CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY OF NORTHRIDGE

“High Penetration Photovoltaic System Analysis”

A Graduate Project submitted in Partial fulfillment of the requirements

For the degree of Master of Science in

Electrical Engineering

By

Erfan Bamdad

December 2014

ii

The graduate project of Erfan Bamdad is approved:

_________________________ _________________

Dr. Ali Amini Date:

_________________________ _________________

Dr. Bruno Osorno Date:

_________________________ _________________

Dr. Kourosh Sedghi Sigarchi, Chair Date:

California State University, Northridge

iii

Table of Contents

Signature Page .......................................................................................................................................................... ii

List of Figures ..........................................................................................................................................................iv

List of Tables............................................................................................................................................................vi

Abstract .................................................................................................................................................................. vii

1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................... 1

1.1. Problem Statement ................................................................................................................................... 1

1.2. Costs of Solar Photovoltaics .................................................................................................................... 2

2. Practical Implemented PV Systems in the US ................................................................................................. 4

2.1. 10 MW Plant in Carlsbad, New Mexico .................................................................................................. 4

2.2. Colorado State University Foothills Campus, Fort Collins, Colorado ..................................................... 5

2.3. Kapaau Solar Project, Olohena Road, Kauai, Hawaii .............................................................................. 6

2.4. 2 MW Plant in Fontana, California .......................................................................................................... 8

3. PV model in Simulink MATLAB .................................................................................................................. 10

4. Photovoltaic System in ETAP Software ......................................................................................................... 14

4.1. Photovoltaic (PV) Module ..................................................................................................................... 14

4.2. PV Panel Page ........................................................................................................................................ 16

4.3. PV Array Page ....................................................................................................................................... 20

4.5. Physical Page ......................................................................................................................................... 28

5. Load Flow Analysis ........................................................................................................................................ 29

5.1. Load Flow Calculation Methods ............................................................................................................ 29

5.1.1. Newton-Raphson Method ............................................................................................................. 29

5.1.2. Adaptive Newton-Raphson Method .............................................................................................. 30

5.1.3. Fast-Decoupled Method ................................................................................................................ 31

5.1.4. Accelerated Gauss-Seidel Method ................................................................................................ 31

5.2. Load Flow Convergence ........................................................................................................................ 32

5.3. Modeling of Loads ................................................................................................................................. 33

5.4. Modeling of Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) ..................................................................................... 35

5.5. Different Factors Affecting the Load Calculation ................................................................................. 36

5.6. Load Flow Calculation for Single Phase Panel System ......................................................................... 38

5.6.1. Special Load Flow Calculation Conditions for Single Phase Panel System ................................. 38

5.7. Load Flow Required Data ...................................................................................................................... 40

6. PV Simulation in ETAP Software .................................................................................................................. 44

7. Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................................... 57

Bibliography ............................................................................................................................................................ 59

Appendix: Full Load Flow Reports ......................................................................................................................... 61

iv

List of Figures

Fig. 1. US PV installation and average system price ……………………………..……………………….………… 2

Fig. 2. A grid-tied solar electric generation system ………………………..……………………………...………… 3

Fig. 3. Residential grid connected PV system ………………………………………………..…….……………..… 3

Fig. 4. PV System at Colorado State University Foothills campus ..………………….…………………………..… 6

Fig. 5. 1.2 MWDC photovoltaic array on Kauai, Hawaii ...……………..………………………..………….……… 7

Fig. 6. Simplified Kapaa Single-line Diagram ………………………………………………..…….……….……… 8

Fig. 7. View of the 2.0 MW PV system installed on a warehouse rooftop in Fontana, California (photo courtesy

Southern California Edison) ……………………...………………………………………………………….……… 9

Fig. 8. PV model in Simulink MATLAB …….………………………..……………………..…...……………… 10

Fig. 9. I-V output characteristics with different Tc …..………………………………..……..…...…………...…… 11

Fig. 10. P-V output characteristics with different Tc ………………………………….……..…...…………...…… 11

Fig. 11. I-V output characteristics with different Lambda ..……………………………..…..…...………………… 12

Fig. 12. P-V output characteristics with different Lambda ….…………………………..…..…...………………… 12

Fig. 13. P-V characteristics with large Lambda ………………..……..……………………….....………………… 13

Fig. 14. PV array ….……………………………………………………………………………....…...…………… 14

Fig. 15. The physics of the PV cell ...……..…...…………………………………………………………………… 14

Fig. 16. Short circuit current and open-circuit voltage of the PV module ….…………...…..…...………………… 15

Fig. 17. Current versus voltage (I-V) characteristics of the PV module ….………………....…...………………… 15

Fig. 18. Photovoltaic (PV) Array in ETAP ….………..…...………………………………………………..……… 16

Fig. 19. Rated power of the PV module ….……………………………………………….....…...………………… 16

Fig. 20. Different IV Curves: The current (A) changes with the irradiance and the voltage (V) changes with the

temperature .….………..…...………………………………………………………………………….………….… 18

Fig. 21. PV Array library in ETAP ……………………………………………………….....…...………………… 19

Fig. 22. PV Array editor in ETAP ……….……………………………………………….....…...………………… 20

Fig. 23. Series-connected and parallel-connected solar panels ….…………………………..……………………... 21

Fig. 24. Irradiance calculator in ETAP ….…………………………………………..…….....…...………………… 22

Fig. 25. Inverter page of PV Array Editor ….……………………….…………………….....…...………………… 25

Fig. 26. Inverter editor in ETAP ….……………………….…………………….....…...……………...…………… 27

Fig. 27. Cable library quick pick ….……………………….…………………….....…………….………………… 27

v

Fig. 28. Constant power load ….……………………….…………………………..…….....…...………………… 33

Fig. 29. Constant impedance load ………....……………………….…………………….....…...………………… 34

Fig. 30. Constant current load ….…………………….…………….…………………….....…...………………… 34

Fig. 31. IEEE 9-Bus system with no PV ….…………………….……….……………….....…...………………… 44

Fig. 32. IEEE 9-Bus system load flow results ….…………………….……….………….....…...………………… 45

Fig. 33. Voltage profiles for PQ control IEEE 9-Bus system containing one solar bus …………………………… 46

Fig. 34. Voltage profiles for PQ control IEEE 9-Bus system containing three solar buses …………………...…… 47

Fig. 35. IEEE 9-Bus system containing one solar bus ….…………………….……….…………………………… 48

Fig. 36. Load flow results for PV control IEEE 9-Bus system containing one solar bus ….…………......………... 48

Fig. 37. IEEE 9-Bus system containing three solar buses ….…………………………….....…...………………… 51

Fig. 38. Load flow results for PV control IEEE 9-Bus system containing three solar buses ….…….…………….. 52

Fig. 39. Voltage profiles for IEEE 30-Bus system containing one solar bus ….……………...................………… 53

Fig. 40. Voltage profiles for IEEE 30-Bus system containing three solar buses ….………….…………….……… 54

Fig. 41. Voltage profiles for PV control IEEE 9-Bus system containing one solar bus ….……………...………… 57

Fig. 42. Voltage profiles for PV control IEEE 9-Bus system containing three solar buses ….………….………… 58

vi

List of Tables

Table 1. Factors Used for Motor Load Calculation ………………………………………..…………….………… 36

Table 2. Factors Used for Static Load Calculation ...………………………..…………………..……….………… 36

Table 3. Comparison of System Element Models ……………………………………………………….………… 37

Table 4. Load flow results for PQ control IEEE 9-Bus system containing one solar bus ………..……..………… 46

Table 5. Load flow results for PQ control IEEE 9-Bus system containing three solar buses ..………….………... 47

Table 6. Load flow results for IEEE 30-Bus system containing one solar bus ………………………...………….. 53

Table 7. Load flow results for IEEE 30-Bus system containing three solar buses …………..………...…….…….. 54

Table 8. Load flow results for PV control IEEE 9-Bus system containing one solar bus ……………..…….…….. 57

Table 9. Load flow results for PV control IEEE 9-Bus system containing three solar buses ………..…….……… 58

vii

ABSTRACT

High Penetration Photovoltaic System Analysis

By

Erfan Bamdad

Master of Science in Electrical Engineering

High penetration solar energy has been introduced in many different ways; however, it

applies to the comparison between the amount of power generation and the maximum load

demand on a feeder which can be considered as the minimum load on a feeder. The main

highlights of applying high penetration level solar panels are to provide the electrical power for

the remote areas. Considering this concept instead of designing and building transmission lines

would decrease the power loss throughout the entire power electrical system and increase the

overall reliability and stability of the system theoretically. However, dispersed power generation

may cause significant voltage regulation and stability problems into the power system.

This project demonstrates a typical structure of solar-connected network and analyzes the

operation and functionality of PV system comparing the single penetration and dispersed

penetration upon the simulation model. The simulation would be analyzed with different cases

which are different penetration levels containing PQ and PV control types of generations. The

load flow of this system would be analyzed to find the optimal point of voltage quality and

stability. At the end the tables are provided to make conclusions about advantages of dispersed

PV power generation.

The tested power system in this project is modeled by ETAP software which is a perfect package

for power system and load flow studies.

1

1. Introduction

1.1. Problem Statement

It has been a long time that engineers are looking forward to substituting the fossil energy with

renewable energies which are using the natural energy without polluting the environment.

However, they are always dealing with drawbacks and limitation of these type of energies. Solar

energy has been recognized as of the easiest and cheapest resources considering the recent vast

improvements in PV array materials which decreased the solar panel price drastically [2].

The photovoltaic systems are becoming more famous among the sources of renewable energy for

electric power generation since they have pretty small size and no moving mechanical part in

their structure which results in smooth operation without any noise. Base on all of these

advantages, solar system applications are growing significantly throughout the entire power

electrical systems.

PV arrays have small amount of energy individually so they need to be used together and in large

amount of installations to be considered as a reliable source of energy. High penetration PV

systems is one of the recent topics in this field which tries to disperse the solar generation

throughout the entire distribution system and even can be generalized to the fact that each home

can be considered as a source of PV generation individually [2, 4].

Some of the advantages of the high penetration PV systems are mentioned below:

• Clean energy

• Low maintenance

• No noise because of absence of the rotating parts

• Improving voltage profile

• Improving voltage stability

• Reducing power losses

• Reducing reactive power flow

On the other hand, installing solar panels and interconnect all of them throughout the entire

system causes some major issues which mostly are resolved using grid-connected systems,

storage devices and dynamic control systems.

• Over voltage of the system

• Affecting voltage stability

• Harmonic injection due to the presence of inverters

• Protection challenges due to bidirectional fault current contribution

• Affecting the power quality

• Decrease the overall reliability of the power system

• No solar generation after daylight

2

In this study, the proper distribution power system is modeled and analyzed to overcome some of

the mentioned defects. Dispersed generation is implemented practically in many sites and they

satisfied the overall expectations such as introducing the smooth voltage profile and making up

the voltage drops during the full load conditions. However, they are still experiencing some

challenges [3].

1.2. Costs of Solar Photovoltaics

Constant decrease in solar photovoltaic systems price have made the solar generation more

efficient compared to the other types of renewable energies. The average price of a typical solar

system with the installation fee has dropped by 33 percent since the beginning of 2011 as shown

in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1. US PV installation and average system price [7]

The cost of solar photovoltaic systems ows the significant improvements in material sience

technology. PV cells are the fundamental element of the whole solar panel generation which

make the PV arrays when connected together. Currently, the PV cells are cheaper than ever

before and they keep becoming cheaper which result in the better efficiency of solar dispersed

generation throughout the power electrical distribution system [5].

3

The sample grid connected PV generation systems cosidered as home-based grid

connection are demonstrated in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3.

Fig. 2. A grid-tied solar electric generation system

Fig. 3. Residential grid connected PV system

4

2. Practical Implemented PV Systems in the US [7]

Some of technical challenges with the installation of high penetrations photovoltaic (PV) systems

are grid stability, voltage regulation, power quality (voltage variation, sags, flicker, change of

frequency and harmonics) and protection and coordination. The current utility grid is designed to

allow for power flows from the central generation source to the transmission system and

ultimately to the distribution feeders. At the distribution level, the grid is designed to carry power

from the source toward the load. Renewable distributed generation, particularly solar panels

(PV), generate power at the distribution level challenging this classical paradigm. As these

resources become more common, the nature of the distribution network and its operation is

changing to handle the power flow in both directions [7].

A large portion of distribution system components, including voltage regulators and protection

systems are not designed to coordinate with bidirectional power flow and bidirectional fault

currents from dispersed generation and solar systems in particular. Coordinating these devices in

the presence of high penetration PV areas introduces additional challenges to feasibility and

system impact studies. Some cases require modification of existing protection schemes,

additional distribution equipment, or reactive power requirements on the PV inverters [7].

High penetration PV focuses on large solar panel installations where penetration is significantly

greater than 15% of maximum daily feeder load. However, this percentage would be different in

different studies. Currently the impact on the electric utility and its customers has not been

problematic in most of the implemented cases. The solar panel installations described below

exceeds what most experts consider high penetration scenarios. The voltage, power quality and

other operating parameters have been maintained within the required ranges with minimal

negative impact on distribution operations and utility customers. These case studies are intended

to demonstrate success stories with integration of large PV plants at the distribution level as well

as some of the solutions employed by the utility to ensure safe, reliable operation of both the

solar system and the distribution power system [7].

2.1. 10 MW Plant in Carlsbad, New Mexico

This is a 10 MW PV integrated system facility located near Carlsbad, New Mexico. It is

connected in the distribution network 0.75 miles from the substation on a dedicated branch of the

feeder. It is located within Southwestern Public Service Company’s service territory.

Southwestern Public Service Company is a part of the Xcel Energy Group. Data for this case

study was compiled from data provided by Xcel Energy’s distribution engineers working with

applicable circuits [7].

