essential skills - mechanical engineers

7/28/2019 Essential Skills - Mechanical Engineers

1/23


www10.hrsdc.gc.ca/English/ShowProfile.aspx?v=232#ComputerUse 1/23

NOC 2132

Tasks Complexity Level Examples

Typical

Most Complex

1 to 4

5

Mechanical Engineers

read e-mail from co-workers, colleagues,customers and vendors. For example, theymay read e-mail from suppliers giving detailsabout the availability of products andservices. (1)

Home > Skills > Literacy-Essential Skills > Search the profiles > Profiles > All Profiles > ProfilesDescription

Essential Skills


IntroductionMechanical engineers research, design and develop machinery and systems forheating, ventilating and air conditioning, power generation, transportation, processingand manufacturing. They also perform duties related to the evaluation, installation,operation and maintenance of mechanical systems. Mechanical engineers are employedby consulting firms, by power-generating utilities and in a wide range ofmanufacturing, processing and transportation industries or they may be self-employed.

The most important Essential Skills for Mechanical Engineers are:

NumeracyProblem SolvingCritical Thinking

Document Sections

Reading TextDocument UseWriting

NumeracyOral CommunicationThinking Skills

Problem SolvingDecision MakingCritical ThinkingJob Task Planning and OrganizingSignificant Use of MemoryFinding Information

Working with OthersComputer UseContinuous Learning

Notes

A. Reading Text
http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/workplaceskills/LES/tools_resources/tools_audience/general/readers_guide_whole.shtml#5bhttp://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/workplaceskills/LES/tools_resources/tools_audience/general/readers_guide_whole.shtml#5ahttp://www10.hrsdc.gc.ca/English/ShowProfile.aspx?v=232#Noteshttp://www10.hrsdc.gc.ca/English/ShowProfile.aspx?v=232#ContinuousLearninghttp://www10.hrsdc.gc.ca/English/ShowProfile.aspx?v=232#WorkingOthershttp://www10.hrsdc.gc.ca/English/ShowProfile.aspx?v=232#FindingInfohttp://www10.hrsdc.gc.ca/English/ShowProfile.aspx?v=232#DecisionMakinghttp://www10.hrsdc.gc.ca/English/ShowProfile.aspx?v=232#OralCommhttp://www10.hrsdc.gc.ca/English/ShowProfile.aspx?v=232#Numeracyhttp://www10.hrsdc.gc.ca/English/ShowProfile.aspx?v=232#Writinghttp://www10.hrsdc.gc.ca/English/ShowProfile.aspx?v=232#ReadingTexthttp://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/workplaceskills/LES/tools_resources/tools_audience/general/readers_guide_whole.shtml#75http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/workplaceskills/LES/tools_resources/tools_audience/general/readers_guide_whole.shtml#2http://www30.hrsdc.gc.ca/NOC/English/NOC/2006/QuickSearch.aspx?val65=2132http://www10.hrsdc.gc.ca/English/ShowProfile.aspx?v=232#Noteshttp://www10.hrsdc.gc.ca/English/ShowProfile.aspx?v=232#ContinuousLearninghttp://www10.hrsdc.gc.ca/English/ShowProfile.aspx?v=232#ComputerUsehttp://www10.hrsdc.gc.ca/English/ShowProfile.aspx?v=232#WorkingOthershttp://www10.hrsdc.gc.ca/English/ShowProfile.aspx?v=232#FindingInfohttp://www10.hrsdc.gc.ca/English/ShowProfile.aspx?v=232#Memoryhttp://www10.hrsdc.gc.ca/English/ShowProfile.aspx?v=232#JobTaskhttp://www10.hrsdc.gc.ca/English/ShowProfile.aspx?v=232#CriticalThinkinghttp://www10.hrsdc.gc.ca/English/ShowProfile.aspx?v=232#DecisionMakinghttp://www10.hrsdc.gc.ca/English/ShowProfile.aspx?v=232#ProblemSolvehttp://www10.hrsdc.gc.ca/English/ShowProfile.aspx?v=232#OralCommhttp://www10.hrsdc.gc.ca/English/ShowProfile.aspx?v=232#Numeracyhttp://www10.hrsdc.gc.ca/English/ShowProfile.aspx?v=232#Writinghttp://www10.hrsdc.gc.ca/English/ShowProfile.aspx?v=232#DocUsehttp://www10.hrsdc.gc.ca/English/ShowProfile.aspx?v=232#ReadingTexthttp://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/workplaceskills/LES/tools_resources/tools_audience/general/readers_guide_whole.shtml#75http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/workplaceskills/LES/tools_resources/tools_audience/general/readers_guide_whole.shtml#2http://www10.hrsdc.gc.ca/English/all_profiles.aspxhttp://www10.hrsdc.gc.ca/English/ES_profiles.aspxhttp://www10.hrsdc.gc.ca/English/SearchMain.aspxhttp://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/workplaceskills/essential_skills/general/home.shtmlhttp://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/workplaceskills/index.shtmlhttp://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/home.shtmlhttp://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/workplaceskills/LES/tools_resources/tools_audience/general/readers_guide_whole.shtml#5bhttp://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/workplaceskills/LES/tools_resources/tools_audience/general/readers_guide_whole.shtml#5ahttp://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/workplaceskills/LES/tools_resources/tools_audience/general/readers_guide_whole.shtml#6http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/workplaceskills/LES/tools_resources/tools_audience/general/readers_guide_whole.shtml#4http://www30.hrsdc.gc.ca/NOC/English/NOC/2006/QuickSearch.aspx?val65=2132


