essen%al knowledge standards - ms....
TRANSCRIPT
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Essen%alknowledgestandards• 1.B.1:Theatomiscomposedofnega%velychargedelectrons,whichcanleavetheatom,andapos%vielychargednucleusthatismadeofprotonsandneutrons.Thea?rac%onoftheelectronstothenucleusisthebasisofthestructureoftheatom.Coulomb’slawisqualita%velyusefulforunderstandingthestructureoftheatom.
• 4.A.3:Themagnitudeandtemperaturedependenceoftherateofreac%oniscontainedquan%ta%velyintherateconstant
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FLT• Iwillbeableto:– writenuclearequa%onsdemonstra%ngtheconserva%onofmassnumberandatomicnumbers– connectthehalf-lifeofareac%ontotherateconstantofafirst-orderreac%onandjus%fytheuseofthisrela%onintermsofthereac%onbeingafirst-orderreac%on
• Bycomple1ngCh.19Notes
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Ch.19:TheNucleus�AChemist’sView
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Recall
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Review–AtomicModels
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Proton-NeutronModel
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SubatomicPar%cles• In1932,JamesChadwickdiscoveredtheneutron
• Thiswasimportantinimprovingtheproton-electronatomicmodel
• Newmodel:Theproton-neutronnucleus
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Proton-NeutronModel
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SubatomicPar%cles• Wenowhavethreesubatomicpar%cles:– Protonsp+– Electronse-– Neutronsn0
• Nucleons=subatomicpar%cleslocatedinthenucleusofatoms– Protonsandneutrons– Nucleonsarecomposedofsmallerpar%clescalledquarks
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Review-Nuclide
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NuclearStability
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Forces• Recall:Theelectromagne%cforce– Electricallychargedpar%clescana?ractorrepeleachother
• Whatwouldweexpecttooccurwithnucleons?
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NuclearStability• Notallnucleiarestable– Posi%vely-chargedprotonscanrepeleachother
• Thestrongnuclearforcebindsprotonsandneutronstogetherinthenucleus
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NuclearStability• StrongNuclearForce– Thisforcecanonlyactoververyshortdistances– Itisthestrongesta?rac%veforce(137%mesmorethanelectromagne%c)
– Overextremelyshortdistances,thestrongnuclearforceoverridestherepulsionoftheelectromagne%cforce
• Lookingatthera%oofprotonstoneutronscanhelpusdeterminethestabilityofthenucleus
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NuclearStability• Allnuclideswithmorethan83protons(bismuth)areunstable
• Lightnuclidesaremoststablewhentheneutron:protonra%ois1
• Heaviernuclidesaremoststablewhentheneutron:protonra%oisgreaterthan1
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ZoneofStability• Areawherestablenuclidesresideasafunc%onofZand(A–Z)– Asthenumberofprotonsinthenuclideincreases,theneutron-to-protonra%orequiredforstabilityincreases
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ZoneofStability
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NuclearStability• Certaincombina%onsofprotonsandneutronsseemtoconferspecialstability– Nuclideswithevennumbersofprotonsandneutronsaremorestablethanthosewithoddnumbers
• Certainspecificnumbersofprotonsorneutronsproducestablenuclides
• Magicnumbers– Specialstabilityexistswhenthenumberofprotonsorneutronsis2,8,20,28,50,82,126
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NuclearStability• Unstablenucleiwithundergoradioac%vedecay• Thenucleiwilldecomposetoformadifferentnucleus,formingoneormorepar%clesintheprocess• Thetotalmassnumberandatomicnumbermustbeconservedinanynuclearchange
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Pair-Share-Respond1. Remindme�whatwasRutherford’satomic
model?