Xcel Energy Group is the private power company serving several states in the mid-west and

west. Its service territory includes portions of Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, North Dakota,

South Dakota, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas. Southeastern New Mexico and northwest

Texas are served by Southwestern Public Service Company. Southwestern Public Service

Company serves about 350 thousand customers and one million people across its territory. In

5

2011, Southwestern Public Service supplied about 4,700,000 MWh to customers. New Mexico

State made the rule 10 percent of its retail energy should come from renewable sources.

Additionally at least 20 percent of this renewable energy should to be solar generation and at

least 1.5 percent distributed generation. The Carlsbad PV Plant helps to satisfy reaching goals.

PV System: The Eddy County PV plant is a 9.9 MWDC power plant supervised by Sun-Edison.

It is located 0.7 miles west of the intersection of Old Cavern Highway and Hopi Road near

Carlsbad, New Mexico. The plant is integrated to a distribution panel 0.75 miles west of the

substation. This plant started working and integrated to the grid on August 2011. The solar

panels are Trina TSM270PC14 cells with a max DC output power of 270 W at standard test

conditions (STC). The manufacturer stated efficiency of these modules is 13.9 percent at STC.

These modules use a single direction tracking system. These solar modules feed a group of

online inverters which includes three types of inverters: the PVI-330-TL-EN, PVI-275-TL-EN,

and PVI-220-TL-EN which have 330, 275 and 220 kilo watt AC power respectively [7].

2.2. Colorado State University Foothills Campus, Fort Collins, Colorado

Xcel Energy Group manages the dispersed circuit described here which has approximately 47

percent PV penetration. Roughly 5.2 MW AC power is coming from the renewable energy on

the Colorado State University (CSU) Foothills Campus, on the western edge of Fort Collins,

Colorado. Xcel Energy worries about the integration of this solar system while maintaining

voltage levels within the range “A” defined under the IEEE Standard. The solar system was split

in two parts. While the Phase one was completed which was 2 MW AC power, there voltage

profile or power quality were not within the expected ranges. However, after addition of phase

two which had 3.2 MW AC power, the voltage profile and power quality parameters remained

within acceptable levels [7].

After completion the whole project, Xcel Energy Group was considered as the fifth highest rank

regarding solar system installation capacity according to the Solar Electric Power Association

(SEPA) and it got the first rank in wind energy generation based on the American Wind Energy

Association (AWEA). The Xcel Energy Group companies cover eight states in the US

(Colorado, Michigan, Minnesota, New Mexico, North Dakota, South Dakota, Texas, and

Wisconsin) which covers almost 3.4 million electric users and 1.9 million natural gas users. The

Xcel Energy Company in Colorado is part of the Public Service Company of Colorado (PSCo).

PSCo has 74 MW AC power of PV interconnected to low voltage circuits and feeders, for a total

of over 7,000 subsystems. PSCo has 1,260 MW AC power generated from wind farms which is

about 10 percent of the PSCo total generated energy in Colorado, and it is planned to have an

extra 700 MW AC power of additional wind power within the next two years. Specifically, PV

installations in the solar systems increased drastically because of major financial incentives in

Colorado. Xcel Energy Group provides significant part of the funding for the Solar Rewards

program projects. Xcel Energy is required to obey the standard of state Renewable Portfolio

Standards which was introduced to decrease carbon emissions which this rule is forced in most

of the states. In Colorado, Xcel Energy Group has its requirement for electrical dispersed energy

6

resources (DER) and bring the customer and developer incentives for the implementation of

solar systems. Xcel Energy Group has established some guidelines for DER interconnections and

forced the inter-connections to be complied with some special IEEE standards (IEEE 1547). This

makes them to have integrated renewable energy sources connected to the grid as long as the grid

can safely connect to the new generation sources and meet the standard requirements. Xcel

Energy Group has deployed all proposed DER interconnections throughout the system [7].

The solar system built at the CSU west campus is one of the most significant solar systems in

Colorado and one of the most significant solar systems installed in the university campus as a

major electrical power source. The electrical energy produced by this power system will provide

almost one-third of the energy requirements for the CSU west campus over the next 20 years.

This solar system covers the area about 15 acres which uses both single-direction tracking and

fixed-mounted PV system. The CSU solar system was built in two separate phases which

provides of 5.2 MW. First phase was finished in 2009 using Trina Solar modules [7].

Fig. 4. PV System at Colorado State University Foothills campus [7]

2.3. Kapaau Solar Project, Olohena Road, Kauai, Hawaii

In late 2005, the Kauai Island Utility Cooperative (KIUC) updated its Inter-Connected Resource

Plan from the old one which was built in 1997. Considering the importance of renewable energy

in the power systems, KIUC came up with a huge plan to integrate the huge amount of renewable

energy to the power system from 2008 through 2023. In November 2007, KIUC planned to

produce at least 50 percent of its electrical power energy with renewable energy by the end of

2023. Currently, KIUC generates most of its power from diesel generators and combustion

turbines which uses naphtha known as the contaminating material for the environment. There is

also approximately 7 percent hydro-electric power which is produced directly on the Kauai

Island. The island presently has 5 MW AC power of solar dispersed energy throughout the island

7

and the new one MW AC power (1.2 MW DC power) Kapaau Solar PV project has increased the

total amount to 5 MW AC power. A 1.5 MW plant scale battery storage (1.5 hours) that was

built by Xtreme Power Company has been worked online requiring the voltage and frequency

regulation mode standard since October 2011. The Hawaii Renewable Portfolio Standards plans

for producing 40 percent of its electrical power energy to be coming from renewable energy

sources by 2030. KIUC has planned for substation scale solar systems totaling 30 MW with 12

MW and 9 MWH of Battery Energy Storage to come on-line during the next 2 years. This plan

covers the 6 MW solar power generations which is located next to KIUC Port Allen and two

other 12 MW solar system facilities on the east and south sides of Kauai Island run by KIUC

subsidiaries. This project is planned to be done by the end of 2014 [7].

KIUC is a private company which owns two main electrical power plants on Kauai Island: Port

Allen and Kapaau Power Station (KPS). Port Allen has 12 electrical generators which can

produce up to 96.5 MW AC power. In addition, it has a heat self-regulatory steam generator.

This generator uses the waste heat from two of the combustion turbines to take out steam for

additional electrical generation. KPS has a 27.5 MW power steam injected gas turbine plant

purchased in 2003 which is KIUC’s the most efficient and cleanest electrical power plant. This

plant produces most of the electrical power on the island. Currently KIUC derives 93 percent of

its own power from diesel and naphtha. KIUC also owns the Waiahi hydro power plant which

covers the Upper and Lower Waiahi hydro-electric units rated at 500 kW and 800 kW power,

respectively. The Waiahi hydro plant in addition to several other existing hydro-electric units

that KIUC purchased produces nearly 7 percent of the total renewable energy annually [7].

Fig. 5. 1.2 MWDC photovoltaic array on Kauai, Hawaii [7]

Kapaa Solar is a private company owns and finances of the solar systems and worked to

negotiate a power purchase agreement with KIUC. REC Solar Inc. was the Kapaa’s contractor in

order to mount the solar systems. KIUC, Kapaa Solar, and REC Solar marked the official

structure, operating and maintaining of the 1.2 MW DC power solar utilities on February 11,

2011. The Kapaa Solar project is mounted on Olohena Road, Kapaa, Hawaii. Fig. shows an

image of the Kapaa 1.2 MW DC power mounted solar system. Features of the Kapaa Solar PV

8

system include specific corrosion resistance on the racking in order to protect against exposure,

rapid design and build collision and direct interconnection to the utilities distribution circuit

using a three-phase 1000 KVA, 480V/12.8 kV transformer. The solar system is installed with

5376 fixed 225 W DC power solar panels tilted at 21 degrees, and covers an area of nearly 5

acres. There are four 250 kW power inverters installed by Solaron Company with an

approximate AC operating voltage of 480 V three- phase star-delta connected. The frequency

range required by the standard is 57 to 60.5 Hz. One of the KIUC’s major challenges with the

injection of more solar power to its system is the adjustment with the under-frequency load-

shedding protection diagram. ANSI Standard inverters usually trip at the ANSI Standard

recommended settings of 59.3 Hz. However, KIUC would like the inverters to stay inter-

connected in order to adjust with its load shedding protection diagram. Thus the Solaron

Company inverter under frequency trip set-point is 57.0 Hz. The under-voltage and over-voltage

time delay of the inverters are adjusted to 2.5 seconds. Fig. depicts a simplified one-line diagram

of the Kapaa PV inter-connection to KIUC 12.47 kV low voltage distribution system [7].

Fig. 6. Simplified Kapaa Single-line Diagram [7]

2.4. 2 MW Plant in Fontana, California

The two MW AC power mounted solar system in Fontana, California is considered as the first

installed and interconnected system in Southern California Edison (SCE) Solar Photovoltaic

Project (SPVP). This project aims at mounting a sum of 500 MW AC Power of dispersed

connected solar systems in total within the area covered by SCE’s by the end of 2015. The solar

system and interconnected dispersed circuit explained here is considered under SCE's High-

Penetration Photovoltaic Project. A report on the project is available and contains more

information about integrating solar systems into the SCE distribution system. SCE provided the

technical information in the full report which can be found in SCE website [7].

9

Southern California Edison (SCE) is one of the largest non-profit companies in the United States.

It covers nearly 14 million people in the whole southern California area including most of the

greater Los Angeles area [7].

The Fontana solar plant denoted as SPVP #1 is located in a warehouse district in the city of

Fontana, California. This system was totally designed, installed and interconnected by SCE. The

system interconnects to the low voltage and distribution system using an independent

transformer to connect the solar system. The system, although located on industrial warehouse

rooftop, is not connected to the transformer serving the warehouse which means the system is not

a net energy metering installation. The mounted system includes a total amount of 30,472 solar

modules which equals 256 DC string combiner boxes, 12 master fuse boxes and four 500 kW

power inverters. Each of the inverters is connected to the 200/480 V single- phase transformers

that would be connected in parallel to a single 480/12 kV transformer that interconnects with the

local distribution system [7].

Fig. 7. View of the 2.0 MW PV system installed on a warehouse rooftop in Fontana, California (photo courtesy

Southern California Edison) [7]

10

3. PV model in Simulink MATLAB

Based on the formulas given in [1], the complete model of photovoltaic system is simulated in

MATLAB as it is shown below:

��� � ���� ������ ������

��� � ���/�exp����/������� 1�

�� � ������/������exp�����1/���� 1/���/���

� � ��� ���exp���/����� 1�

Fig. 8. PV model in Simulink MATLAB

The results show that increasing the temperature decreases the voltage and hence the efficiency

of the PV system.

The other factor which affects the output power of the PV is�. Lambda is the solar insulation in

kW/m2.

Increasing the solar insulation improves the efficiency via increasing the current of the solar cell.

11

Fig. 9. I-V output characteristics with different Tc

Fig. 10. P-V output characteristics with different Tc

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.80

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

Voltage (V)

Curr

ent (A

)

I-V output characteristics with different Tc

Tc = 0

Tc = 25

Tc = 50

Tc = 75

Tc = 100

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.80

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

Voltage (V)

Pow

er (W

)

P-V output characteristics with different Tc

Tc = 0

Tc = 25

Tc = 50

Tc = 75

Tc =100

12

Fig. 11. I-V output characteristics with different Lambda

Fig. 12. P-V output characteristics with different Lambda

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.80

0.5

1

1.5

2

Voltage (V)

Curr

ent (A

)

I-V output characteristics with different Lambda

Lambda=1.0 [kW/m2]

Lambda=0.8 [kW/m2]

Lambda=0.6 [kW/m2]

Lambda=0.4 [kW/m2]

Lambda=0.2 [kW/m2]

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.70

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

Voltage (V)

Pow

er

(W)

P-V output characteristics with different Lambda

Lambda=1.0 [kW/m2]

Lambda=0.8 [kW/m2]

Lambda=0.6 [kW/m2]

Lambda=0.4 [kW/m2]

Lambda=0.2 [kW/m2]

13

For obtaining higher voltage for the PV system, solar cells need to be connected in series to

increase the amount of output power. In that case, the PV can be considered as an acceptable DG

source for the load and the network.

The larger amount of the solar insulation was used to represent the higher output active power.

As it is shown in the figure below, the output power is almost 70 W which is much higher

compared to the output power of just one solar cell.

Fig. 13. P-V characteristics with large Lambda

Solar cell can be simply modeled by a simple electrical circuit with a diode. This causes the PV

to have a breaking point in the current as the voltage increases.

Since the output for the current in solar cell is almost linear, the output power tracks the voltage

waveform and it drops drastically at the maximum power point.

The higher the solar insulation, the higher the output current and output power which indicates

the direct relation between lambda and the output voltage of the solar cell.

The higher the temperature, the less the output current and output power which indicates the

inverse relation between lambda and the output voltage of the solar cell. Based on this fact,

always the less temperature is desired to be used in modeling of photovoltaic system, although

the optimal point should be considered because of the limitations in temperature.

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.90

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Voltage (V)

Pow

er

(W)

P-V characteristics with large Lambda (50[kW/m^2])

14

4. Photovoltaic System in ETAP Software

4.1. Photovoltaic (PV) Module

PV array is an the important device in renewable energy field in power electric grids. It takes the

solar energy and convert it to dc power by using semiconductors. It gives out the electric power

using inverters afterward. ETAP PV Array is used to show individual PV panels integrated in

series and parallel schemes with the converter and inverter and displays summation of PV power.

As indicated below, a typical PV system consists of a lot of modules which would be connected

in different combinations to provide the designed power, current and voltage as the output.

Fig. 14. PV array

The characteristics of the Photovoltaic system (PV) can be defined by introducing irradiance of

the PV and setting the parametes of the electrical system inverter in the PV Array Editor.