2/23



read safety labels on machinery that describeshielding and guarding hazards and methodsof protection. (2)

read letters and notes. They read letters fromsuppliers describing products and services,and meeting notes summarizing discussionswith clients or contractors. (2)

read brief descriptions and instructions onforms to understand work requirements. Forexample, they read summaries of customers'requests for work to be completed andmechanical engineering project details in workinitiation forms. (2)

read about the application, performance,troubleshooting and maintenance ofequipment in technical manuals. For example,they may read technical manuals during thedesign phase of projects to find out how

machinery can be modified for specificapplications. (3)

read articles in trade magazines such as PlantEngineering and Maintenance and newslettersto keep current with trends and new productin their respective industries. For example,they may read studies of global roboticsmarkets or articles about scheduling plantshutdowns. (3)

read lengthy standards, codes and

procedures. For example, they may readstandards documents published by theAmerican Society for Testing and Materials tounderstand equipment fabricationrequirements, standards published by theAmerican Society of Mechanical Engineers toidentify technical requirements for engineeringdrawings, or their own organizations' standardoperating procedures to identify businessprocess requirements. They then assesswhich standards are relevant to the projectsat hand. (4)

may read 'invitation to tender' documents toprepare proposals to conduct work. Forexample, they may read lengthy tenderdocuments requesting proposals to replaceventilation systems. They provide detaileddescriptions of clients' technical requirements,diagrams and drawings, text that explains orpresents the drawings and tables of outcomesto be achieved. Mechanical engineers readtenders carefully to get a thoroughcomprehension of new projects to be able toaddress all aspects of the work in theproposals. (4)

may read sc ientific journals and complexmechanical engineering textbooks. They


3/23



evaluate the quality of research and extractinformation relevant to their work. Forexample, they may read research reportspublished by the American Society ofMechanical Engineers or articles from theJournal of Dynamic Systems, Measurementand Control, to keep abreast of the latestresearch in their specialty areas. The journalarticles are highly technical, may be lengthy

and are written for engineers. (5)

Reading Summary


Typical

Most Complex

2 to 5

5


complete work order and change work orderforms to notify key parties about projects.For example, they complete work orders whenoil refineries, power generation or foodprocessing plants request infrared scans of

their electrical systems or motor controlcentres. The forms indicate the work to becompleted or revised and project, customerand work team requirements. (2)enter data into tables and spreadsheets. Forexample, they enter the numbers of hoursworked into cost control tables to monitorlabour costs. (2)consult product specification books to identifythe capacities, dimensions and prices ofparticular pieces of equipment. Thespecification books contain lengthy lists with

headings and subheadings and tables withabbreviations and codes. (3)interpret data presented in graphs. Forexample, the results of reliability studies toassess the cause of machinery problems. (4)interpret radiographs, sonographs and other

The symbo l is ex plained in the Use of Symbols section.

Type of Text

Purpose for ReadingTo scan for specific

information/To

locate information

To skim for overall

meaning, to get the

'gist'

To read the full

text to understand

or to learn

To read the full

text to critique or

to evaluate

Forms Labels

Notes, Letters,

Memos

Manuals,

Specifications,

Regulations

Reports, Books,

Journals

B. Document Use
http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/workplaceskills/LES/tools_resources/tools_audience/general/readers_guide_whole.shtml#13http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/workplaceskills/LES/tools_resources/tools_audience/general/readers_guide_whole.shtml#12http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/workplaceskills/LES/tools_resources/tools_audience/general/readers_guide_whole.shtml#a6ahttp://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/workplaceskills/LES/tools_resources/tools_audience/general/readers_guide_whole.shtml#5bhttp://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/workplaceskills/LES/tools_resources/tools_audience/general/readers_guide_whole.shtml#5ahttp://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/workplaceskills/LES/tools_resources/tools_audience/general/readers_guide_whole.shtml#6http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/workplaceskills/LES/tools_resources/tools_audience/general/readers_guide_whole.shtml#4


4/23



Read signs, labels or lists.

Complete forms by marking check boxes, recording numerical information orentering words, phrases, sentences or text of a paragraph or more. The list ofspecific tasks varies depending on what was reported.

Read completed forms containing check boxes, numerical entries, phrases,

addresses, sentences or text of a paragraph or more. The list of specific tasksvaries depending on what was reported.

Read tables, schedules or other table-like text (e.g., read work shift schedules).

Create tables, schedules or other table-like text.

Enter information on tables, schedules or other table-like text.

Plot information on graphs (e.g. line, pie, bar).

Obtain specific information from graphs or charts.

Interpret information on graphs or charts.

Construct or draw graphs or charts.

material inspection scans and images. Forexample, they look at x-ray images during theinspection of piping joints. (4)take information from complex scaleengineering drawings illustrating howequipment and components work to calculateinstallation requirements and ensure the plansmeet mechanical engineering standards. Forexample, they evaluate manufacturing,

industrial and power generation equipmentscale drawings to identify areas within thedrawings that require revision before projectscan proceed. (5)


Examples

may create graphs. For example, they may create graphs to compare heatingcosts before and after modifications to systems or to summarize the results ofvibration monitoring to help clients interpret the results.may draw to scale using graph or isometric paper. For example, they createscale drawings to determine if components fit into project designs.

may create schematic drawings. For example, they create schematic diagrams ofplumbing and ventilation systems.may sketch planned construction and equipment installation for co-workers,colleagues and clients. For example, they may sketch robotic systems to explainhow they work to c lients.may create scale drawings to provide contractors with details about how toinstall pipes requiring precise positioning.

Document Use Summary
http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/workplaceskills/LES/tools_resources/tools_audience/general/readers_guide_whole.shtmlhttp://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/workplaceskills/LES/tools_resources/tools_audience/general/readers_guide_whole.shtml#a6a


5/23



Recognize common angles such as 15, 30, 45 and 90 degrees.