2. HowdidChadwick’sdiscoverychangetheatomicmodel?
3. DisFnguishbetweentheterms“subatomic
parFcles”and“nucleons”
4. ExplaintherolesoftheelectromagneFc
forceandthestrongnuclearforceinthe
nucleus
5. IdenFfysomepaPernsofnuclearstability26
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Radioac%veDecay
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Radioac%veDecay• Unstablenuclei“decay”intonewnucleithroughthespontaneouschangeinnumberofprotons• Ifthenumberofprotonschanges,isitthesameelementanymore?
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Radioac%veDecay• Radioac%vedecayoccurswhenaparentnucleusspontaneouslydecaysandformsadifferentnucleus,calledadaughternucleus
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TypesofRadia%on
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TypesofRadioac%veDecay
α-par%cleproduc%on
Spontaneousfission
β-par%cleproduc%on
Positronproduc%on
γ-rayproduc%on
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TypesofRadia%on• Alpha-Par%cleProduc%on– Alpha-par%cle(αpar%cle):Aheliumnucleus– Commonmodeofdecayforheavynuclides
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TypesofRadia%on• SpontaneousFission– Splijngofaheavynuclideintotwolighternuclideswithsimilarmassnumbers
– Occursatanextremelyslowrate
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TypesofRadia%on• Beta(β)-Par%cleProduc%on– Doesnotchangethemassnumber– Neteffect–tochangeaneutrontoaproton– Nuclidesthatlieabovethezoneofstablityareexpectedtobeβ-par%cleproducers
– Theemijngnucleusdoesnotcontainelectronseventhoughtheβpar%cleisanelectron
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TypesofRadia%on• Gammaray(γray):High-energyphoton• γ-rayproduc%onaccompaniesnucleardecayandpar%clereac%ons
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TypesofRadia%on• PositronProduc%on• Occursfornuclidesthatliebelowthezoneofstability– Thesenuclideshavesmallneutron/protonra%os
• Positron–Par%clewiththesamemassasthee-butwithoppositecharge• Neteffect–Tochangeaprotontoaneutron– Causestheproductnuclidetohaveahigherneutron/protonra%othantheoriginalnuclide
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TypesofRadia%on• Positron=an%par%cleofe-• Annihila%on• Whenapositroncollideswithanelectron,par%culatema?ertransformsintoelectromagne%cradia%onintheformofhigh-energyphotons
• Characteris%cofma?er–an%ma?ercollisions
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TypesofRadia%on• ElectronCapture– Processbywhichthenucleuscapturesoneoftheinner-orbitalelectrons
– γraysarealwaysproducedtoreleaseexcessenergy
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NuclearEqua%onsReview
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NuclearEqua%onsReview• Mustconservethemassnumber(total)andatomicnumber(total)
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NuclearEqua%onsReview• Writebalancedequa%onsforeachofthefollowingprocesses:
11 6 C produces a positron
214 83 Bi produces a particle β
237 93 Np produces an particle α
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Solu%on(a)
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Solu%on(b)
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Solu%on(c)
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DecaySeries
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DecaySeries• Whenaradioac%venucleuscannotreachastablestateviaasingleradioac%vedecayprocess,adecayseriesoccursun%lastablenuclideisformed• Examples
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DecaySeries• Insomecases,mul%pledecaysareneededtoproduceastablenuclide
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DecaySeries
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Prac%ce• Iden%fythemissingpar%cleinthefollowingequa%on:
238 92 U He + ?→
24294Pu
242 90 Th234 90 Th234 92 U
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Prac%ce• Carbon-11isanunstableisotope.Whichkindofradioac%vedecaywouldbeexpectedforthisisotope?a. Beta-par%cleproduc%onb. Alpha-par%cleproduc%onc. Positronproduc%on
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Prac%ce• ElectroncapturetransformsK-40intowhatnuclide?a. Ca-40b. Ar-40c. He-4d. K-40e. Ca-39
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Prac%ce• WhentheU-235nuclideisstruckbyaneutron,theproductsaretwoneutrons,Ba-139,and:a. Br-96b. Kr-96c. Rb-94d. Kr-94e. Sr-90