The physical specifications of the PV cell is close to the regular p-n junction diode. As soon as

the light is absorbed by the PV cell, the solar energy of the existing photons is transmitted to the

electronic system of the material which makes the electrical charges to move and produce the

electricity which are dispersed at the junction. The charge carriers may be electron-ion pairs in a

liquid electrolyte or electron hole pairs in a solid semiconducting device. The electrical charges

enter the region of the electrical field which makes the electrical potential voltage, get much

faster and increase speed influenced by the electrical field and moves around while the current

goes through the external system. The electrical power of the circuit is calculated by squaring the

current multiplied by the resistance of the circuit. The difference between the solar power and the

electrical power dissipates the heat and increase the temperature.

Fig. 15. The physics of the PV cell

15

A PV module consists of many solar cells and a PV array consists of many modules. In ETAP,

the PV system parameters the number of the PV panels combined in series or parallel can be

defined to produce the desired PV array.

A PV array would be consists of many PV panels connected in series or parallel. The PV panel

specifications such as P-V and I-V curves which represent the PV array can be specified in this

part of the editor.

I-V curve of the PV system would be specified during either sunlight or dark time of the day.

The first quadrant (the top left of the I-V curve) at zero voltage represents the short-circuit

current. The short-circuit current is measured when the output ports of the PV panel are shorted

(zero voltage). The fourth quadrant (the bottom right of the curve) at zero current represents the

open-circuit voltage. The open-circuit voltage is obtained when the output ports of the PV are

open.

Fig. 16. Short circuit current and open-circuit voltage of the PV module

If the external voltage inserts in the bias direction, e.g. during a short-circuit system fault, the

current does not change and the PV cell consumes the power. However, the PV electronic

junction collapses after passing the certain amount of bias voltage. Thus the significant short-

circuit current which flows throughout the system. The current stays zero until the voltage

reaches the breakdown value which equals the breakdown voltage in the light condition [17].

Fig. 17. Current versus voltage (I-V) characteristics of the PV module

16

4.2. PV Panel Page

Electrical specification of the photovoltaic panel is defined in the in the PV Panel editor as

follows:

Fig. 18. Photovoltaic (PV) Array in ETAP

• Power

The power of the individual PV panel is its nominal power with the unit in watts (W). The power

parameters are fixed and cannot be changed if the model is selected directly from the library

because all those information are linked to the manufacturer catalog. The nominal power which

can be delivered by the PV panel (����) is the area under the I-V curve which represents the

largest rectangle as shown below.

Fig. 19. Rated power of the PV module

17

• Tol. P

The user can define the proper tolerance of the PV panel power here with the units in watts.

However, the tolerance is defined by the manufacturer. This field is only informative and it is not

used in the PV calculations.

• Vmp

The user can define the maximum-peak-power voltage of the PV panel with the units in volts

(V).

• Voc

The user can define the open-circuit voltage of each individual PV panel in volts (V).

• % Eff

Eff represents the PV panel efficiency which is in percentage:

Panel efficiency = Power / (Area in m^2 * Base Irradiance in W/m^2)

The physical length and width of the PV Array are used to obtain the area.

• Imp

The maximum-peak-power current of each PV panel is defined in amperes.

• Isc

The short-circuit current of each PV panel is defined in amperes.

• % Fill Factor

The percentage of the fill factor is calculated in percentage. It is specified using the rectangular

area in the I-V curve which considers the knee-point as the edges of the rectangle. Fill factor

would be greater than 0.7 to represent an efficient panel. Fill factor is calculated as follows:

�� = ����

�����(���)

• Performance Adjustment Coefficients

The performance of the PV panels is affected by the temperature. This decrease has inverse

proportion with respect to the open-circuit voltage (VOC) which means cells with the greater

magnitude of VOC have less voltage decrease while the temperature is increasing. For most of the

crystalline silicon PV cells, the VOC changes versus temperature with the ratio close to 0.50%/°C.

However, the change ratio for the most efficient crystalline silicon PV cells is about 0.35%/°C.

In addition, the change ratio for amorphous silicon PV cells is about 0.20%/°C varies to

0.30%/°C, which depends on the structure of the PV cell. The magnitude of the current generated

in the PV cell (IL) rises with the increase of the temperature since it improves the capability of the

thermal carriers in the PV cell. However, this change is slight which is about 0.065%/°C for

crystalline silicon PV cells and 0.09% for amorphous silicon PV cells. Most of the crystalline

silicon PV cells have efficiency around 0.50%/°C and most amorphous PV cells change with the

ratio around 0.15-0.25%/°C. The following figure shows the I-V curves which represent the

typical crystalline silicon solar cell at various temperatures.

18

Fig. 20. Different IV Curves: The current (A) changes with the irradiance and the voltage (V) changes with the

temperature.

• Alpha Isc

The user can define the adjustment coefficient factor for short-circuit current. This coefficient

affects the calculation of the short circuit current of the PV panel.

• Beta Voc

The user can define the adjustment coefficient factor for open-circuit voltage. This coefficient

affects the calculation of the open-circuit voltage of the PV panel.

• Delta Voc

The user can define the adjustment coefficient factor for open-circuit voltage. This coefficient

affects the calculation of the open-circuit voltage based on the defined irradiance levels but not

the base irradiance.

• Base

Temperature, Irradiance and NOCT fields described below are defined in this part:

• Temp

The user can define the base temperature which is usually provided by the manufacturer to

calculate the maximum PV panel power in degrees Celsius (C). Default base for temperature is

25 degrees C. However, the base can have optional value if the data is not selected from the

library.

19

• Irrad

The user can define the base irradiance which is provided by the manufacturers to determine

rated PV panel power in W/m^2. The base can have optional value if the data is not selected

from the library then. Default base for irradiance is 1000 W/m^2 which would be fixed and

cannot be modified if the data is selected from the library.

• NOCT

The user can define the normal operating cell temperature (NOCT) in degrees Celsius (C).

Default NOCT is 45 degrees C.

• P-V Curve

The P-V curve is plotted based on the PV array rating data. Maximum power point (MPP) will

be shown in the graph.

• I-V Curve

The ‘I-V’ curve is plotted based on the PV array rating data. Maximum power point (MPP) will

be shown in the graph as well.

• Library

The user would use the default data in the library. Selecting the Library button brings up the

Library Quick Pick page which shows all the PV array manufacturers. Choose the desired

manufacturer and the PV model from the list to use the data for PV system calculations [17].

Fig. 21. PV Array library in ETAP

20

4.3. PV Array Page

Electrical specifications of the photovoltaic panel are defined in the PV Array page of the PV

Array Editor.

Fig. 22. PV Array Editor in ETAP

• Watt per Panel

This shows the individual panel rated power in watts which is obtained from the PV Panel page

of the PV Array. This field cannot be modified and it is display only.

• #in Series

The user can define the number of PV panels connected in series. Series connected panels

determine the overall PV panel voltage but the current stays the same.

• #in Parallel

The user can define the number of PV panels connected in parallel. Parallel connected panels

determine the overall PV panel current in amps but the voltage stays the same.

21

Fig. 23. Series-connected and parallel-connected solar panels

• PV Array (Total) #of Panels

This field displays the total number of panels by multiplying the number of connected PV panels

in parallel and series

• Volts, dc

This field displays the DC voltage of the whole number of PV panels in series.

• kW, dc

This is the total DC power in kW calculated based on the number of panels in series and parallel

that make up the PV array.

• Amps, dc

This is the calculated DC current of the entire PV array based on the number of panels in

parallel.

• Generation Category

This field displays names of the ten different generation categories. The names can be defined in

the project settings and are also representing utility and generator components.

• Irradiance

This field displays the solar irradiance on the PV panel in watts per square meter (W/m^2). The

magnitude in this field can be user-defined or it can be updated based on the solar calculations

(Irradiance Calculator). The output power of the PV array is determined based on the irradiance

value and displayed in the MPP kW column.

22

• Ta

This field displays the ambient temperature in degrees Celsius (C) and is the temperature of the

place where PV panels are installed. Ta is user-defined the output power of the PV array is

calculated and displayed in the MPP kW column based on this value.

• Tc

This temperature of the photovoltaic cell is obtained by using the below equation. The cell

temperature Tc is calculated dynamically while irradiance and ambient temperature Ta are

changing. The temperature has the inverse relation with the efficiency and power output of the

PV panel.

• MPP kW

The maximum peak power output of the PV panel is calculated based on the defined irradiance

and ambient temperature in kW considering the efficient collector tilt.

• Irradiance Calculator

The irradiance calculator operates based on the information defined by the user and date and

time. Also it defines the best hypothetical irradiance in W/m^2. Notice that all calculations are

based on the zero altitude which is at sea level.

Fig. 24. Irradiance calculator in ETAP

23

• Latitude

The user can define the latitude in degrees assuming North portion of the equator is positive

direction.

• Longitude

The user can define the longitude in degrees assuming West of the Prime Meridian is the positive

direction.

• Time Zone

The user can define the time zone difference from UTC for the desired latitude and longitude.

• Local Time

The local time is autonomously updated by the computer system while the calculator is operating

and would be user-defined.

• Date

The date is autonomously updated by the computer system while the calculator is operating and

would be user-defined.

• Calculate

This option is gathering the information and using location, time and date to define solar position

and the proper irradiance.

• Declination

Declination is the angle of the sun with respect to the earth’s equatorial plane.

• Equation of Time

The equation of time is measuring the offset between real solar time and mean solar time at the

desired instant in the determined location of the earth. This calculated value is constant at any

instant time for all the locations.

• Solar Altitude

The user can define the solar elevation angle of the sun which is the angle between the geometric

focus of the sun imagined disk and the idealized horizon.

24

• Solar Azimuth

The user can define the solar azimuth angle of the sun which is the angle from the north direction

of the earth in a clockwise direction.

• Solar Time

Solar time is the time elapse between movements and different positions of the sun in the sky.

The basic unit for the solar time is a day. The calculator at any longitude can measure the sun's

position in the sky and calculate its hour angle while the sun is in the sky and it accounts for the

local time of that point.

• Sunrise

Sunrise is defined as the time at which the higher edge of the sun passes over the horizon in the

east.

• Sunset

Sunset or sundown is defined as the time at which the sun disappears over the horizon in the west

caused by the earth's rotation. In astronomy this time is defined as the time at which the lower

edge of the sun disappears below the horizon in the west.

• Air Mass

Air Mass represents the amount of sun energy which is either absorbed or dispersed based on the

length of the path throughout the air. This direction is basically considers as a vertical distance to

sea level, which is defined as air mass = 1 (AM=1). If the angle of the sun is not vertical then Air

Mass has avalue more than one.

• Irradiance

The Irradiance of the PV panel illustrates how much solar power is absorbed in the desired

location which depends on the time and the season of the year. It also depends on the location of

the sun in the sky, and the weather whether it is sunny or cloudy.

25

4.4. Inverter Page

The user can define the electrical specifications of the inverter in the Inverter page of the PV

Array Editor. Notice that all the fields in this page are informative and are not used in any

calculation.

Fig. 25. Inverter page of PV Array Editor

• Total Rated

Total Rated illustrates the DC voltage and the DC power and the DC current of the PV Array in

PV Array Editor. It demonstrates all PV array and inverter ratings together.

• Inverter

Inverter calculates and demonstrates the AC and DC power of the inverter.

• ID

ID assigns the unique name to the inverter which can be made up of at most 25 alphanumeric

characters.

• DC

DC demonstrates all the DC ratings of the inverter.

26

• kW

This field shows the input DC power rating of the inverter in kW.

• V

This field shows the input DC input voltage to the inverter in volts.

• FLA

This field shows the input DC current of the inverter in amperes.

• %EFF

This field shows the percentage of the DC to AC conversion efficiency for the inverter.

• AC

This field shows the AC rating of the inverter in kW.

• kW

This field shows the output AC power rating of the inverter in kVA.

• kV

This field shows the rated AC output voltage of the inverter in kV.

• FLA

This field shows the AC current rating of the inverter in amperes.

• %PF

This field shows the rated power factor of the inverter as the percentage.

• Inverter Editor

Inverter data can be edited using the regular inverter editor. Click on the “Inverter Editor” button

to launch a regular Inverter Editor with Info page, Rating page, Generation page, Harmonic page,

etc. You can change/enter inverter data; AC operating mode and other characteristics using this

regular inverter editor, and this data will be reflected or affected to the Inverter section of

Inverter page of PV Array Editor.

27

Fig. 26. Inverter Editor in ETAP

• PV Array to Inverter Cable

The PV array generally does not include the cable data. In this case all the related fields would

be left blank.

• Cable Library

Cable Library Quick Pick brings up all the available cable types with different characteristics to

be selected as cable for the inverter if applicable.

Fig. 27. Cable Library Quick Pick

28

• Cable Editor

Cable editor brings up all the DC cables available in the library in order to allow the user to

insert the cable data. This option is invisible when a cable is not selected for the inverter from

library.

• Delete Cable

Delete cable option is only available when a cable is selected from the library to be used for the

inverter. Using this option will empty the cable selection and disable the Cable Editor [17].

4.5. Physical Page

The physical structure data of the PV panel (e.g. length, width, depth and weight) are defined in

the physical page of the editor. The physical structure information of the PV panel is pre-

determined if the PV array is selected from the library. However, this information is user-defined

if the PV array is not selected from the library.

• Length

The user can define the length of the PV panel in inches.

• Width

The user can define the width of the PV panel in inches.

• Depth

The user can define the depth of the PV panel in inches.

• Weight

The user can define the weight of the PV panel in lbs. [17].

.

29

5. Load Flow Analysis

The Load Flow Analysis module in ETAP software works based on the voltages of all busses,

power factors of the branches, currents and power flows which propagates throughout the

electrical system. Different voltage sources can be used as swing, voltage regulated, and

unregulated power sources along with different power grids and different generator

configurations. ETAP software can run the load flow study for both radial and loop electrical

system configurations. Also ETAP offers different types of load flow analysis methods so the

user can select the best match for his specific study.