Draw, sketch or form common shapes such as circles, triangles, spheres,rectangles, squares, etc.

Interpret scale drawings (e.g. blueprints or maps).

Take measurements from scale drawings.

Draw to scale.

Read assembly drawings (e.g. those found in service and parts manuals).

Create assembly drawings.

Read schematic drawings (e.g. electrical schematics).

Create schematic drawings.

Make sketches.

Obtain information from sketches, pictures or icons (e.g., computer toolbars).

Interpret X-rays.


Typical

Most Complex

1 to 3

4 to 5


write notes to summarize conversationsconducted during meetings with clients andco-workers. (1)write e-mail to clients, co-workers,colleagues, suppliers and contractors. Forexample, they write to clients to ask fortechnical details such as the capacity of theirboilers, project managers to inform them of

equipment delivery delays and the implicationsfor project timelines, suppliers to requesttechnical data about equipment andcontractors explaining design requirements forprojects. (2)write letters. For example, they write coverletters to accompany reports submitted toclients. They also write short business lettersto architects or contractors to answer theirquestions about building code requirements.(2)write descriptions and explanations on forms

and on work orders. For example, they writedescriptions of clients' equipment problems.(3)write preventive maintenance reports whichsummarize problems identified, services

C. Writing
http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/workplaceskills/LES/tools_resources/tools_audience/general/readers_guide_whole.shtml#5bhttp://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/workplaceskills/LES/tools_resources/tools_audience/general/readers_guide_whole.shtml#5ahttp://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/workplaceskills/LES/tools_resources/tools_audience/general/readers_guide_whole.shtml#6http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/workplaceskills/LES/tools_resources/tools_audience/general/readers_guide_whole.shtml#4


6/23



Task Complexity Level

performed and solutions recommended. Theyalso write post-project assessment reportsthat summarize observations of projectteams. (3)may write proposals in response to 'invitationsto tender.' They describe their proposedapproaches in persuasive language and defineroles, responsibilities, deliverables, timelinesand costs. They must clearly address all

facets of projects in a well-organized andeasily-followed fashion. (4)write lengthy analytical reports for clients.For example, they may write reportsdiscussing the air quality of buildings in whichthey analyze air quality measurements,identify problems, suggest solutions and makerecommendations. They present technicalinformation so that it can be understood byclients who are not engineers. (5)

Writing Summary

Money Math

2 to 3

Scheduling,

Budgeting &

2 to 4


prepare travel reimbursement claims includingliving expenses, airfare charges, travel costscharged at per kilometre rates and applicabletaxes. (Money Math), (2)may prepare invoices and approve payments of


Length

Purpose for Writing

To

organize/to

remember

To keep a

record/to

document

To

inform/to

request

information

To

persuade/to

justify a

request

To present

an analysis

or

comparison

To present

an

evaluation

or critique

To

entertain

Text

requiring

less thanone

paragraph

of new

text

Text

rarely

requiring

more than

one

paragraph

Longertext

D. Numeracy


Examples

MathSkills
http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/workplaceskills/LES/tools_resources/tools_audience/general/readers_guide_whole.shtml#77http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/workplaceskills/LES/tools_resources/tools_audience/general/readers_guide_whole.shtml#6http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/workplaceskills/LES/tools_resources/tools_audience/general/readers_guide_whole.shtml#a6ahttp://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/workplaceskills/LES/tools_resources/tools_audience/general/readers_guide_whole.shtml#24http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/workplaceskills/LES/tools_resources/tools_audience/general/readers_guide_whole.shtml#23http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/workplaceskills/LES/tools_resources/tools_audience/general/readers_guide_whole.shtml#a6ahttp://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/workplaceskills/LES/tools_resources/tools_audience/general/readers_guide_whole.shtml#77http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/workplaceskills/LES/tools_resources/tools_audience/general/readers_guide_whole.shtml#76http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/workplaceskills/LES/tools_resources/tools_audience/general/readers_guide_whole.shtml#4


7/23



Accounting

Math

Measurement

and Calculation

Math

2 to 5

Data AnalysisMath

3 to 4

Numerical

Estimation

3 to 4

suppliers' and contractors' invoices. For example,they may prepare invoices that include labourcharges at per hour rates, and materials, travelexpenses, taxes and discounts. (Money Math), (3)prepare schedules for clients' projects such asconducting vibration analysis studies of equipmentin oil refineries and pulp and paper mills. Theycalculate the expected number of person hoursrequired to complete jobs and establish schedules

that identify the key activities, timelines andproject deliverables. (Scheduling, Budgeting &Accounting Math), (2)compare cost options for clients to help themdetermine best prices. For example, they comparethe short and long term costs of repairingequipment versus replacing it. (Scheduling,Budgeting & Accounting Math), (3)may adjust project budgets. For example, theymay review weekly and monthly cost reports, tomonitor costs such as labour, materials and

consultancy expenses. They compare budgetedamounts to actual costs and project costsforward to see if projects will be over or underbudget, identify trends and prevent cash flowproblems. (Scheduling, Budgeting & AccountingMath), (3)monitor budgets for the development, design andconstruction of large, multi-million dollarmechanical systems. They must account forcomplications caused by unanticipated costs likechanges to mechanical system design or delay indeliveries; and consider quantities of a variety of

materials and supplies to track expenditures. Theyconsult with team members to review in detailwhy costs may be higher than expected and makebudget revisions as projects proceed to avoidlosing additional time and money. (Scheduling,Budgeting & Accounting Math), (4)take measurements from scale drawings. Forexample, they may measure scale drawings ofcomponent parts to verify fit within allowedspaces or may measure scale drawings of pipes toensure that they fit within electricity generationsystems. (Measurement and Calculation Math),(2)calculate areas and volumes. For example, theymay measure project sites to identify obstacleswhich might complicate the installation of piecesof equipment. They may calculate the volume ofrooms to identify the level of ventilation requiredto meet acceptable air quality standards.(Measurement and Calculation Math), (4)make indirect measurements using trigonometryand geometry. For example, they may applytrigonometric principles to calculate the position

