ESSENTIAL QUESTION:ESSENTIAL QUESTION:

East vs. West (recap)East vs. West (recap)

Henry ClayHenry Clay

Internal improvementsInternal improvements

Highway system and toll roadsHighway system and toll roads

A National Road A National Road (Cumberland Rd)(Cumberland Rd)

OppositionOpposition

The American systemThe American system

Henry ClayHenry Clay

Cumberland (National Road), 1811

Cumberland (National Road), 1811

Conestoga Covered WagonsConestoga Covered Wagons

Conestoga Trail, 1820sConestoga Trail, 1820s

Take Five…Take Five…

• What does “Clinton’s Big Ditch” refer to?What does “Clinton’s Big Ditch” refer to?

Transportation RevolutionTransportation Revolution

CanalsCanals

Erie CanalErie Canal

Mainland CanalMainland Canal

RailroadsRailroads

B & OB & O

Erie Canal SystemErie Canal System

Erie Canal, 1820sErie Canal, 1820s

Begun in 1817; completed in 1825Begun in 1817; completed in 1825

Canals in Early AmericaCanals in Early America

• DeWitt ClintonDeWitt Clinton

• Results: New York becomes the most Results: New York becomes the most populated state (until WWII!!!!)populated state (until WWII!!!!)

• PA Canal (not so lucky!!!!)PA Canal (not so lucky!!!!)

Take Five…Take Five…

• What problems are associated with early What problems are associated with early steam transportation? steam transportation?

Transportation Revolution Transportation Revolution (recap)(recap)

SteamshipsSteamships

Problems with navigating riversProblems with navigating rivers

James WattJames Watt

Robert FultonRobert Fulton

The ClermontThe Clermont

AccidentsAccidents

Robert Fulton & the Steamboat

Robert Fulton & the Steamboat

1807: The 1807: The ClermontClermont

Principal Canals in 1840Principal Canals in 1840

Did you know?????Did you know?????

The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830)The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830)

1830 1830 13 miles of track built by Baltimore & 13 miles of track built by Baltimore & Ohio RROhio RR

By 1850 By 1850 9000 mi. of RR track [1860 9000 mi. of RR track [1860 31,000 31,000 mi.]mi.]

TheRailroad

Revolution,1850s

TheRailroad

Revolution,1850s

p Immigrant laborImmigrant laborbuilt the No. built the No. RRs.RRs.

p Slave laborSlave laborbuilt the So. built the So. RRs. RRs.

The Industrial The Industrial RevolutionRevolution

Shift from self-sufficiency to a Shift from self-sufficiency to a specialized interdependent economyspecialized interdependent economy

Reasons for the industrial revolutionReasons for the industrial revolution

High labor costsHigh labor costs

InventorsInventors

Oliver Evans, Eli Whitney, Peter Oliver Evans, Eli Whitney, Peter CooperCooper

Abundant natural resourcesAbundant natural resources

Water, Coal, Lumber etc.Water, Coal, Lumber etc.

Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1791

Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1791

Eli Whitney’s Gun FactoryEli Whitney’s Gun Factory

Interchangeable Parts RifleInterchangeable Parts Rifle

OliverEvansOliverEvans

First prototype of the First prototype of the locomotivelocomotive

First automated First automated flour millflour mill

John Deere & the Steel Plow(1837)

John Deere & the Steel Plow(1837)

Cyrus McCormick& the Mechanical Reaper:

1831

Cyrus McCormick& the Mechanical Reaper:

1831

Samuel F. B. MorseSamuel F. B. Morse

1840 – Telegraph1840 – Telegraph

Cyrus Field & the Transatlantic Cable,

1858

Cyrus Field & the Transatlantic Cable,

1858

Elias Howe & Isaac SingerElias Howe & Isaac Singer

1840s1840sSewing MachineSewing Machine

The Industrial The Industrial Revolution (con’t)Revolution (con’t)

EntrepreneursEntrepreneurs

PiracyPiracy

Samuel Slater, John and Arthur Samuel Slater, John and Arthur Schofield, Francis Cabot LowellSchofield, Francis Cabot Lowell

CapitalCapital

BanksBanks

Protective tariffsProtective tariffs

Changes in the textile Changes in the textile industryindustry

Cottage industryCottage industryFactoriesFactories

Emerging urban industrial working classEmerging urban industrial working classBritish monopolyBritish monopoly

Mill townsMill townsSlater millsSlater millsLowell millsLowell mills

Lowell girlsLowell girlsChild laborChild labor

Samuel Slater(“Father of the Factory

System”)

Samuel Slater(“Father of the Factory

System”)

The Lowell/Waltham System:

First Dual-Purpose Textile Plant

The Lowell/Waltham System:

First Dual-Purpose Textile Plant

Francis Cabot Lowell’s town - 1814Francis Cabot Lowell’s town - 1814

Lowell in 1850Lowell in 1850

Lowell MillLowell Mill

Early Textile LoomEarly Textile Loom

New EnglandTextile

Centers:

1830s

New EnglandTextile

Centers:

1830s

New England Dominance in Textiles

New England Dominance in Textiles

Starting for LowellStarting for Lowell

Lowell GirlsLowell Girls

What was their typical What was their typical “profile?”“profile?”

Lowell Boarding HousesLowell Boarding Houses

What was boardinghouse life What was boardinghouse life like?like?

Lowell Mills Time Table

Lowell Mills Time Table

Early “Union” Newslett

er

Early “Union” Newslett

er

The Factory Girl’s GarlandThe Factory Girl’s Garland

February 20, 1845 issue.February 20, 1845 issue.

I’m a Factory Girl Filled with Wishes

I’m a Factory Girl Filled with WishesI'm a factory girlI'm a factory girl

Everyday filled with fearEveryday filled with fearFrom breathing in the poison airFrom breathing in the poison airWishing for windows!Wishing for windows!I'm a factory girlI'm a factory girlTired from the 13 hours of wok each dayTired from the 13 hours of wok each dayAnd we have such low payAnd we have such low payWishing for shorten work times!Wishing for shorten work times!I'm a factory girlI'm a factory girlNever having enough time to eatNever having enough time to eatNor to rest my feetNor to rest my feetWishing for more free time!Wishing for more free time!I'm a factory girlI'm a factory girlSick of all this harsh conditionsSick of all this harsh conditionsMaking me want to sign the petition!Making me want to sign the petition!So do what I ask for because I am a factory So do what I ask for because I am a factory girlgirlAnd I'm hereby speaking for all the rest!And I'm hereby speaking for all the rest!

Irish Immigrant Girls at LowellIrish Immigrant Girls at Lowell

The Early Union MovementThe Early Union Movement

Workingman’s Party Workingman’s Party (1829)(1829) ** Founded by Robert Dale Owen Founded by Robert Dale Owen and and others in New York City. others in New York City.Early unions were usually local, Early unions were usually local, social, and weak.social, and weak.

Commonwealth v. HuntCommonwealth v. Hunt (1842)—(1842)—ruling in favor of workers!!ruling in favor of workers!!Worker political parties were Worker political parties were ineffective until the post-Civil ineffective until the post-Civil War period.War period.

Regional SpecializationRegional Specialization

EAST EAST IndustrialIndustrial

SOUTH SOUTH Cotton & SlaveryCotton & Slavery

WEST WEST The Nation’s The Nation’s “Breadbasket”“Breadbasket”

American Population Centers in 1820

American Population Centers in 1820

American Population Centers in 1860

American Population Centers in 1860

National Origin of Immigrants:1820 - 1860

National Origin of Immigrants:1820 - 1860

Why now?Why now?