Load flow definitions and tools are introduced here in order to run load flow studies in ETAP

software. Also different methods of load flow analysis are explained briefly in order to have a

better understanding of Load Flow module in ETAP software.

The Load Flow analysis shows the way of running a load flow study, creating the output report

or displaying the desired results throughout the one-line diagram. The Load Flow Study has a

case study similar to all the other modules in ETAP software to define the specifications and

proper parameters and adjust the defined parameters considering the desired study. The Display

Options gives the electability so the user can display the desired results simultaneously with the

one-line diagram of the electrical system including both system parameters and the load flow

results as the output of the system. The Load Flow Calculation Methods illustrates the

calculations and formulas and assumptions used for different load flow calculation methods.

Also different load flow calculation methods are compared with respect to their rate of

convergence, accuracy and number of iterations based on different system specifications and

topologies and also it shows some factors on how to select the proper load flow method. The

required information for load flow analysis is explained and the way that data is used through the

calculations is showed. The Load Flow Study also has a section for generating the report for the

results and shows that the output can be generated in different formats. Finally, the Load Flow

Result Analyzer will be introduced to demonstrate how to put the outputs of different analysis

together in order to make the comparison between different studies much easier.

5.1. Load Flow Calculation Methods

ETAP provides four load flow calculation methods: Adaptive Newton-Raphson, Newton-

Raphson, Fast-Decoupled, and Accelerated Gauss-Seidel. These four different load flow

calculation methods have different convergence specifications which means each one can be

used in a particular situation in order to get better results with less error. Each of these load flow

calculation methods can be selected based on the system topology, type of generation, loading

condition and also the initial value of bus voltages.

5.1.1. Newton-Raphson Method

The Newton-Raphson method calculates the load flow by using the following load flow equation

throughout continuous iterations:

��� ��� ��� �� = ���

30

In this equation P and Q are representing real and reactive powers of different buses,

respectively. The real and the reactive power are generated because of the mismatch error

between the calculated and the real value of the bus voltages. �and � represent bus voltage magnitude and angle vectors, respectively. J1 through J4 represent the elements of the Jacobin

matrix.

The Newton-Raphson method has some advantages to the other load flow calculation methods

includes the unique convergence characteristic. Generally, this method has a very quick

convergence speed compared to other load flow calculation methods which makes it much faster

as well. It also has the advantage that there are some criteria for the convergence characteristic

which defines the convergence limit for bus real power and reactive power errors. This

specification provides the proper control of the desired error limits specified by the user for the

load flow analysis. The typical value convergence criterion for the Newton-Raphson method is

about for both active and reactive power.

Although the Newton-Raphson method depends on the initial voltage of the buses directly, the

proper selection of the initial bus voltages can prevent from the significant error and

convergence. That is the reason why ETAP uses some iterations base on Gauss-Seidel method in

order to estimate the proper initial values for the bus voltages to be used in the Newton-Raphson

method.

Generally the Newton-Raphson method is usually used as the default calculation method for load

flow analysis [10].

5.1.2. Adaptive Newton-Raphson Method

This improved Newton-Raphson Method provides less number of iterations throughout the load

flow calculations; however it has a greater chance of divergence throughout the load flow

studies. Although, the smaller increments in this method gives the better chance to the

convergence of load flow calculations, the ordinary Newton-Raphson method would diverge in

this condition.

The Newton-Raphson method is based on the expansion and estimation of Taylor series. The

linear interpolation and/or extrapolation of the incremental steps are used in order to make the

calculations easier which brings the speed through the whole set of calculations.

���� + �� ∗ ∆��� < �(��)

The incremental steps would be adjusted by changing the value of �� in order to achieve the best results in the minimum number of iterations.

The test results shows that the adaptive load flow method can control the convergence of

distribution and transmission systems in a more efficient way with taking significant series

capacitance effects like negative series reactance into account. It is also proved and shown that

the adaptive load flow method can improve convergence for systems with very small impedance

values; however it is not a fact.

31

Not being fast compared to the regular Newton-Raphson method is one of the disadvantages of

this method since it uses smaller incremental steps grows the number of iterations [10].

5.1.3. Fast-Decoupled Method

The Fast-Decoupled method is another way of the regular Newton-Raphson method which uses

some simple assumptions to make the number of iterations less. It considers the fact that a small

change in the magnitude of bus voltage does not affect the real power significantly and also the

small change in the phase angle of the bus voltage does not affect the reactive power of the bus

significantly. Having said that, the load flow equation from the Newton-Raphson method can be

broken down into two completely separate and independent decoupled sets of load flow

equations, which can be calculated throughout the iterations like the regular Newton-Raphson

method:

��� = ����[�]

�� = ���[�]

The Fast-Decoupled method uses less computer memory roughly about fifty percent compared to

the regular Newton-Raphson method since it breaks down the Jacobin matrix into two

independent sub matrices. In addition, it also calculates the load flow formulas in considerably

less time compared to the regular Newton-Raphson method since it breaks down the Jacobin

matrix into two independent sub matrices.

Compared to the Newton-Raphson method, the Fast-Decoupled method has the typical

convergence criteria of real power and reactive power error limits which are about 0.001 for both

active power and reactive power.

The Fast-Decoupled method does not have as much accuracy as the regular Newton-Raphson

method considering the same iteration numbers. However, it uses much less time and computer

memory and better convergence criteria which make this method to have an acceptable rate of

performance.

Generally the Fast-Decoupled method can be used as the alternative option to the Newton-

Raphson method especially when time of calculations is vital in order to keep the system running

and the regular Newton-Raphson method fails to operate load flow analysis and get divergent

specifically in the long radial systems or the systems with long transmission lines or cables since

they experience huge amount of voltage drop throughout the whole system [10].

5.1.4. Accelerated Gauss-Seidel Method

The system nodal voltage equation can be written as:

��� = ��� ��[�]

The Accelerated Gauss-Seidel method uses the load flow equation and iterations to give the

result as follows:

32

�� + �� = ������� �∗ �[�∗]

Where P and Q are the real and reactive power vectors of the bus, V is the bus voltage vector and

YBUS is the admittance matrix of the electrical system. Y*BUS and V

* are the conjugates of YBUS

and V, respectively and VT is the transposed matrix of V which is the bus voltage.

The Accelerated Gauss-Seidel method has less limits and requirements compared to the Newton-

Raphson method and the Fast-Decoupled method from the bus initial voltage values aspect of

view. The Accelerated Gauss-Seidel method checks bus voltage magnitude tolerance between

two consecutive iterations instead of using bus real power and reactive power errors as

convergence criteria in order to approach the more accurate results. In this method, the typical

error limit for the bus voltage magnitude is 0.0001 percent per unit by default.

The Accelerated Gauss-Seidel method has less convergence speed compared to the other

methods. However, if the proper acceleration factors are applied, then the convergence speed

will be improved significantly. The typical range of the acceleration factor is about 1.2 to 1.7 and

it is adjusted to 1.45 by default [10].

5.2. Load Flow Convergence

Regardless of the selected method for the load flow calculations, there are some parameters

which affect the convergence of the load flow results:

• Negative Impedance

Negative impedance diverge the load flow calculations. For instance, the classic method of

modeling the three-winding transformers called Y equivalent model uses one impedance along

with two two-winding transformers which sometimes injects the negative impedance to one of

the branches of the electrical system. The negative impedance would be interconnected with

some other series circuit elements in order to make it positive impedance in such cases. Load

flow calculations would diverge if the electrical system has huge negative impedance. ETAP

software is capable of modeling three-winding transformers directly without causing any

negative impedance to avoid such cases.

• Negative Reactance

Negative reactance diverge the load flow calculations. Series transmission line capacitance

would cause the negative reactance in the electrical system branches. Latest versions of ETAP

software offer a new method called Adaptive load flow calculation which avoids the significant

negative reactance to diverge the load flow results.

• Zero or Low Impedance

A zero or low impedance diverge the load flow calculations. The admittance matrix of the

electrical system depends on the branch impedances and zero or low impedance values cause

infinity in this matrix which results in convergence in the load flow calculations. However this

type of impedance can be cut off from the system by using a tie circuit breaker and avoid

divergence in load flow calculations.

33

• Completely Different Branch Impedance Values

Completely different branch impedance would cause divergence in the load flow calculations.

However, using different solutions like interconnecting series branches which has low

impedance, not considering the short coverage length of transmission system including cables or

representing a branch with little impedance which has tie circuit breakers would solve the issue.

• Long Radial System Topologies

Long radial system Topologies typically take more time to converge compared to the loop

system topologies. Typically, the Fast-Decoupled method operates quicker than the Newton-

Raphson or the Accelerated Gauss-Seidel method considering having only radial system

topologies.

• Improper Initial Values of Bus Voltages

Improper initial values of bus voltages would cause divergence in the load flow calculations.

However, if the proper initial bus voltage values are selected, the load flow calculations will

converge. In addition, if the selected values are close to the final result for bus voltages, the load

flow would take less iteration to give the results which make the operation much faster. On the

other hand, if the initial bus voltages selected off the final result, the load flow calculations

would be slower so using the updated bus voltages through the iterations is suggested in such

cases [10].

5.3. Modeling of Loads

• Constant Power Load

Constant power load covers induction motors, synchronous motors, all different types of loads

(static and unbalanced lumped loads combined with some motor loads), UPS and batteries. The

load power stays constant regardless of all the changes in the source voltage. Both I-V and P-V

diagrams for a constant power load are shown below:

Fig. 28. Constant Power Load

• Constant Impedance Load

Constant impedance loads covers static loads, capacitors, harmonic filters and dynamic and

unbalanced lumped loads in addition to some static motors. The square of the source voltage has

direct relation to the load power. Both I-V and P-V diagrams for a fixed resistive load are shown

below:

34

Fig. 29. Constant Impedance Load

• Constant Current Loads

Constant current loads cover unbalanced loads in addition to some fixed current loads. The

magnitude of current stays fixed regardless of the voltage changes. Both I-V and P-V diagrams

for a fixed current load are shown below:

Fig. 30. Constant Current Load

• Generic Load

Generic loads are the special application of dynamic loads which can be modeled by applying

the exponential, polynomial or comprehensive functions.

A generic load demonstrates the specifications of the dynamic load as a function of time using

algebraic equations considering the magnitude of the bus voltages along with the instantaneous

frequency.

• Modeling of Converters (AC-DC)

Electric chargers in load flow studies are represented as static loads connected to source side bus

which provides the AC input. A converter is illustrated as an AC source which has some the

internal impedances. The advantage of converter compared to AC source is having different

operating modes.

• Modeling of High Voltage DC Line

The High Voltage DC Line in the load flow studies can be considered as a branch containing a

Rectifier feeding a DC line and also an Inverter at the end of the line to be connected to AC

system. Both the Inverter and the Rectifier of the High Voltage DC line need to be connected to

a swing bus either directly or indirectly through an electrical system.

35

• Modeling of Static Var. Compensator (SVC)

The Static Var. Compensator in load flow studies can be considered as a variable static load. The

SVC adjusts the voltage at the terminal of the bus by regulating the flow of reactive power

throughout the whole power system. In the load flow studies, load flow algorithm starts

calculating the system bus voltages ignoring the Static Var. Controls. If the calculated voltage

magnitude of the bus connected to SVC are less than the initial set voltage, then the SVC acts as

a compensator injecting reactive power to the power system. However, if the calculated voltage

magnitude of the bus connected to SVC is more than the initial set voltage, the SVC acts as a

reactive load consumes the existing reactive power in the power system.

• Modeling of UPS

The UPS in the load flow studies is considered as a fixed static load at its source side and a

swing source at its load side energizing the output.

The power system which is connected to the load side of the UPS gets disconnected when the

UPS is operating as a load category defined in its editor. This case happens if and only if there is

no other swing bus in the power system and the UPS should be modeled as a fixed load.

The load side of the UPS will be modeled as a swing bus including regulating voltage control for

the load side bus of the UPS when the UPS is operating as a load category defined in its editor.

This case happens if the calculated voltage of the load side of the UPS is considered as side

loading voltage.

If some UPS are used simultaneously to share the connected loads to the specific load bus, the

calculated bus voltage of the load side of the UPS will have its maximum value considering the

fact that all the UPS are using their nominal powers. The calculated values for the load side of

the UPS will affect the voltage of the UPS source side bus by taking its efficiency and the

nominal power and power factor into account. For instance, if there are some UPS sharing their

output power to feed their load side bus P + j*Q, then the UPS loading parameters will affect the

source side bus voltage considering the operating power factor of the source side bus as follows:

P/EFF + j*P/EFF*sqrt(1-PF*PF)/PF where the EFF represents the UPS efficiency and PF is the

operating power factor of the source side bus [10].

5.4. Modeling of Variable Frequency Drive (VFD)

The Variable Frequency Drive in the load flow studies is represented similar to the UPS model

considering the below exceptions:

� The VFD is modeled as a fixed load with parameters based on the connected load.

� The bus voltage of the source side of the VFD is affected by the VFD loading type.

� The load parameters connected to the load side of the VFD affect the bus voltage of the

source side. If the VFD is feeding different source branches, it will share the load equally

between the connected branches. In such a case, the connected loads to the VFD load side

effects the bus voltage connected to the source side [10].

36

5.5. Different Factors Affecting the Load Calculation

ETAP has a significant flexibility considering the load variations for modeling using specific

load factors like demand factor, loading percentage, service factor and application factor. These

factors can be applied differently in loading calculations depends on the specifications of the

system under different circumstances:

� Load Editor – This is used for calculations of loading categories and voltage drop.

� Input for Studies – This is used for calculations of loading parameters for load flow and

initial load for motor starting and transient stability analysis.