of antennae in relation to satellites or measurevibration of equipment at inaccessible points.They may also calculate the curve or trajectory ofrobots using principles of geometry andtrigonometry. They may obtain the coordinates inspace to establish the relative positions of
http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/workplaceskills/LES/tools_resources/tools_audience/general/readers_guide_whole.shtml#77http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/workplaceskills/LES/tools_resources/tools_audience/general/readers_guide_whole.shtml#81http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/workplaceskills/LES/tools_resources/tools_audience/general/readers_guide_whole.shtml#79http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/workplaceskills/LES/tools_resources/tools_audience/general/readers_guide_whole.shtml#78http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/workplaceskills/LES/tools_resources/tools_audience/general/readers_guide_whole.shtml#77


8/23



antennas, satellites and reflectors by usingtheodolites and applying principles of triangulation.(Measurement and Calculation Math), (5)track data for many performance and maintenanceparameters using maintenance tracking programs.They track the number of failures, mean timebetween failures, labour and material costs thatwere required to maintain equipment overspecified time periods. They use these analyses to

determine if equipment operation can be improvedto reduce the long term costs. For example, theymay analyze used-oil analysis chemical reports tofind out how much machines are wearing and topredict when bearings need to be replaced or gearboxes overhauled. (Data Analysis Math), (3)identify quality parameters, set up data gatheringsystems, collect and analyze data. For example,they may monitor lead levels in drinking waterfollowing water pipe reconditioning. They collectsamples at regular intervals to ensure that lead

levels meet acceptable standards and aredeclining as the system ages. (Data AnalysisMath), (3)may monitor productivity data of people andmachines. For example, they track workproductivity by monitoring the number of changeorders, source control documents, waivers, workinstructions and written reports created and issueweighted outputs that recognize the relativedifficulty of tasks to develop monthly performancebenchmarking data for management and clients.They may also calculate production rates of

robots by averaging their productivity over anumber of trials and compare them to the desiredlevels of productivity of the assembly line. (DataAnalysis Math), (3)collect data and develop statistics to describeequipment and system functionality. For example,they conduct reliability studies during equipmenttesting to establish how it performs under variouscontrolled conditions. (Data Analysis Math), (4)may estimate the life of machines and equipment.For example, they may estimate the length of timeuntil machine failures. They consider theirknowledge, experience and the analysis ofmonitoring data to predict the time until failuresoccur. Clients depend on mechanical engineers tomake accurate predictions so that they can takemeasures to prevent unnecessary and costly plantshutdowns. (Numerical Estimation), (3)may estimate costs for mechanical design andconstruction projects. They consider previousexperience with similar jobs. Making accurateestimates is important for mechanical engineers tobe able to effectively plan and manage budgets.

Inaccurate estimating invariably leads to clientdissatisfaction and financial loss for engineeringfirms. (Numerical Estimation), (4)estimate durations of development, fabrication,construction and repair tasks. For example, theymay estimate project completion times by


9/23



considering how well projects have adhered toplanned timelines, and the past and futureutilization of personnel and materials. They mayestimate the time required to repair systemmalfunctions based on clients' descriptions of theproblems and the mechanical engineers'experience with similar problems. Accurateestimates are essential for business success andsatisfied clients. (Numerical Estimation), (4)

Number Concepts Whole Numbers Read and write, count, round off, add or subtract,

multiply or divide whole numbers.

For example, counting the number of pieces ofequipment needed for projects; adding the numberof days required to complete projects.

Integers Read and write, add or subtract, mult iply or divideintegers.For example, reading and writing temperaturesduring equipment testing.

Rational Numbers -Fractions

Read and write, add or subtract fractions, multiplyor divide by a fraction, multiply or divide fractions.For example, reading measurements expressed asfractions of an inch; writing material requests

expressed as fractional amounts. Rational Numbers -Decimals

Read and write, round off, add or subtract decimals,multiply or divide by a decimal, multiply or dividedecimals.For example, reading decimal values on equipmentmonitoring gauges; calculating labour costs usinghourly rates; measuring the lengths of componentparts in metres and millimetres.

Rational Numbers -Percent

Read and write percents, calculate the percent onenumber is of another, calculate a percent of anumber.For example, calculating the percentage deviation

of projected versus actual costs; calculating thepercentage change in performance of variousprototype designs.

Equivalent RationalNumbers

Convert between fractions and decimals orpercentages.Convert between decimals and percentages.For example, converting the margin of error frompercentages to decimals when conducting dataanalyses; calibrating equipment using fractionswhile the actual project designs are created usingdecimals; converting data reported in decimalformat into percentage improvement when testingequipment.

Other Real Numbers Use powers and roots, scientific notation,significant digits.For example, using roots to establish the per phasevoltage of a three-phase motor and pump

Summary

a. Mathematical Foundations Used

http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/workplaceskills/LES/tools_resources/tools_audience/general/readers_guide_whole.shtml#a6ahttp://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/workplaceskills/LES/tools_resources/tools_audience/general/readers_guide_whole.shtml#36


10/23



assembly; reporting precise measurements to fivesignificant digits.

Patterns andRelations

Equations andFormulae

Solve problems by constructing and solvingequations with one unknown.Use formulae by inserting quantities for variablesand solving.

Write, simplify and solve two variable algebraicproblems.For example, using formulae to calculate thecapacity of equipment or temperature in relation tooutput; calculating inertia based on mass; calculatecapacity based on output efficiency of energy inputand output.

