Motor Vehicles 3% 4%

4% - 1% 8%

Biomass Burning - - 5% - - -

Issues in Comparing Ammonia Issues in Comparing Ammonia Emission InventoriesEmission Inventories

• Inconsistencies in basic assumptionsInconsistencies in basic assumptions (e.g. natural soils)(e.g. natural soils)

• Large variations in the emissions rate dataLarge variations in the emissions rate data (e.g. dairy cattle emissions)(e.g. dairy cattle emissions)

• Domain scale strongly influences source Domain scale strongly influences source significancesignificance (e.g. motor vehicles)(e.g. motor vehicles)

Livestock Emission Factor Livestock Emission Factor Comparison Comparison (lbs/head/yr)(lbs/head/yr)

Animal Type

Radian (1988)

Battye*

(1994, avg)

Buijsman

(1987)

Schmidt

(1996)

Beef Cattle 100 47 40

Dairy Cattle 130 70 40 20

Hogs & Pigs 43 20 6.2

Broiler Chickens 0.79 0.37 0.6

Laying Chickens 1.6 1.3 0.6

Turkey & Other 1.9 1.9 0.6

Sheep & Lamb 10 7.4 6.8

Horses 52 26.9 21

* The Battye emission factors are based on population weighted composites of animals in the category.

Ammonia Inventory Ammonia Inventory ResearchResearch

• Avoid literature reviews or Avoid literature reviews or comprehensive needs comprehensive needs assessmentsassessments

• Focus on concreteFocus on concreteimprovementsimprovements

• Improve emissions rateImprove emissions rateinformationinformation

• Collect activity dataCollect activity data

Evaluate Inventory PrioritiesEvaluate Inventory Priorities

• What sources needWhat sources needthe most effort?the most effort?

• CriteriaCriteria– Source importanceSource importance– Source magnitudeSource magnitude– Emission factor qualityEmission factor quality– Activity data qualityActivity data quality– Temporal & spatial dataTemporal & spatial data

• Weight criteria toWeight criteria toprioritize sourcesprioritize sources

Priority SourcesPriority Sources

SoilsSoils

Beef & dairyBeef & dairy

Other livestockOther livestock

Fertilizer useFertilizer use

Biomass burningBiomass burning

Motor vehiclesMotor vehicles

Industrial sourcesIndustrial sources

- POTW, NOPOTW, NOxx control, NHcontrol, NH33 & & fertilizer mfg.fertilizer mfg.

Urban sourcesUrban sources- human, pets, etc.human, pets, etc.

Current Ammonia Research Current Ammonia Research ProjectsProjects

• Natural and Fertilized SoilsNatural and Fertilized Soils

– Flux measurements in agricultural fields (CSUF)Flux measurements in agricultural fields (CSUF)

– Development of biophysical model (NASA-Ames)Development of biophysical model (NASA-Ames)

– Fertilizer application calendar (King)Fertilizer application calendar (King)

• Beef & DairyBeef & Dairy

– Emission estimation methodology (ARB)Emission estimation methodology (ARB)

– Emission factor development (UC-Davis)Emission factor development (UC-Davis)

– Waste lagoon buffering (CSUF)Waste lagoon buffering (CSUF)

Cal-CASA Soil NHCal-CASA Soil NH33 Model Inputs and Outputs Model Inputs and Outputs

Current Ammonia Research Current Ammonia Research Projects Projects (continued)(continued)

• Emission Inventory DevelopmentEmission Inventory Development

– Southern California inventory (SCAQMD)Southern California inventory (SCAQMD)

– GIS-based statewide inventory (ARB)GIS-based statewide inventory (ARB)

– GLOBEIS-based statewide inventory (CRPAQS)GLOBEIS-based statewide inventory (CRPAQS)

• Inventory Validation ToolsInventory Validation Tools

– Ambient and source testing using LIDAR (NOAA)Ambient and source testing using LIDAR (NOAA)

• Improve emission factor and activity data for Improve emission factor and activity data for significant sources and pollutants (e.g. significant sources and pollutants (e.g. natural soils, livestock, motor vehicles)natural soils, livestock, motor vehicles)

• Develop process-specific emission factors Develop process-specific emission factors where necessary (e.g. dairies)where necessary (e.g. dairies)

Future Priorities – Input DataFuture Priorities – Input Data

Future Priorities - ModelingFuture Priorities - Modeling

• Improved understanding of scaling of facility Improved understanding of scaling of facility level emissions and processes to regional level emissions and processes to regional levellevel

• Net effect models (emission and deposition)Net effect models (emission and deposition)

• Develop environmentally responsive GIS-Develop environmentally responsive GIS-based models (e.g. CAL-CASA) that based models (e.g. CAL-CASA) that incorporate temp., humidity, soils, etc.incorporate temp., humidity, soils, etc.

• Refine inventory validation tools (e.g. NOAA Refine inventory validation tools (e.g. NOAA lidar)lidar)

ConclusionsConclusions

• Most significant California NHMost significant California NH33 sources: sources:– Livestock (38%)Livestock (38%)

– Natural soils and vegetation (38%)Natural soils and vegetation (38%)

– Fertilizer application (7%)Fertilizer application (7%)

– Burning (5%)Burning (5%)

– On-road mobile sources (4%)On-road mobile sources (4%)

• Source contributions vary locallySource contributions vary locally

• Air quality modeling needed to assess actual Air quality modeling needed to assess actual contribution to PMcontribution to PM2.52.5 formation formation

RecommendationsRecommendations

• Develop an ammonia inventory appropriate Develop an ammonia inventory appropriate to area needsto area needs

• Maximize resources through interagency Maximize resources through interagency and industry cooperative research effortsand industry cooperative research efforts

• Involve stakeholders early and oftenInvolve stakeholders early and often

California Ammonia EmissionCalifornia Ammonia EmissionInventory InformationInventory Information

http://arbis.arb.ca.gov/emisinv/pmnh3/pmnh3.htmhttp://arbis.arb.ca.gov/emisinv/pmnh3/pmnh3.htm

Michael BenjaminMichael Benjamin mbenjami@arb.ca.gov mbenjami@arb.ca.gov

Population and EmissionsPopulation and EmissionsPopulationPopulation (head) (head)

StatewideStatewide SJVSJV BeefBeef 1,993,3801,993,380 453,527 453,527 DairyDairy 2,605,9872,605,987 1,783,9591,783,959 TotalTotal 4,599,3674,599,367 2,237,4862,237,486

EmissionsEmissions (tons/yr)(tons/yr)

StatewideStatewide SJVSJV BeefBeef 18,983 18,983 4,318 4,318 DairyDairy 38,805 38,805 26,564 26,564 TotalTotal 57,788 57,788 30,882 30,882