� Studies Results – This is used for calculations of load which is shown in the power

system diagram from load flow, motor starting and transient stability analysis.

� Bus Editor – This is used for multiple loads connected to a bus.

The following two tables describe the application of introduced factors in different areas [10]:

Table 1. Factors Used for Motor Load Calculation

Load Editor Input to Studies Results from

Studies

Bus Editor

Load Loss Vd Load Loss Load Loss Vd

Bus Nominal kV x x x x x x x x

Bus Operating V x x x x x

Demand Factor x x x x x x x x x

Loading % x x x x x x x x x

Service Factor *

App. Factor *

Load Quantity x x x x x x x

Bus Diversity Factor * * * * *

Global Diversity Factor * * * * *

Table 2. Factors Used for Static Load Calculation

Load Editor Input to Studies Results from Studies Bus

Editor

Load Loss Vd Load Loss Load Loss Vd

Bus Nominal kV x x x x x x x x x

Bus Operating V x x x x

Demand Factor x x x x x x x x x

Loading % x x x x x x x x x

App. Factor *

Load Quantity x x x x x x x

Bus Diversity Factor * * * * *

Global Diversity Factor * * * * *

37

* Specifies the user-defined factor used in the calculations in the correspondent load editor.

Notes:

• Motor load covers induction motor and induction generator, synchronous motor and the

dynamic load which include motor.

• Static load covers static load, capacitor and the static load which consist of conventional

and/or unbalanced loads.

Table 3. Comparison of System Element Models

Element

Load Flow

Transient Stability

Dynamic

Motor Acceleration

Static

Motor Starting

Generators Infinite Bus Dynamically Modeled Constant Voltage Behind

Xd’

Constant Voltage Behind

Xd’

Exciter/Governors Not Applicable Dynamically Modeled Not Modeled Not Modeled

Utility Ties Infinite Bus Constant Voltage Behind

X”

Constant Voltage Behind

X”

Constant Voltage Behind

X”

Operating Motors Constant kVA Modeled Dynamically or

Constant kVA

Constant kVA Constant kVA

Starting Motors Not Applicable Single1, Single2, DBL1,

& DBL2 Models

Single1, Single2, DBL1,

DBL2, & TSC Models

Locked-Rotor Z and

Power Factor

Starters Not Applicable Modeled Modeled Modeled

38

5.6. Load Flow Calculation for Single Phase Panel System

When the calculated Panel or UPS system is selected in the load flow study case, the panel or

UPS system load flow would be calculated considering the three phase system. However, the

calculations for single phase system are different from the calculated values for three phase

system because of the specific parameters of the single phase panel or UPS systems.

When the Calculated Panel or UPS system is not selected in the load flow study case, loads from

a panel or UPS system are combined together up to the top device which can be a panel, phase-

adaptor or even UPS system inside the panel or UPS system. The top element is considered as a

load connected to the three phase system. Loads should be combined not violating the nominal

voltage regardless of all the existing power losses and voltage drops in the power system.

• Single-Phase Panel Systems

A panel system is represented as sub system with radial topology feeding the powered to the

three phase bus of the power system through a top panel, phase adaptor or single phase UPS. A

power system would have different panel systems while each panel system may have a three

phase panel or phase adapter as the top element.

5.6.1. Special Load Flow Calculation Conditions for Single Phase Panel System

• Single Phase Panel System with Loop Topology

Single phase panel system is might have radial topology without any existing loops to be

calculated by load flow methods. ETAP software checks to see if there are any loops available

before starting load flow calculations. An error will pop up if ETAP detects any existing loop

inside the power system.

• Transformer Load Tap Changer (LTC)

Transformer LTC cannot be taken into account for any transformer available in single phase

panel systems. However, the transformer LTC is ignored inside the single phase panel system for

the load flow calculations if the LTC option is not selected.

• Shunt Impedance

Shunt impedance cannot be taken into account in the load flow calculations for single phase

panel system regardless of the type of the branch like cable, transmission line and impedance.

• Feeder Cables for Loads inside the Panel

Internal loads inside the panel are combined together and considered as a single load for load

flow calculations. This behavior makes the feeder cables losses produced by the internal loads

inside the panel to be ignored in the load flow calculations. However, external feeder cables for

loads outside the panel are considered in the load flow calculation.

39

• Calculation Methods

The load flow calculations for single phase panel system are basically done by three phase load

flow calculation methods in order to get better and more accurate results. The single phase load

flow calculation has three steps:

Load flow calculations are done for each single phase panel system for the defined loading

parameters and diversity factors before running the load flow calculation for three phase system.

The voltage of the source side bus which is the top element is considered the constant value

specified by the user during these calculations. The calculated load flow results for the single

phase panel system will be more accurate by running these load-flow calculations since it

considers the power losses of branches and also considers the voltage drop on the loads during

the calculations.

The result of single load flow calculations are saved for the top element after the calculations are

done. These results will be used for the load flow calculations of three phase system afterward

while the top element in any single phase panel system will be considered as a single load

interconnected to the three phase bus.

After completion of the load flow calculations for the three phase system, the load flow

calculation will be done again for each of the single phase panel systems with the new bus

voltage values of the top element which are obtained from the load flow calculations for the three

phase system. The final obtained values from the load flow calculations are reported after the end

of this last step [13].

40

5.7. Load Flow Required Data

• Bus Data

The following data is required for load flow calculations of the buses:

� Nominal kV

� Initial percentage and angle of the voltage (if Initial Condition is selected to use Bus

Voltages)

� Load Diversity Factor (if the Loading option is selected to use Diversity Factor)

• Branch Data

Branch data is defined in the Branch Editors. Branch includes Transformer, Transmission Line,

Cable, Reactor, and Impedance. The following data is required for the load flow calculations of

the branches:

� Z, R, X, or X/R values of the branches, tolerance and temperature only if applicable

� The length of the cable and transmission line

� Transformer rated kV and kVA/MVA, tap, and LTC settings

� Impedance base kV and base which can be in either kVA or MVA

• Power Grid Data

The following data is required for the load flow calculations of the power grids:

� Operating mode (Swing, Voltage Control, MVAR Control, or PF Control)

� Nominal kV

� Initial value and the angle of the voltage sources for swing mode

� %V, MW loading, and MVAR limits (��� & ���) for Voltage Control mode

� MW and MVAR loading, MVAR limits for MVAR Control mode

� Loading and PF, and MVAR limits for PF Control mode

• Synchronous Generator Data

The following data is required for the load flow calculations of the synchronous generators:

� Operating mode (Swing, Voltage Control, or MVAR Control)

� Rated kV

� Initial value and the angle of the voltage sources for swing mode

� %V, MW loading, and MVAR limits (��� and ���) for Voltage Control mode

� MW and MVAR loading and MVAR limits for MVAR Control mode

� MW loading and PF, and MVAR limits for PF Control mode

Note: The MVAR limits (��� and���) would be obtained from the capability curve. The

additional following data is required for this method:

41

� The Capability curve including all the information

� Synchronous reactance (��)

• Inverter Data

The following data is required for the load flow calculations of the inverters:

� Inverter ID

� Inverter DC and AC rating

� AC output voltage regulating data

• Synchronous Motor Data

The following data is required for the load flow calculations of the synchronous motors:

� Rated power and voltage

� Power factors and efficiencies at 100, 75 and 50 percent loadings

� Loading data for desired Loading Category

� Cable data

• Induction Motor Data

The following data is required for the load flow calculations of the induction motors:

� Rated power and voltage

� Power factors and efficiencies at 100, 75 and 50 percent loadings

� Loading data for desired Loading Category

� Cable data

• Static Load Data

The following data is required for the load flow calculations of the static loads:

� Static Load ID

� Rated power and voltage

� Power factor

� Loading data for desired Loading Category

� Cable data

• Capacitor Data

The following data is required for the load flow calculations of the capacitors:

� Capacitor ID

� Rated power and voltage for each bank and the number of banks

� Loading data for desired Loading Category

� Cable data

42

• Lumped Load Data

The following data is required for the load flow calculations of the lumped loads:

Conventional

� Load ID

� Rated power, rated voltage, power factor and motor load data

� Loading data for desired Loading Category

Unbalanced

� Load ID

� Rated power, rated voltage, power factor, motor load data and static load data

� Loading data for desired Loading Category

Exponential

� Load ID

� Rated voltage, P0, Q0, a and b

� Loading data for desired Loading Category

Polynomial

� Load ID

� Rated voltage, P0, Q0, p1, p2, q1 and q2

� Loading data for desired Loading Category

Comprehensive

� Load ID

� Rated voltage, P0, Q0, a1, a2, b1, b2, p1, p2, p3, p4, q1, q2, q3 and q4

� Loading data for desired Loading Category

• Charger and UPS Data

The following data is required for the load flow calculations of the chargers and UPS’s:

� Element ID

� Rated AC voltage, AC power, power factor and DC rating data

� Loading data for desired Loading Category

• HV DC Link Data

The following data is required for the load flow calculations of the HVDC links:

� Element ID

� All data from the Rating page for Load Flow calculations

43

� Inverter current margin (��)

• SVC Data

The following data is required for the load flow calculations of the SVC’s:

� Element ID

� Rated voltage

� Inductive Rating (QL, IL or BL)

� Capacitive Rating (QC, IC or BC)

� Max Inductive Rating (QL(Max) or IL(Max))

� Max Capacitive Rating (QC(Min) or IC(Min))

Note: QC, QC (Min) and BL must be entered as a negative value since they represent the capacitor

reactive power.

• Panel Data

The following data is required for the load flow calculations of the panels:

� Element ID

� Rated voltage and current

� Number of Branch Circuits

� Loading data

� Phasing, Number of Poles and State

� Connection Type (Internal, External, Spare, etc.)

• Other Data

Some additional information is required for some of the studies as follows:

� Load Flow Method (Newton-Raphson, Fast-Decoupled, or Accelerated Gauss-Seidel)

� Maximum number of Iterations

� Precision percentage

� Acceleration Factor (if Accelerated Gauss-Seidel method is selected)

� Loading Category

� Initial Voltage Condition

� Report format

� Update bus voltages and transformer LTCs using load flow result

The study case related data is entered into the Load Flow Study Case editor [13].

.

44

6. PV Simulation in ETAP Software

The modeling and simulation of the power system including generation and distribution

networks is done in ETAP software.

Small power systems are not practical to be considered as high-penetration PV system since the

bus voltages in such systems are affected drastically by the power injection from the renewable

energy systems. At the first stage of this project, 5 bus system was studied in which over-

voltages up to 26 percent per unit were obtained. On the other hand, large systems have their

own issues as well. Injecting lots of power at once to the load buses, increase and improve the

full load buses at the far end load side of the system while the entire system collapses because of

the large amount of generation exists in the system. Load flow analysis got diverged using IEEE

13 bus system having PV penetration above 60percent. As a result, standard IEEE 9 bus system

is selected for the analysis in this project since the results are reasonable and the system load

flow calculations converge for the all types of PV penetration from zero to hundred percent.

However, the high PV penetration system has many limitations in practice. Lack of solar energy

after daylight time, necessity to have storage devices to supply the power during night, protection

and coordination with the classic power systems and space needed for PV farms are some of the

issues cause limitation for high penetration PV systems.

So the dynamic and more conservative control systems are needed to observe this type of system

and do not let the system to experience any risk causing power outage and decrease the stability

of the power system.

Fig. 31. IEEE 9-Bus system with no PV

45

Fig. 31 shows the standard 9 bus system used for the analysis in this project which includes three

generators connected to three different buses in the looped network. Generator1 is considered as

the swing bus and Generator2 and Generator3 are considered as voltage control bus type. High

penetration PV injects a lot of power throughout the system which affect the active and reactive

power of all the existing buses. Based on this fact, it was avoided to model Generator2 and

Generator3 as PQ control bus type to give more realistic results.

Fig. 32. IEEE 9-Bus system load flow results

Case 1: Single PV penetration applied to the PQ control testing system

In the first case, the voltage profile of the PQ control generation system obtained to determine

the bus with the maximum voltage drop as shown in Fig. 32. Then the solar panel along with the

inverter connected to the bus with the worst voltage profile which happens at one of the buses

feeding a load branch. The load flow analysis is operated for 11 different penetration levels

including the PV penetration percentage from zero to hundred in steps of 10 percent while the

PV penetration percentage is defined as the PV generation over the total generated power in the

test system without considering any connected renewable energy. Based on this definition, zero

percent penetration indicates no power coming from the connected renewable energies while

hundred percent penetration indicated the full PV generation equal to the whole power

generation of three existing generators in the testing system.

46

Table 4. Load flow results for PQ control IEEE 9-Bus system containing one solar bus

Fig. 33. Voltage profiles for PQ control IEEE 9-Bus system containing one solar bus

Case 2: Dispersed PV penetration applied to the PQ control testing system

In case 2 of this project, the voltage profile of the PQ control generation system obtained to

determine the bus with the maximum voltage drop. Then three solar panels along with their

inverter are connected to the different buses throughout the entire system in order to improve the

voltage profile which happens to be the buses feeding load branches.

The whole generation are devided equally in all three solar buses to represent the dispersed PV

penetration throughout the electrical power system. Based on the voltage profile of the buses

shown in Fig. 34., voltages of Bus 6, Bus 7 and Bus 9 are constantly increasing since they are

directly connected to the solar buses which inject electrical power to the system. However, this

increase in not linear and the initial steps having more significant effect on the buses connected

to solar panels and the rate of change decreases as the PV penetration percentage increases.