Use of Rate, Ratioand Proportion

Use a rate showing comparison between twoquantities with different units.Use a ratio showing comparison between twoquantities with the same units.

Use a proportion showing comparison between tworatios or rates in order to solve problems.For example, calculating the cycle time per partproduced; converting project cost estimates fromCanadian to American dollars when preparing bidsfor American clients; using scaling ratios to convertdrawing measurements to actual measurements;specifying the proportion of metals in a beryllium-copper spring to ensure a minimum level of hardnessto meet quality assurance standards.

Using scale drawings.

Shape and SpatialSense

MeasurementConversions

Perform measurement conversions.For example, converting engineering drawingmeasurements between Imperial and SystemInternational units.

Areas, Perimeters,Volumes

Calculate areas.Calculate perimeters.Calculate volumes.For example, calculating the areas and perimetersof proposed project sites; calculating the volumesof mechanical components and material-holdingcontainers.

Geometry Use geometry.For example, using geometry to draw two- andthree-dimensional plans representing equipment tobe installed; calculating placement and alignmentangles for system components.

Trigonometry Use trigonometry.For example, using trigonometry to calculate theposition of antennae in relation to satellites; using

trigonometry to calculate the curve or trajectory ofrobots; using trigonometry to calculate volume ofstored energy in pipeline; using trigonometry tocalculate the engineering and cost impacts ofchanging angles within engineering plans.
http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/workplaceskills/LES/tools_resources/tools_audience/general/readers_guide_whole.shtml#38http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/workplaceskills/LES/tools_resources/tools_audience/general/readers_guide_whole.shtml#37


11/23



In their heads.

Using a pen and paper.

Using a calculator.

Using a computer.

Recognizing common angles.

Drawing, sketching and forming common forms andfigures.

Statistics andProbability

Summary CalculationsCalculate averages.Calculate rates other than percentages.Calculate proportions or ratios.For example, calculating average failure intervals,production capacities, monthly temperatures toidentify heat ing or air-conditioning unitrequirements; calculating the mean mechanicalresistance of equipment during testing; calculatingthe rate of machine utilization; calculating profitratios in project budgets; calculating optimum motorsize using ratios of cost versus required

performance. Statistics andProbability

Use descriptive statistics (e.g. collecting,classifying, analyzing and interpreting data).Use inferential statistics (e.g. using mathematicaltheories of probability, making conclusions about apopulation or about how likely it is that some eventwill happen).For example, analyzing and evaluating vibrationmeasurements of engineering systems to identifysystem problems; calculating the probability ofextreme temperatures in weather to identifyrequirements that heating and air conditioning

systems must handle.

Using tables, schedules or other table-like text.

Using graphical presentations.



b. How Calculations are Performed

c. Measurement Instruments Used
http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/workplaceskills/LES/tools_resources/tools_audience/general/readers_guide_whole.shtml#a6ahttp://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/workplaceskills/LES/tools_resources/tools_audience/general/readers_guide_whole.shtml#a6ahttp://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/workplaceskills/LES/tools_resources/tools_audience/general/readers_guide_whole.shtml#39


12/23



Time. For example, using watches.

Weight or mass. For example, using scales.

Distance or dimension. For example, using micrometers, measuring tapes,callipers and laser tapes.

Liquid volume. For example, using beakers and graduated containers.

Temperature. For example, using thermometers, thermocouples and infraredguns.

Pressure. For example, using sensors, pressure gauges and pressuretransducers.

Wattage. For example, using wattmeters.

Angles. For example, using theodolites, air levels and protractors.

Vibration. For example, using context-specific measuring tools such as vibrationanalyzers.

Use the SI (metric) measurement system.

Using the imperial measurement system.

E. Oral Communication


Typical

Most

Complex

2 to 4

4


interact with clients by phone or in person toidentify client needs, discuss projectrequirements, obtain information aboutmechanical systems, inform them of problems ordelays encountered and provide progressupdates. (2)consult with colleagues to obtain their input onchallenging work problems. (2)contact suppliers to verify product availability,obtain equipment specifications and negotiatetimely deliveries. For example, they may callsuppliers to locate equipment that can handlehigh temperatures. They find out if suchequipment exists, when it can be delivered or ifthe suppliers can provide suitable alternatives tomeet their needs. (2)communicate their expectations to contractors.For example, they describe their expectations forconducting jobs properly, quickly and within the

agreed upon scope and budget. (2)may conduct job interviews to select engineeringand technical staff for their organizations. (2)interact with their supervisors or managers foradvice and direction, to discuss work and provideupdates. (2)


13/23



In person. For example, Interacting with co-workers.

Using a telephone. For example, Contacting suppliers.

may negotiate service contracts with clients,suppliers and contractors. They must be able toget a clear understanding of clients' needs.Mechanical engineers try to get the best dealsfor their organizations while meeting client needsand maintaining positive relationships. (3)may make presentations on research findings andhighly technical and complex topics to largegroups. (4)

facilitate discussions with their co-workers toco-ordinate work and brainstorm solutions toproblems encountered. They may motivate workteams and may be responsible for ensuringengineering teams produce quality work withintight timeframes. (4)make presentations to clients, executives andcolleagues on topics such as analysis reports,project scope descriptions, budget est imates andcompany capabilities. Mechanical engineersanswer questions and justify their

recommendations. (4)


They may work in circumstances where machine or construction noise inhibits oralcommunication.

