espm 134 - intro to fungi
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ESPM 134 Spring 2009 Introduction to the fungi
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The Hypha
Jacobson, Hickey, Glass & Read
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Arbuscule (basically a haustorium) inside a plant root
cell
(c) D. Redecker, K. Wex
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A. H. R. Buller 1931
Mycelium all of the hyphae of a single individual
fungus
It can function to move materials from one area to
another
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Hyphal Fusion a necessary step in maintaining a mycelium
Hickey, Jacobson, Glass & Read
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Extensive mycelium of an ectomycorrhizal fungus
The individual strands you see are rhizomorphs: bundles of organized hyphae used for long-distance transport
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Rhizomorphs of Mutinus elegans in a Miscanthus field
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Ratios of two haploid nuclei in Heterbasidion parviporum heterokaryons From James et al 2008 Evolution paper
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Mitotic (asexual) spore state are very common in Ascomycete
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Zone lines in wood cause by vegetative interactions between different genotypes of decay fungi
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Zone lines in a twig showing borders of individual fungi
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Single individuals can be large
Suillus pungens genets in pre-fire Pt. Reyes Bonello et al. 1998. New Phytol. 138:533-542.
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Undisturbed forest should have large genets Boletus photoshopii
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Achyla oogonium and antheridia
Oomycota the water molds (fungal-like protists)
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Saprolegnia life cycle from Alexopolous et al
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Damping off by Pythium
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Chemotactic zoospores of Phytophthora
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Phytophthora infestans, late blight of potato airborne sporangia can disperse across a continent in year
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Sudden Oak death - Phytophthora ramorum At China camp State park, Marin Co.
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Chytridiomycota +
Zygomycota
Ascomycota
Basidiomycota
KingdomFungi
Glomales
“true fungi” are in the Kingdom Fungi
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Arbuscular mycorrhiza (Plantago media and Glomus clarum)
spore
extraradical hyphae
(c) D. Redecker
100µm
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Photo from Ann Pringle
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Hallmark of the Ascomycota - the Ascus
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Mitotic (asexual) spore state are very common in Ascomycete
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Apothecia cup-like ascocarps
With asci on the surface
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Perithecium - a common ascocarp type Small with asci inside a flask-shaped structure
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Xylaria - a wood decaying ascomycete that forms a stroma with perithecia embedded in it
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Basidia from Alexopoulos et al.
Basidiomycetes - a major group of Forest Pathogens and mycorrhizal symbionts
Hyphae with clamps
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Coprinus development From Ingold 1953
From Buller
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Mushrooms (Agarics & Boletes)
Tooth fungi (Hydnoid)
Resupinate Corticioid
Club and Coral fungi
Polypores
Gastromycetes Puffballs &false-truffles
Jelly fungi
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Rust fungi
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Basidiomycota(except rusts)
Rust fungi (alsoBasidiomycota)
Ascomycota Oomycota
Fruiting bodiesoften large andconspicuous,basidiospores oftenthe main dispersalstage;
Fruiting body usuallysmall, basidiosporesoften used to infect adifferent host,dispersal relativelylocal
Fruiting body usuallysmall, in many speciesit may be rare orabsent.
No fruiting bodies.Oospores Small andinconspicuous; aresting stage thatdisperses primarilythrough time notspace.
Importance and size of meiotic (sexual) stage
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Importance and size of mitotic (asexual) stage
Basidiomycota(except rusts)
Rust fungi (alsoBasidiomycota)
Ascomycota Oomycota
rare, usually usedfor genetic exchange,not dispersal
Usually abundant,often used for long-range dispersal
Usually abundant,and often the primaryinoculum for dispersaland colonization.
abundant. The mostimportant stage forinfection. (zoospores,chlamydospores,whole sporangia)
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Size of mycelium and presence of rhizomorphs or cords
Basidiomycota(except rusts)
Rust fungi (alsoBasidiomycota)
Ascomycota Oomycota
small to very large (>sq mile) -Rhizomorphs andcords common
small alwayslocalized in a singlehost - But singlegenotypes can bedispersed longdistances by mitoticspores; Rhizomorphsand cords absent
small to moderate -localized in a singlehost or unit resource(like a log).Rhizomorphs andcords present in somespecies
basically small, but cancause large rootdisease centersprobably by locallydispersed sporesrather than mycelialgrowth, Rhizomorphsand cords absent
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Importance in wood decay and ectomycomycorrhizal (EM) symbiosis
Basidiomycota(except rusts)
Rust fungi (alsoBasidiomycota)
Ascomycota Oomycota
Causal agent formost decay
None few important decays -Hypoxylon and Xylariaare the mainexceptions
Phytophthora cinnamomiapparently decayssmall to moderateroots, but otherwisethis behavior is rare.
Most EM fungi arebasidiomycetes
None Some important EMfungi (e.g. truffles)
None
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Importance in various types of diseases
Basidiomycota(except rusts)
Rust fungi (alsoBasidiomycota)
Ascomycota Oomycota
Root diseases Most root diseases,virtually all thatinvolve decay arebasidiomycetes
None A few important rootdiseases (e.g.Blackstain), theseusually behave as wiltsand do not causedecay.
Phytophthora cinnamomiand others causeserious root diseases;Phythium species causedamping off and manycryptic sublethal rootdisease.
Foliage diseases almost none very common Commmon - allneedle cast andneedle blights
Many in tropicalsetting, Phytophthoraramorum is a temperateexample
Canker diseases some canker rots many importantcankers of pines
Most cankers diseases Phytophthora ramorumand others can causecankers
insect vectoring rare, but occurs withsomeare vectored bybark beetles (e.g.Peniophora, andWestern andSouthern pinebeetles) or woodwasps (e.g.Amylostereum)
Used for geneticexchange by mostrusts (i.e., thespermatial stage)
Most of the fungivectored by barkbeetles and ambrosialbeetles are membersof the Ascomycota(e.g. blues stains, blackstain), ambrosia fungi)
none
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Nematode trapping fungi Trap types
adhesive net traps
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Constricting ring traps
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Non-constricting ring traps
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Rotifer trapping
From Barron and Szijarto 1991
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Photos from George Barron.
Stylopage anomala trapping amoebae
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Bacteriophagy from Barron 1988 Can. J. Bot.
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