% of Penetration Power Solar Bus Bus 1 Bus 2 Bus 3 Bus 4 Bus 5 Bus 6 Bus 7 Bus 8 Bus 9

0 0 101.3 104 102.5 102.5 102.6 99.6 101.3 102.6 101.6 103.3

10 24.8 102.9 104 103.5 103.7 103.1 100.2 102.7 103.6 102.7 104.5

20 49.6 104.3 104 104.3 104.8 103.5 100.8 103.9 104.4 103.6 105.5

30 74.4 105.6 104 105 105.7 103.9 101.2 105 105 104.3 106.4

40 99.2 106.7 104 105.5 106.4 104.1 101.5 105.9 105.6 104.9 107.1

50 124 107.6 104 105.9 107 104.3 101.7 106.7 106 105.4 107.7

60 148.8 108.5 104 106.2 107.5 104.4 101.8 107.4 106.3 105.8 108.2

70 173.6 109.1 104 106.4 107.8 104.4 101.9 107.9 106.4 106 108.5

80 198.4 109.6 104 106.4 108 104.3 101.8 108.3 106.5 106.1 108.7

90 223.2 110 104 106.3 108 104.1 101.6 108.5 106.4 106 108.7

100 248 110.2 104 106.1 107.9 103.8 101.3 108.5 106.1 105.8 108.6

Base Voltage (kV) 0.22 16.5 18 13.8 230 230 230 230 230 230

98

100

102

104

106

108

110

112

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Solar Bus

Bus 1

Bus 2

Bus 3

Bus 4

Bus 5

Bus 6

Bus 7

Bus 8

Bus 9

47

Table 5. Load flow results for PQ control IEEE 9-Bus system containing three solar buses

Fig. 34. Voltage profiles for PQ control IEEE 9-Bus system containing three solar buses

Case 3: Single PV penetration applied to the PV control testing system

In the third case, the voltage profile of the PV control generation system obtained to determine

the bus with the maximum voltage drop as shown in Fig. 32. Then the solar panel along with the

inverter connected to the bus with the worst voltage profile which happens at one of the buses

feeding a load branch. The load flow analysis is operated for 11 different penetration levels

including the PV penetration percentage from zero to hundred in steps of 10 percent while the

PV penetration percentage is defined as the PV generation over the total generated power in the

test system without considering any connected renewable energy. Based on this definition, zero

percent penetration indicates no power coming from the connected renewable energies while

hundred percent penetration indicated the full PV generation equal to the whole power

generation of three existing generators in the testing system.

The summary of load flow reports demonstrates the voltage profiles of the different buses for 10

percent and 90 percent PV penetration are illustrated in Fig. 41; the full reports containing all

different PV penetration levels can be found in Appendix A.

% of Penetration Power per PV Solar Bus 1 Solar Bus 2 Solar Bus 3 Bus 1 Bus 2 Bus 3 Bus 4 Bus 5 Bus 6 Bus 7 Bus 8 Bus 9

0 0 101.3 102.6 103.3 104 102.5 102.5 102.6 99.6 101.3 102.6 101.6 103.3

10 8.27 102.2 103.8 104.6 104 103.7 103.8 102.9 100.1 102.1 103.7 102.8 104.5

20 16.53 103 104.9 105.8 104 104.7 105 103.2 100.5 102.8 104.7 103.8 105.7

30 24.8 103.7 105.8 106.9 104 105.6 106 103.4 100.9 103.5 105.6 104.8 106.7

40 33.07 104.3 106.6 107.8 104 106.3 106.9 103.5 101.1 104 106.4 105.5 107.5

50 41.33 104.7 107.3 108.6 104 106.9 107.6 103.6 101.2 104.4 107 106.2 108.3

60 49.6 105.1 107.8 109.3 104 107.4 108.2 103.6 101.3 104.7 107.4 106.7 108.9

70 57.87 105.3 108.2 109.8 104 107.7 108.7 103.5 101.2 104.9 107.7 107.1 109.3

80 66.13 105.4 108.4 110.1 104 107.9 109 103.3 101 104.9 107.9 107.3 109.6

90 74.4 105.4 108.4 110.3 104 107.8 109.1 103 100.6 104.8 107.9 107.3 109.7

100 82.67 105.1 108.2 110.2 104 107.6 108.9 102.5 100 104.5 107.6 107.1 109.6

Base Voltage (kV) 0.22 0.22 0.22 16.5 18 13.8 230 230 230 230 230 230

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

111

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Solar Bus 1

Solar Bus 2

Solar Bus 3

Bus 1

Bus 2

Bus 3

Bus 4

Bus 5

Bus 6

Bus 7

48

Table 8 shows the voltage profile of all the buses including 9 existing buses in addition to the

added Solar Bus. Voltage on the Solar Bus is increasing constantly by the increase of PV

generation. Same scenario occurs for Bus 6 since it is directly connected to the Solar Bus.

Fig. 35. IEEE 9-Bus system containing one solar bus

Fig. 36. Load flow results for IEEE 9-Bus system containing one solar bus

49

Location: Lake Forest, CA

Engineer: OTI Study Case: LF

12.6.0C Page: 1

SN: ETAP-OTI

Filename: IEEE9BUS

Project: TS V&V ETAP

Contract: 123456789 Date: 03-10-2014

Revision: 10 Percent Config.: Normal

TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.

LOAD FLOW REPORT

Bus ID kV

Voltage Ang. % Mag.

Generation MW Mvar

Load MW Mvar

Load Flow MW Mvar Amp ID %PF

XFMR %Tap

Bus 1 * 16.500 0.0 104.000 25.355 46.549 Bus 4 46.549 25.355 1783.4 87.80 0

Bus 2 * 18.000 10.7 102.000 4.576 163.000 Bus 7 163.000 4.576 5127.7 100.00 0

Bus 3 * 13.800 6.3 102.000 -15.039 85.000 Bus 9 85.000 -15.039 3540.6 -98.50 0

Bus 4 230.000 -1.4 102.625 Bus 5 37.038 25.370 109.8 82.50 0 0 0

Bus 6 9.510 -1.512 23.6 -98.8

Bus 1 -46.548 -23.858 127.9 89.0

Bus 5 230.000 -3.0 99.433 49.758 124.419 Bus 4 -36.794 -41.263 139.6 66.60 0

Bus 7 -87.625 -8.495 222.2 99.5

Bus 6 230.000 -1.9 101.860 30.333 90.998 Bus 4 -9.488 -14.887 43.5 53.70 0

Bus 9 -56.723 -9.427 141.7 98.6

Solar BUS -24.788 -6.019 62.9 97.2

Bus 7 230.000 5.1 102.199 Bus 5 90.124 -10.040 222.7 -99.40 0 0 0

Bus 8 72.860 -1.358 179.0 -100.0

Bus 2 -162.984 11.398 401.3 -99.8

Bus 8 230.000 2.2 101.268 34.759 99.351 Bus 9 -26.926 -24.381 90.0 74.10 0

Bus 7 -72.425 -10.378 181.4 99.0

Bus 9 230.000 3.6 102.975 Bus 6 57.964 -22.715 151.8 -93.10 0 0 0

Bus 8 27.032 3.479 66.4 99.2

Bus 3 -84.996 19.236 212.4 -97.5

Solar BUS 0.220 -1.4 102.061 6.213 24.792 Bus 6 24.792 6.213 65719.0 97.00 0

* # Indicates a bus with a load mismatch of more than 0.1 MVA

Indicates a voltage regulated bus (voltage controlled or swing type machine connected to it)

50

Location: Lake Forest, CA

Engineer: OTI Study Case: LF

12.6.0C Page: 1

SN: ETAP-OTI

Filename: IEEE9BUS

Project: TS V&V ETAP

Contract: 123456789 Date: 03-10-2014

Revision: 90 Percent Config.: Normal

TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.

LOAD FLOW REPORT

Bus ID kV

Voltage Ang. % Mag.

Generation MW Mvar

Load MW Mvar

Load Flow MW Mvar Amp ID %PF

XFMR %Tap

Bus 1 * 16.500 0.0 104.000 35.998-141.029 Bus 4 -141.029 35.998 4897.1 -96.90 0

Bus 2 * 18.000 20.0 102.000 4.607 163.000 Bus 7 163.000 4.607 5127.8 100.00 0

Bus 3 * 13.800 17.9 102.000 -27.030 85.000 Bus 9 85.000 -27.030 3658.5 -95.30 0

Bus 4 230.000 4.4 102.313 Bus 5 12.669 30.030 80.0 38.90 0 0 0

Bus 6 -153.709 -5.314 377.3 99.9

Bus 1 141.040 -24.716 351.3 -98.5

Bus 5 230.000 4.0 98.931 49.257 123.166 Bus 4 -12.506 -46.474 122.1 26.00 0

Bus 7 -110.659 -2.784 280.9 100.0

Bus 6 230.000 11.9 105.517 32.549 97.648 Bus 4 157.547 9.019 375.4 99.80 0

Bus 9 -32.323 0.050 76.9 100.0

Solar BUS -222.873 -41.619 539.4 98.3

Bus 7 230.000 14.4 102.197 Bus 5 114.712 -7.785 282.4 -99.80 0 0 0

Bus 8 48.272 -3.581 118.9 -99.7

Bus 2 -162.984 11.366 401.3 -99.8

Bus 8 230.000 12.5 101.555 34.956 99.916 Bus 9 -51.835 -24.689 141.9 90.30 0

Bus 7 -48.081 -10.267 121.5 97.8

Bus 9 230.000 15.2 103.663 Bus 6 32.829 -37.008 119.8 -66.40 0 0 0

Bus 8 52.167 5.497 127.0 99.4

Bus 3 -84.996 31.511 219.5 -93.8

Solar BUS 0.220 15.4 107.069 55.929 223.159 Bus 6 223.159 55.929 563891.7 97.00 0

* # Indicates a bus with a load mismatch of more than 0.1 MVA

Indicates a voltage regulated bus (voltage controlled or swing type machine connected to it)

51

Case 4: Dispersed PV penetration applied to the PV control testing system

In case 4 of this project, the voltage profile of the PV control generation system obtained to

determine the bus with the maximum voltage drop. Then three solar panels along with their

inverter are connected to the different buses throughout the entire system in order to improve the

voltage profile which happens to be the buses feeding load branches.

The test system illustrated in Fig. 37 is used for load flow studies. There are three different solar

panels connected to three different buses throughout the power system in this study case as

shown in Fig. 38 to represent the better configuration of the high penetration PV systems.

Fig. 37. IEEE 9-Bus system containing three solar buses

Three solar buses are connected to Bus 6, Bus 7 and Bus 9, respectively. The penetration of the

PV panels connected to solar buses are gradually increased from no load (zero percent

penetration) to full load (100 percent penetration) in steps of 10 percent.

The whole generation are devided equally in all three solar buses to represent the dispersed PV

penetration throughout the electrical power system. Based on the voltage profile of the buses

shown in Fig. 42., voltages of Bus 6, Bus 7 and Bus 9 are constantly increasing since they are

directly connected to the solar buses which inject electrical power to the system. However, this

increase in not linear and the initial steps having more significant effect on the buses connected

to solar panels and the rate of change decreases as the PV penetration percentage increases.

52

Fig. 38. Load flow results for IEEE 9-Bus system containing three solar buses

Bus 2 and Bus 3 have constant voltages regardless of the penetration percentage since they are

considered as voltage control bus type. The other buses do not show linear changes in their

voltage profiles since the value of the bus voltage is directly related to the reactive power going

through the buses and since the testing system has looped configuration, the value and the

direction of the reactive power changes based on the penetration percentage. This effect gets

worse as the penetration percentage gets closer to hundred percent which represents the full load

penetration of the PVs based on Table 9.

The summary of load flow reports demonstrates the voltage profiles of the different buses for 10

percent and 90 percent PV penetration are illustrated in Fig. 42; the full reports containing all

different PV penetration levels can be found in Appendix A.

Case 5: Single PV penetration applied to the IEEE 30-Bus testing system testing

In case 5 of this project, the voltage profile of the IEEE 30-Bus testing system obtained to

determine the bus with the maximum voltage drop. Then the solar panel along with the inverter

connected to the bus with the worst voltage profile which happens at one of the buses feeding a

load branch. The load flow analysis is operated for 11 different penetration levels including the

PV penetration percentage from zero to hundred in steps of 10 percent while zero percent

penetration indicates no power coming from the connected renewable energies while hundred

percent penetration indicated the full PV generation equal to the whole power generation of six

existing generators in the 30-Bus testing system.

53

Fig. 39 shows the voltage profile for the Solar Bus along with all of the other 30 buses available

in the system. Voltage on the Solar Bus is increasing constantly by the increase of PV

generation. However, this increase in not linear and the initial steps having more significant

effect on the buses connected to solar panels and the rate of change decreases as the PV

penetration percentage increases. Same scenario occurs for Bus 16 since it is directly connected

to the Solar Bus.

Table 6. Load flow results for IEEE 30-Bus system containing one solar bus

Fig. 39. Voltage profiles for IEEE 30-Bus system containing one solar bus

Case 6: Dispersed PV penetration applied to the IEEE 30-Bus testing system testing

In case 6 of this project, the three solar panels along with their inverter are connected to the

different buses throughout the entire system in order to improve the voltage profile which

happens to be the buses feeding load branches.

Three solar buses are connected to Bus 14, Bus 16 and Bus 22 of the system, respectively. The

penetration of the PV panels connected to solar buses are gradually increased from no load (zero

percent penetration) to full load (100 percent penetration) in steps of 10 percent.

% of Penetration Power Solar Bus

0 0 95.4

10 28.3 107.9

20 56.7 115.7

30 85 120.7

40 113.4 123.1

50 141.7 122.5

Base Voltage (kV) 0.22

95

100

105

110

115

120

125

0 10 20 30 40 50

Solar Bus

Bus 1

Bus 2

Bus 3

Bus 4

Bus 5

Bus 6

Bus 7

Bus 8

Bus 9

Bus 10

Bus 11

Bus 12

Bus 13

Bus 14

54

Table 7. Load flow results for IEEE 30-Bus system containing three solar buses

Fig. 40. Voltage profiles for IEEE 30-Bus system containing three solar buses

The whole generation are devided equally in all three solar buses to represent the dispersed PV

penetration throughout the electrical power system. Based on the voltage profile of the buses

shown in Fig. 40., voltages of Bus 14, Bus 16 and Bus 22 are constantly increasing since they are

directly connected to the solar buses which inject electrical power to the system.