Environmental Factors Affecting Communication

Oral Communication Summary

Modes of Communication Used


Type

Purpose for Oral Communication (Part I)

To greetTo take

messages

To

provide/receive

information,

explanation,

direction

To seek,

obtain

information

To co-

ordinate

work with

that of

others

To

reassure,

comfort

Listening (little or no

interaction)

Speaking (little or no

interaction)

Interact with co-

workers

Interact with those

you supervise or

direct
http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/workplaceskills/LES/tools_resources/tools_audience/general/readers_guide_whole.shtml#48http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/workplaceskills/LES/tools_resources/tools_audience/general/readers_guide_whole.shtml#47http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/workplaceskills/LES/tools_resources/tools_audience/general/readers_guide_whole.shtml#a6ahttp://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/workplaceskills/LES/tools_resources/tools_audience/general/readers_guide_whole.shtml#a6a


14/23



F. Thinking Skills

Interact with

supervisor/manager

Interact with peers

and colleagues f rom

other organization

Interact with

customers/clients/

public

Interact with

suppliers, servicers

Participate in group

discussion

Present information

to a small group

Present information

to a large group


Type

Purpose for Oral Communication (Part II)

To discuss(exchange

information,

opinions)

To persuadeTo facilitate,

animate

To instruct,instill

understanding,

knowledge

To negotiate,

resolve

conflict

To

entertain

Listening (little or no

interaction)

Speaking (little or no

interaction)

Interact with co-

workers

Interact with those

you supervise or

direct

Interact with

supervisor/manager

Interact with peers

and colleagues f rom

other organization

Interact with

customers/clients/

public

Interact with

suppliers, servicers

Participate in group

discussion

Present information

to a small group

Present information

to a large group

Other InformationMechanical engineers in bilingual communities may be required to communicate in both officiallanguages.
http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/workplaceskills/LES/tools_resources/tools_audience/general/readers_guide_whole.shtml#50chttp://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/workplaceskills/LES/tools_resources/tools_audience/general/readers_guide_whole.shtml#48http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/workplaceskills/LES/tools_resources/tools_audience/general/readers_guide_whole.shtml#47http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/workplaceskills/LES/tools_resources/tools_audience/general/readers_guide_whole.shtml#a6a


15/23



1. Problem Solving

Tasks Complexity Level ExamplesTypical

Most

Complex

2 to 4

4


encounter team conflicts. They meet with theindividuals involved, reinforce the fact they areon the same team and discuss options for solving

the conflicts that maintain quality and safety.(2)find that engineering plans cannot beimplemented due to unexpected financial orphysical barriers. For example, a mechanicalengineer may find that beams are blockinglocations where pipes should pass. Themechanical engineer consults a civil engineer tofind out if it is possible to move the beams andreviews engineering plans to identify alternativeways to pass the pipes. (2)find that machine or equipment components do

not fit together well. For example, an engineer ina manufacturing facility finds that bearings on aconveyor belt are looser than the desired pushfit. The engineer determines the correctdimensions for the bearings, revises thedrawings, makes note of design changes andnotifies the millwrights and others who will beaffected by the changes. (3)encounter project delays. For example, they maylearn that essential pieces of equipment will beshipped late. They determine the consequencesto their project budgets and schedules andidentify strategies, such as locat ing alternatevendors and accelerating other areas until theequipment arrives, to minimize the effects. (3)are faced with cost overruns in mechanicalengineering projects. They consult with teammembers to review in detail why the costs arehigher than expected. They brainstorm toidentify less expensive methods and materialsthat meet the clients' specifications andtimelines. (3)may find that completed jobs do not meet safety

and regulatory standards. For example, afterschool pipes and fittings are replaced, amechanical engineer may find that lead levels areunacceptable. The engineer convenes a team tobrainstorm and identify the sources of leadcontamination. The engineer implementsmeasures to deal with the high lead levels andcommunicates these plans to clients. Once thelead contamination is gone the engineer monitorsthe installation to see that lead does not exceedacceptable levels. (3)lose time and money when equipment they have

installed malfunctions or fails to perform asexpected. For example, following testing,mechanical engineers may determine thatequipment is not performing as expected. Theyconsult industry standards which describe


16/23



potential problems that can be encountered, howto investigate them, potential solutions andremedial actions. They analyze data andformulate and investigate hypotheses to find thesource of the problems. They re-design theequipment and conduct additional testing todemonstrate that the new pieces of equipmentare of acceptable quality. (4)

2. Decision Making


Typical

Most

Complex

2 to 3

3


decide which products to purchase andcontractors to select. For example, they reviewcatalogues to determine if the parts are standardor must be customized and consider costs,volume discounts, delivery times and past

experience with product vendors. When selectingcontractors they consider factors such as workquality, safety records, reputation and ability todeliver on time. If two bids are technically equal,mechanical engineers select the lowest bid. (2)decide which measuring tools and methods touse. For example, they may decide where toplace sensors within machines to get the bestmeasurements when conducting vibrationanalysis. They consider their previousexperience, machine layouts, the horizontal or

vertical orientation of machines and the shapesof bearings to determine the sensor placements.(2)decide which materials and equipment to use forengineering projects. They take into accountclient specifications, industry norms and cost.For example, they may decide the mostappropriate steam flow meters to use byconsidering available technology, the level ofprecision needed, availability and costs. (3)decide the appropriate codes and standards toapply when completing client projects. They use

their technical knowledge and experience toselect the most appropriate codes such as theAmerican Society of Mechanical EngineeringCodes and the International Organization forStandardization 9001 standards. (3)decide which c lients have priority when multipleclients are experiencing technical difficultiessimultaneously. They consider the types ofservices required, the time of the calls and theproduction losses and costs for the clients. Forexample, one robot out of operation in a carassembly plant can shut down the entireproduction and may cost ten thousand dollarsper hour to the client. (3)

3. Critical Thinking


17/23



Tasks Complexity Level ExamplesTypical

Most Complex

3 to 4

4


judge the accuracy and completeness ofmechanical engineering drawings beforeforwarding them for implementation. Theyensure that the drawings adhere to requiredcodes and standards and that the information

is complete and presented in a clear andconcise manner. They check that sufficientdetails have been provided for work toproceed. (3)may assess employee performance byevaluating the skill sets, strengths andlimitations of employees. Engineers' abilities toaccurately assess employees influencesemployees' and team productivity, whichultimately affects the organizations' overallsuccess. (3)

judge the functionality or serviceability ofequipment. They analyze evaluation data andapply International Organization ofStandardization standards to calculate faultseverities and consider codes such as theAmerican Society for Mechanical Engineering,pipeline, structural steel codes, provincialboiler and pressure vessel acts and clientlimitations such as linguistic or financialbarriers. Accurate judgements are vital tocustomer satisfaction and the credibility andprofitability of the engineering firm. (3)

conduct operations, environmental, safetyand construct ion audits to assess quality,conformity with standards, safety andenvironmental risks. For example, theyconduct operational audits in manufacturingplants and construction sites to verify thatthe organizations meet all provincial andfederal regulations. They may also conductenvironmental audits to check thatorganizations have spill containmentprocedures in place, that all tanks are double-walled and that organizations are following

recycling and composting guidelines. If theyfail to think critically, mechanical engineers'credibility will be damaged and theirorganizations can suffer seriousconsequences. (4)

4. Job Task Planning and Organizing

Complexity Level Description4 Own job planning and organizing

Mechanical engineers are autonomous and have flexibility toplan their work schedules within frameworks established bytheir managers. They determine how to organize their workto meet deliverables and timelines of team-based projects.
http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/workplaceskills/LES/tools_resources/tools_audience/general/readers_guide_whole.shtml#87http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/workplaceskills/LES/tools_resources/tools_audience/general/readers_guide_whole.shtml#4http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/workplaceskills/LES/tools_resources/tools_audience/general/readers_guide_whole.shtml#5bhttp://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/workplaceskills/LES/tools_resources/tools_audience/general/readers_guide_whole.shtml#5ahttp://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/workplaceskills/LES/tools_resources/tools_audience/general/readers_guide_whole.shtml#6http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/workplaceskills/LES/tools_resources/tools_audience/general/readers_guide_whole.shtml#4


18/23



They may need to coordinate and integrate job tasks withother engineers and technical staff. Mechanical engineersoften have to reshuffle their schedules to meet clients'requests and deal with problems caused by mechanicalfailures.

Planning and organizing for others

Mechanical engineers may contribute to long-term and

strategic planning for their organizations. They frequentlyassume project management roles for large projects andplan, assign and coordinate work of co-workers, contractorsand vendors. They plan jobs, decide what tasks need to bedone, draw up work schedules, and may be responsible foroverseeing others' work, providing training and evaluatingemployees' work performance.

5. Significant Use of Memory

Examples

remember portions of codes and standards that they refer to on a regular basissuch as plumbing, fire safety, American Society for Mechanical Engineering,pipeline, structural steel, industry-specific codes, provincial boiler and pressurevessel acts, and International Organization of Standardization 9001 standards.

remember past project successes and problems to integrate what they learnedinto new projects. For example, they implement previous design successes intonew designs and recall the reasons for time delays in past installations.

remember specifications that they work with on a regular basis such asequipment passwords and computer programming language codes.

6. Finding Information


Typical

Most Complex

1 to 3

3


contact vendors or consult their cataloguesand websites to obtain equipmentspecifications, prices and delivery options. Forexample, they may search for informationabout pump capacities and prices of fans. (1)may consult organizational intranets toaccess organization-specific informationrequired for their work. For example, theylocate project work templates such as jobinitiation forms and job task numbers, reportsof previous projects and lists of equipmentinventories. (2)find technical information about materials and

engineering methods. They consult colleaguesand experts in other engineering disciplines.For example, they may consult colleagueswith expertise in welding or parts manipulationto find information about unfamiliarapplications or they ask metallurgical
http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/workplaceskills/LES/tools_resources/tools_audience/general/readers_guide_whole.shtml#5bhttp://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/workplaceskills/LES/tools_resources/tools_audience/general/readers_guide_whole.shtml#5ahttp://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/workplaceskills/LES/tools_resources/tools_audience/general/readers_guide_whole.shtml#6http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/workplaceskills/LES/tools_resources/tools_audience/general/readers_guide_whole.shtml#4http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/workplaceskills/LES/tools_resources/tools_audience/general/readers_guide_whole.shtml#6


19/23



Participate in formal discussions about work processes or product improvement.

Have opportunities to make suggestions on improving work processes.

Monitor the work performance of others.

Inform other workers or demonstrate to them how tasks are performed.

Orient new employees.

Make hiring recommendations.

Make hiring decisions.

Select contractors and suppliers.

Assign routine tasks to other workers.

Assign new or unusual tasks to other workers.

Identify training that is required by, or would be useful for, other workers.

Deal with other workers' grievances or complaints.


engineers about the properties of alloys todetermine which materials to use for theirprojects. (3)

G. Working with Others

Complexity Level Description

3 Mechanical engineers typically coordinate and integrate their workwithin teams of engineers and technicians working on commonprojects. Mechanical engineers often assume project managementroles in which they co-ordinate the involvement of otherengineers, contractors, technicians and suppliers.

Mechanical engineers may be responsible for assigning work tasksto team members, and oversee others' work, providing training andevaluation of employees' work performance.