Most of the other buses have almost constant voltages regardless of the penetration percentage

since they are pretty close to voltage control bus types. Some of the buses do not show linear

changes in their voltage profiles since the value of the bus voltage is directly related to the

reactive power going through the buses and since the testing system has looped configuration,

the value and the direction of the reactive power changes based on the penetration percentage.

This effect gets worse as the penetration percentage gets closer to hundred percent which

represents the full load penetration of the PVs.

Table 7 shows the voltage profile for the three Solar Buses available in the system. Voltage on

the Solar Buses is increasing constantly by the increase of PV generation. However, the changes

of the bus voltages are much less compared to the identical system with single penetration PV.

% of Penetration Power Solar Bus 1 Solar Bus 2 Solar Bus 3

0 0 95.4 99 95.9

10 9.4 102 101.1 103.5

20 18.9 107 102.5 109.4

30 28.3 111 103.6 114.2

40 37.8 114 104.4 118.1

50 47.2 116.5 104.9 121.3

Base Voltage (kV) 0.22 0.22 0.22

95

100

105

110

115

120

125

0 10 20 30 40 50

Solar Bus1 Solar Bus2

Solar Bus3 Bus 1

Bus 2 Bus 3

Bus 4 Bus 5

Bus 6 Bus 7

Bus 8 Bus 9

Bus 10 Bus 11

Bus 12 Bus 13

Bus 14 Bus 15

Bus 16 Bus 17

Bus 18 Bus 19

Bus 20 Bus 21

Bus 22 Bus 23

Bus 24 Bus 26

Bus 27 Bus 28

Bus 29 Bus 30

55

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Filename: IEEE9BUS

Project: TS V&V ETAP

Contract: 123456789 Date: 03-10-2014

Revision: 10 Percent Config.: Normal

TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.

LOAD FLOW REPORT

Bus ID kV

Voltage Ang. % Mag.

Generation MW Mvar

Load MW Mvar

Load Flow MW Mvar Amp ID %PF

XFMR %Tap

Bus 1 * 16.500 0.0 104.000 29.386 45.692 Bus 4 45.692 29.386 1827.8 84.10 0

Bus 2 * 18.000 11.6 102.000 3.916 163.000 Bus 7 163.000 3.916 5127.2 100.00 0

Bus 3 * 13.800 7.0 102.000 -14.745 85.000 Bus 9 85.000 -14.745 3538.5 -98.50 0

Bus 4 230.000 -1.4 102.401 Bus 5 30.570 25.619 97.8 76.60 0 0 0

Bus 6 15.121 2.195 37.5 99.0

Bus 1 -45.691 -27.814 131.1 85.4

Bus 5 230.000 -2.7 99.234 49.560 123.922 Bus 4 -30.365 -41.770 130.6 58.80 0

Bus 7 -93.557 -7.789 237.5 99.7

Bus 6 230.000 -2.1 101.216 29.950 89.850 Bus 4 -15.066 -18.277 58.7 63.60 0

Bus 9 -66.495 -9.618 166.6 99.0

Solar Bus1 -8.289 -2.055 21.2 97.1

Bus 7 230.000 6.0 102.239 Bus 5 96.419 -8.876 237.7 -99.60 0 0 0

Bus 8 74.854 -1.123 183.8 -100.0

Bus 2 -162.984 12.054 401.3 -99.7

Solar Bus2 -8.289 -2.056 21.0 97.1

Bus 8 230.000 3.0 101.282 34.768 99.379 Bus 9 -24.984 -24.350 86.5 71.60 0

Bus 7 -74.395 -10.418 186.2 99.0

Bus 9 230.000 4.3 102.958 Bus 6 68.207 -20.228 173.5 -95.90 0 0 0

Bus 8 25.078 3.348 61.7 99.1

Bus 3 -84.996 18.937 212.3 -97.6

Solar Bus3 -8.289 -2.056 20.8 97.1

Solar Bus1 0.220 -1.9 101.284 2.078 8.289 Bus 6 8.289 2.078 22142.4 97.00 0

Solar Bus2 0.220 6.1 102.307 2.078 8.289 Bus 7 8.289 2.078 21921.1 97.00 0

Solar Bus3 0.220 4.5 103.025 2.078 8.289 Bus 9 8.289 2.078 21768.2 97.00 0

* # Indicates a bus with a load mismatch of more than 0.1 MVA

Indicates a voltage regulated bus (voltage controlled or swing type machine connected to it)

56

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Revision: 90 Percent Config.: Normal

TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.

LOAD FLOW REPORT

Bus ID kV

Voltage Ang. % Mag.

Generation MW Mvar

Load MW Mvar

Load Flow MW Mvar Amp ID %PF

XFMR %Tap

Bus 1 * 16.500 0.0 104.000 68.208-146.166 Bus 4 -146.166 68.208 5426.9 -90.60 0

Bus 2 * 18.000 28.4 102.000 2.933 163.000 Bus 7 163.000 2.933 5126.5 100.00 0

Bus 3 * 13.800 24.6 102.000 -25.359 85.000 Bus 9 85.000 -25.359 3638.3 -95.80 0

Bus 4 230.000 4.6 100.557 Bus 5 -43.431 41.498 150.0 -72.30 0 0 0

Bus 6 -102.750 12.855 258.5 -99.2

Bus 1 146.180 -54.353 389.3 -93.7

Bus 5 230.000 7.1 96.819 47.176 117.963 Bus 4 43.868 -54.925 182.2 -62.40 0

Bus 7 -161.831 7.749 420.1 -99.9

Bus 6 230.000 10.2 100.860 29.740 89.220 Bus 4 104.598 -18.880 264.5 -98.40 0

Bus 9 -119.502 6.005 297.8 -99.9

Solar Bus1 -74.315 -16.865 189.7 97.5

Bus 7 230.000 22.8 102.299 Bus 5 170.938 7.714 419.9 99.90 0 0 0

Bus 8 66.363 -3.834 163.1 -99.8

Bus 2 -162.984 13.033 401.2 -99.7

Solar Bus2 -74.316 -16.914 187.0 97.5

Bus 8 230.000 20.1 101.575 34.970 99.954 Bus 9 -33.950 -26.360 106.2 79.00 0

Bus 7 -66.004 -8.610 164.5 99.2

Bus 9 230.000 21.9 103.567 Bus 6 125.201 -18.566 306.8 -98.90 0 0 0

Bus 8 34.111 5.731 83.8 98.6

Bus 3 -84.996 29.790 218.3 -94.4

Solar Bus3 -74.317 -16.955 184.8 97.5

Solar Bus1 0.220 11.5 101.449 18.634 74.351 Bus 6 74.351 18.634 198281.4 97.00 0

Solar Bus2 0.220 24.0 102.881 18.634 74.351 Bus 7 74.351 18.634 195522.0 97.00 0

Solar Bus3 0.220 23.1 104.143 18.634 74.351 Bus 9 74.351 18.634 193153.2 97.00 0

* # Indicates a bus with a load mismatch of more than 0.1 MVA

Indicates a voltage regulated bus (voltage controlled or swing type machine connected to it)

57

7. Conclusion

I have modified the parameters of the generators and motor loads besides modeling of the PV

panel including the inverter device and all the analysis are exclusively done by myself for the

defined study cases.

The results summary of voltage profiles obtained from load flow studies for both single and

dispersed penetration cases are shown below numerically and graphically.

It can be concluded from the results that the PV penetration can threaten the voltage stability of

the power system considering the over voltages during daylight. However, by controlling the

amount of penetration dynamically, the optimal percentage and placement of the PV penetration

can be determined which improves the voltage profile as a result and improves the voltage

stability of the entire system.

PV control generation systems result in better voltage systems and represent the better practical

dispersed PV generation compared to the PQ control generation systems since the power factor

of the solar panels are pretty high considering the modern inverter technology.

Table 8. Load flow results for PV control IEEE 9-Bus system containing one solar bus

Fig. 41. Voltage profiles for PV control IEEE 9-Bus system containing one solar bus

% of Penetration Power Solar Bus Bus 1 Bus 2 Bus 3 Bus 4 Bus 5 Bus 6 Bus 7 Bus 8 Bus 9

0 0 101 104 102 102 102.4 99.3 101 102.1 101.2 102.8

10 24.8 102.1 104 102 102 102.6 99.4 101.9 102.2 101.3 103

20 49.6 103 104 102 102 102.8 99.5 102.6 102.2 101.4 103.1

30 74.4 103.9 104 102 102 102.9 99.5 103.3 102.3 101.4 103.3

40 99.2 104.6 104 102 102 102.9 99.5 103.9 102.3 101.5 103.4

50 124 105.3 104 102 102 102.9 99.5 104.3 102.3 101.5 103.5

60 148.8 105.9 104 102 102 102.8 99.4 104.8 102.3 101.6 103.6

70 173.6 106.3 104 102 102 102.7 99.3 105.1 102.3 101.6 103.6

80 198.4 106.8 104 102 102 102.5 99.1 105.3 102.2 101.6 103.6

90 223.2 107 104 102 102 102.3 98.9 105.5 102.2 101.6 103.7

100 248 107.3 104 102 102 102 98.7 105.6 102.1 101.5 103.7

Base Voltage (kV) 0.22 16.5 18 13.8 230 230 230 230 230 230

98

99

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Solar Bus

Bus 1

Bus 2

Bus 3

Bus 4

Bus 5

Bus 6

Bus 7

Bus 8

58

PV penetration would make up the existing voltage drop in the system which decrease the power

losses and make the better system stability by improving the voltage profiles.

It was also shown and concluded that splitting the PV generation throughout the entire system

improves the voltage profile drastically. In the analyzed testing system with dispersed PV

penetration including three different solar panels, the voltage profile range is between 100.1 to

104.2 volts while the voltage profile range in the testing system with single PV source including

only one solar bus is between 98.7 to 107.3 volts.

It is also concluded that the voltage change in dispersed penetration system is much smoother

compared to the single penetration system. Total power loss in the distribution system which is

directly influenced by the voltage profile is also much less in the dispersed generation.

Table 9. Load flow results for PV control IEEE 9-Bus system containing three solar buses

Fig. 42. Voltage profiles for PV control IEEE 9-Bus system containing three solar buses

% of Penetration Power per PV Solar Bus 1 Solar Bus 2 Solar Bus 3 Bus 1 Bus 2 Bus 3 Bus 4 Bus 5 Bus 6 Bus 7 Bus 8 Bus 9

0 0 101 102.1 102.8 104 102 102 102.4 99.3 101 102.1 101.2 102.8

10 8.27 101.3 102.3 103 104 102 102 102.4 99.2 101.2 102.2 101.3 103

20 16.53 101.5 102.5 103.2 104 102 102 102.3 99.1 101.4 102.3 101.4 103.1

30 24.8 101.7 102.6 103.4 104 102 102 102.2 98.9 101.5 102.4 101.5 103.2

40 33.07 101.8 102.7 103.6 104 102 102 102.1 98.7 101.5 102.4 101.6 103.3

50 41.33 101.8 102.8 103.8 104 102 102 101.8 98.4 101.5 102.4 101.6 103.4

60 49.6 101.8 102.8 103.9 104 102 102 101.6 98.1 101.4 102.4 101.6 103.5

70 57.87 101.8 102.9 104 104 102 102 101.3 97.7 101.3 102.4 101.6 103.5

80 66.13 101.6 102.9 104.1 104 102 102 101 97.3 101.1 102.4 101.6 103.6

90 74.4 101.5 102.9 104.1 104 102 102 100.6 96.8 100.9 102.3 101.6 103.6

100 82.67 101.2 102.8 104.2 104 102 102 100.1 96.3 100.5 102.2 101.5 103.5

Base Voltage (kV) 0.22 0.22 0.22 16.5 18 13.8 230 230 230 230 230 230

100

100.5

101

101.5

102

102.5

103

103.5

104

104.5

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Solar Bus 1

Solar Bus 2

Solar Bus 3

Bus 1

Bus 2

Bus 3

Bus 4

Bus 5

Bus 6

Bus 7

Bus 8

Bus 9

59

Bibliography

[1] M. Chidi, O. Ipinnimo, S. Chowdhury, S.P. Chowdhury, “Investigation of Impact of

Integrating On-Grid Home Based Solar Power Systems on Voltage Rise in the Utility Network”,

IEEE 2012

[2] S. J. Steffel,, P. R. Caroselli, A. M. Dinkel, J. Q. Liu, R. N. Sackey, N. R. Vadhar,

“Integrating Solar Generation on the Electric Distribution Grid”, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON

SMART GRID, VOL. 3, NO. 2, JUNE 2012.

[3] S. J. Steffel, “Distribution grid considerations for large scale solar and wind installations,” in

Proc. IEEE PES Transm. Distrib. Conf. Expo., New Orleans, LA, Apr. 2010.

[4] IEEE Standard for Interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electric Power Systems, IEEE

1547, 2003.

[5] James Bing, Obadiah Bartholomy, Pramod Krishnani, “Validation of Solar PV Power

Forecasting Methods for High Penetration Grid Integration”, IEEE 2012

[6] J.Bank, B. Mather, J.Keller, M. Coddington, “High Penetration Photovoltaic Case Study

Report”, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, January 2013.