Typical

MostComplex

2 to 3

4 to 5


use databases. For example, they consultvendor databases in Access for equipmentspecifications to identify models that meettheir needs. They also access client contact

Participation in Supervisory or Leadership Activities

H. Computer Use
http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/workplaceskills/LES/tools_resources/tools_audience/general/readers_guide_whole.shtml#5bhttp://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/workplaceskills/LES/tools_resources/tools_audience/general/readers_guide_whole.shtml#5ahttp://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/workplaceskills/LES/tools_resources/tools_audience/general/readers_guide_whole.shtml#a6ahttp://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/workplaceskills/LES/tools_resources/tools_audience/general/readers_guide_whole.shtml#87http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/workplaceskills/LES/tools_resources/tools_audience/general/readers_guide_whole.shtml#4http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/workplaceskills/LES/tools_resources/tools_audience/general/readers_guide_whole.shtml#6http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/workplaceskills/LES/tools_resources/tools_audience/general/readers_guide_whole.shtml#4


20/23



information, project histories, maintenanceservices performed and problems encounteredby using search features of customermanagement software programs. (2)use financial software. For example, they mayprepare project and annual operating budgetsusing the basic features of financial softwareprograms such as QuickBooks. (2)use communications software. For example,

they may use Outlook to exchange e-mailwith attached documents with co-workers,colleagues and clients. (2)use word processing software. For example,they use Word to write letters to clients,vendors and contractors using standardtemplates. They also write analysis reportsand books of specifications containing tablesof contents, heading levels, tables, graphs,imported pictures and bulleted lists. (3)use graphics software. For example, they use

PowerPoint to present the results of analysisreports by using text, tables, graphs, picturesand animations. (3)use spreadsheet software. They set-up orcreate spreadsheets such as Excel to collectdata and create schedules and budgets. Forexample, they plan project budgets, completeexpense reports, monitor projectexpenditures, project schedules and person-hours worked. They may create models tosolve complicated math equations by usingadvanced features of spreadsheet software.

(3)use statistical analysis software. For example,they may conduct reliability studies and dataanalyses using the advanced features ofstatistical analysis software such as SPSS.(3)use computer-assisted design, manufacturingand machining software. For example, theymay draw mechanical plans using AutoCAD.They c reate three-dimensional models usingadvanced features of three-dimensionalmodelling software and enter data of thearchitectural and engineering plans and ofexisting structures into the software beforedrawing the mechanical structures. (3)use Internet software. For example, they useInternet Explorer to find information on newproducts and technologies using searchengines. They may also move large electronicfiles to customers using Internet file transferprotocol. Mechanical engineers may accessweb servers remotely using virtual privatenetwork protocols. For example, they access

and analyze vibration monitoring data atcustomer locations via the Internet. Theyalso download data from customer sites totheir servers for further analysis. (3)may use other software. For example, theymay plan, schedule and monitor projects using


21/23



Use word processing.

Use graphics software.

Use a database.

Use a spreadsheet.

Use financial software.

Use statistical analysis software.

Do programming or systems and software design.

Use computer-assisted design, manufacture or machining.

Use communications software.

Use Internet

Other

Complexity Level Description

the advanced features of projectmanagement software. They may view digitalsite photographs using image viewersoftware. They may use various specializedsoftware to identify the preventivemaintenance required for machinery andequipment, conduct vibration analysis ofmachines and develop reports of thermalimaging and measurement. (3)

may do programming, system and softwaredesign. For example, they may program robotsusing Programmable Logic Controllers suchthat the robots can interface with otherrobots and existing equipment. (5)

Computer Use Summary


4Continuous learning is integral to the work of mechanical engineersas the field is diverse and influenced by ongoing technologicalchange. New technologies change work processes and skillrequirements. Engineers identify their own learning needs and

determine their own learning goals. They attend conferences,workshops and courses; read professional journals, magazines,textbooks, technical manuals and newsletters; and they consultwith co-workers and colleagues. Continuing education credits aremandatory for engineers to maintain their P. Eng licences in some

jurisdictions.

I. Continuous Learning

For
http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/workplaceskills/LES/tools_resources/tools_audience/general/readers_guide_whole.shtml#a6ahttp://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/workplaceskills/LES/tools_resources/tools_audience/general/readers_guide_whole.shtml#87http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/workplaceskills/LES/tools_resources/tools_audience/general/readers_guide_whole.shtml#4


22/23



How Learning Occurs

Learning may be acquired:

As part of regular work activity.

From co-workers.

Through training offered in the workplace.

Through reading or other forms of self-studyat work.on worker's own time.using materials available through work.using materials obtained through a professional association orunion.using materials obtained on worker's own initiative.

Through off-site trainingduring working hours at no cost to the worker.partially subsidized.with costs paid by the worker.


J. Other Information

In addition to collecting information for this Essential Skills Profile, ourinterviews with job incumbents also asked about the following topics.

Physical Aspects

Mechanical engineers sit at their desks or computers the majority ofthe time. They may bend, stoop, kneel or crouch to inspectequipment and walk around industrial or construction sites. They mayhave to work in awkward positions for short periods of time to reachequipment. They must be able to move easily through plants bywalking, climbing and crawling into small spaces. Mechanicalengineers require hand-eye and upper-limb co-ordination for drawing,installing equipment and performing maintenance work. Multiple limbco-ordination is also required to climb ladders to access componentparts of the assembly line processes. Mechanical engineers may liftequipment of up to 20 kg at client sites. Mechanical engineers mustbe able to visualize in three dimensions and require keen sight whilepreparing project concepts, designs, implementation plans and whenreviewing project plans.

Attitudes

Mechanical Engineers require strong ethics and analytical minds.They should be innovative, have good mechanical aptitude and beenthusiastic about performing detailed technical work.
http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/workplaceskills/LES/tools_resources/tools_audience/general/readers_guide_whole.shtml#a6a


23/23

essential skills - mechanical engineers

Documents