[7] J. Bank, B. Mather, J. Keller, and M. Coddington, “High Penetration Photovoltaic Case Study

Report”, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Technical Report, NREL/TP-5500-54742,

January 2013

[8] Global Solar Photovoltaic Market Analysis and Forecasts to 2020 press release (March 13,

2009); http://www.prlog.org/10198293-globalsolar-photovoltaic-market-analysis-and-forecasts-

to-2020.htm

[9] Jens Schoene, Vadim Zheglov, Douglas Houseman, J. Charles Smith, Abraham Ellis,

“Photovoltaics in distribution systems — Integration issues and simulation challenges”, Power

and Energy Society General Meeting (PES), 2013 IEEE, pp. 1-5, 2013

[10] B. Mather et aI., "Southern California Edison High-Penetration Photovoltaic Project - Year

1," NREL Technical Report: TP-5500-50875,2011.

[11] B. Mather, "Quasi-static time-series test feeder for PV integration analysis on distribution

systems," accepted to the iEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting, Austin, TX, 2012.

[12] G. D. Rodriguez, "SCE Experience with PV Integration," proc. of

SEPAIEPRlIDOEISNLlNREL High-Penetration PV Grid integration Workshop, April 28th,

2012, available online at: http://www.solarelectricpower.orglevents/utility-solarconference/usc-

home.aspx#tab Workshop.

60

[13] B. Braun et aI., "Is the distribution grid ready to accept large scale photovoltaic

deployment? - State of the art, progress and future prospects," Prog. Photovolt: Res. Appl., Nov.

2011.

[14] Distribution System Analysis Subcommittee of the IEEE Power Engineering Society, IEEE

34 Node Test Feeder, online resource:

http://www.ewh.ieee.org/soc/pes/dsacomltestfeeders/index.html.

[15] J.W. Smith, W. Sunderman, R. Dugan and B. Seal, "Smart inverter VoltiVAr control

functions for high penetration of PV on distribution systems," in proc. of the iEEEIPES Power

Systems Conference and Exposition, 2011.

[16] Rossen Tzartzev, W. Mack Grady, Jay Patel “Impact of High-Penetration PV on

Distribution Feeders”, 2012 3rd IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe (ISGT

Europe), Berlin

[17] ETAP Software, www.etap.com

[18] N. Srisaen, A. Sangswang, "Effects of PV Grid-Connected System Location on a

Distribution System," IEEE Asia Pacific Conference on Circuits and Systems, 2006, APCCAS

2006 , pp. 852-855, Dec. 2006.

[19] Y. T. Tan; D. S. Kirschen, "Impact on the Power System of a Large Penetration of

Photovoltaic Generation," Power Engineering Society General Meeting, pp. 1-8, June 2007.

[20] M. Thomson, D. G. Infield, "Impact of widespread photovoltaics generation on distribution

systems," IET Renewable Power Generation, pp. 33-40, March 2007

[21] W. Mack Grady, Leslie Libby, "A Cloud Shadow Model and Tracker Suitable for Studying

the Impact of High-Penetration PV on Power Systems," IEEE Energy Tech 2012 Conference,

Cleveland, OH, May 2012.

[22] E. Liu and J. Bebic, “Distribution System Voltage Performance Analysis for High-

Penetration Photovoltaics”, NREL/SR-581-42298, February 2008.

[23] Dave Turcotte ,Tarek H. M.EL-Fouly, ReinaldoTonkoski, “Impact of High PV Penetration

on Voltage Profilesin Residential Neighborhoods. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy”,

Vol3, No.3, 2012

[24] Tomas stetz, Frank Marten , Martin Braun, “Improve Low Voltage Grid-Integration of

Photovoltaic System in Germany”. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy,VOL.4,NO.2, 2013

61

Appendix: Full Load Flow Reports

Full Load Flow reports for all the PV penetration levels from zero percent to hundred percent in

steps of 10 percent are presented in this part of the project.

62

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Project: TS V&V ETAP

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Date: 03-10-2014

Revision: No Penetration

Config.: Normal

TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.

None Load Diversity Factor:

Normal

Generation Category (2):

Design

Loading Category (1):

Load Flow Analysis

Electrical Transient Analyzer Program

Number of Buses:

Number of Branches:

1 2 7 10

4 0 0 6 0 0 10

Total

Load

V-Control

XFMR2

Total

Tie PD

Impedance

Line/Cable

Reactor

XFMR3

Swing

Maximum No. of Iteration:

System Frequency:

Unit System:

Project Filename:

Output Filename: C:\ETAP 1260\Example-Other\EB-PV\IEEE9BUS\LF.lfr

Precision of Solution:

Method of Solution: Newton-Raphson Method

9999

0.0100000

60.00 Hz

English

IEEE9BUS

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Filename: IEEE9BUS

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Contract: 123456789

Date: 03-10-2014

Revision: No Penetration

Config.: Normal

TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.

Adjustments

Transformer Impedance:

Reactor Impedance:

Tolerance

Overload Heater Resistance:

Transmission Line Length:

Cable Length:

Temperature Correction

Transmission Line Resistance:

Cable Resistance:

Apply Adjustments /Global

Individual Percent

Apply Adjustments

Individual /Global Degree C

Individual

Individual

Individual

Individual

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

64

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Filename: IEEE9BUS

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Contract: 123456789

Date: 03-10-2014

Revision: No Penetration

Config.: Normal

TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.

Bus Input Data

Sub-sys

Generic Constant I Constant Z Constant kVA Initial Voltage Bus Mvar MW Mvar MW Mvar MW Mvar MW Ang. % Mag. kV ID

Load

Bus 1 1 0.0 16.500 104.0

Bus 2 1 21.2 18.000 102.0

Bus 3 1 19.5 13.800 102.0

Bus 4 1 5.1 230.000 102.0

Bus 5 1 4.9 230.000 98.7 125.841 50.327

Bus 6 1 13.7 230.000 105.6 87.705 29.235

Bus 7 1 15.6 230.000 102.1

Bus 8 1 13.8 230.000 101.5 96.879 33.894

Bus 9 1 16.8 230.000 103.7

Solar BUS 1 17.6 0.220 107.3

113.456 0.000 310.425 Total Number of Buses: 10 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

ID kV Generation Bus

Sub-sys Type Voltage

% Mag. Angle MW Mvar Max Min Generation Mvar Limits

% PF

Bus 1 1 Swing 0.0 16.500 104.0

Bus 2 1 Voltage Control 21.2 18.000 102.0 163.000 191.765 -191.765

Bus 3 1 Voltage Control 19.5 13.800 102.0 85.000 128.000 -128.000

248.000 0.000

65

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Filename: IEEE9BUS

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Date: 03-10-2014

Revision: No Penetration

Config.: Normal

TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.

Line/Cable Input Data

ID Library Size T (°C)

Line/Cable

Ohms or Siemens/1000 ft per Conductor (Cable) or per Phase (Line)

Adj. (ft) #/Phase % Tol.

Length

Y R X

Line1 1000.0 1 5.290000 44.965400 0.0003327 75 0.0 Line2 1000.0 1 8.993000 48.668000 0.0002987 75 0.0 Line3 1000.0 1 16.928000 85.169000 0.0005785 75 0.0

Line4 1000.0 1 20.631000 89.930000 0.0006767 75 0.0 Line5 1000.0 1 6.295100 53.323200 0.0003951 75 0.0 Line6 1000.0 1 4.496500 38.088000 0.0002817 75 0.0

Line / Cable resistances are listed at the specified temperatures.

66

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Config.: Normal

TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.

2-Winding Transformer Input Data

ID MVA Prim. kV Sec. kV % Z1 X1/R1 Prim. Sec. Transformer % Tap Setting

% Tol. Rating Z Variation

+ 5% - 5% Phase Shift

Type Angle

% Z Adjusted

Phase

T1 5.76 1000.00 0 0 0 0 0 0.000 5.76003-Phase YNd 100.000 230.000 16.500

T2 6.25 1000.00 0 0 0 0 0 0.000 6.25003-Phase Dyn 100.000 18.000 230.000

T3 5.86 1000.00 0 0 0 0 0 0.000 5.86003-Phase Dyn 100.000 13.800 230.000

T5 7.75 50.00 0 0 0 0 0 0.000 7.75003-Phase Dyn 250.000 0.220 230.000

67

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Config.: Normal

TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.

Branch Connections

ID From Bus To Bus R X Z Type CKT/Branch % Impedance, Pos. Seq., 100 MVA Base Connected Bus ID

Y T1 Bus 4 0.01 5.76 5.76Bus 1 2W XFMR T2 Bus 2 0.01 6.25 6.25Bus 7 2W XFMR T3 Bus 3 0.01 5.86 5.86Bus 9 2W XFMR T5 Solar BUS 0.06 3.10 3.10Bus 6 2W XFMR Line1 Bus 5 1.00 8.50 8.56 17.5998300Bus 4 Line Line2 Bus 6 1.70 9.20 9.36 15.8012300Bus 4 Line Line3 Bus 7 3.20 16.10 16.41 30.6026500Bus 5 Line Line4 Bus 9 3.90 17.00 17.44 35.7974300Bus 6 Line Line5 Bus 9 1.19 10.08 10.15 20.9007900Bus 8 Line Line6 Bus 8 0.85 7.20 7.25 14.9019300Bus 7 Line

68

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Revision: No Penetration

Config.: Normal

TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.

LOAD FLOW REPORT

Bus ID kV

Voltage Ang. % Mag.

Generation MW Mvar

Load MW Mvar

Load Flow MW Mvar Amp ID %PF

XFMR %Tap

Bus 1 * 16.500 0.0 104.000 29.527 69.477 Bus 4 69.477 29.527 2539.9 92.00 0

Bus 2 * 18.000 9.6 102.000 5.617 163.000 Bus 7 163.000 5.617 5128.8 99.90 0

Bus 3 * 13.800 4.9 102.000 -11.862 85.000 Bus 9 85.000 -11.862 3520.2 -99.00 0

Bus 4 230.000 -2.2 102.433 Bus 5 39.670 24.151 113.8 85.40 0 0 0

Bus 6 29.803 2.341 73.3 99.7

Bus 1 -69.473 -26.493 182.2 93.4

Bus 5 230.000 -3.9 99.320 49.645 124.135 Bus 4 -39.414 -39.888 141.7 70.30 0

Bus 7 -84.721 -9.757 215.5 99.3

Bus 6 230.000 -3.6 101.015 29.831 89.493 Bus 4 -29.641 -17.815 85.9 85.70 0

Bus 9 -59.853 -12.016 151.7 98.0

Solar BUS 0.000 0.000 0.0 99.5

Bus 7 230.000 4.0 102.135 Bus 5 87.059 -9.537 215.2 -99.40 0 0 0

Bus 8 75.925 -0.826 186.6 100.0

Bus 2 -162.984 10.363 401.4 -99.8

Bus 8 230.000 1.0 101.152 34.680 99.125 Bus 9 -23.673 -24.121 83.9 70.00 0

Bus 7 -75.452 -10.558 189.1 99.0

Bus 9 230.000 2.2 102.793 Bus 6 61.237 -19.127 156.7 -95.50 0 0 0

Bus 8 23.759 3.116 58.5 99.2

Bus 3 -84.996 16.010 211.2 -98.3

Solar BUS 0.220 -3.6 101.015 Bus 6 0.000 0.000 0.1 99.50 0 0 0

* # Indicates a bus with a load mismatch of more than 0.1 MVA Indicates a voltage regulated bus (voltage controlled or swing type machine connected to it)

69

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Contract: 123456789

Date: 03-10-2014

Revision: No Penetration

Config.: Normal

TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.

Bus Loading Summary Report

ID Bus

kV

Directly Connected Load

MW Mvar MVA % PF Amp Rated Amp Loading MW Mvar MW Mvar Constant kVA Constant Z Constant I

Percent Generic MW Mvar

Total Bus Load

Bus 1 16.500 75.491 2539.9 92.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Bus 2 18.000 163.097 5128.8 99.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Bus 3 13.800 85.824 3520.2 99.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Bus 4 230.000 74.354 182.2 93.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Bus 5 230.000 133.694 337.9 92.9 0 0 124.135 49.645 0 0 0 0

Bus 6 230.000 94.334 234.4 94.9 0 0 89.493 29.831 0 0 0 0

Bus 7 230.000 163.313 401.4 99.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Bus 8 230.000 105.016 260.6 94.4 0 0 99.125 34.680 0 0 0 0

Bus 9 230.000 87.121 212.8 97.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Solar BUS 0.220 0 0.1 99.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

70

Location: Lake Forest, CA

Engineer: OTI Study Case: LF

12.6.0C Page: 9

SN: ETAP-OTI

Filename: IEEE9BUS

Project: TS V&V ETAP

Contract: 123456789

Date: 03-10-2014

Revision: No Penetration

Config.: Normal

TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.

Branch Loading Summary Report

ID Type Loading Amp

% Capability (MVA)

MVA % Loading (output)

CKT / Branch Cable & Reactor Transformer

Loading (input) % MVA

Ampacity (Amp)

T1 Transformer 100.000 75.491 75.5 74.353 74.4 T2 Transformer 100.000 163.313 163.3 163.097 163.1 *

T3 Transformer 100.000 86.491 86.5 85.824 85.8

T5 Transformer 200.000 0.000 0.0 0.000 0.0

* Indicates a branch with operating load exceeding the branch capability.

71

Location: Lake Forest, CA

Engineer: OTI Study Case: LF

12.6.0C Page: 10

SN: ETAP-OTI

Filename: IEEE9BUS

Project: TS V&V ETAP

Contract: 123456789

Date: 03-10-2014

Revision: No Penetration

Config.: Normal

TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.

Branch Losses Summary Report

ID MW Mvar MW Mvar kW kvar From To CKT / Branch From-To Bus Flow To-From Bus Flow Losses % Bus Voltage

% Drop Vd

in Vmag

3.0 3034.9 104.0 102.4 1.57 T1 69.477 29.527 -69.473 -26.493

16.0 15979.8 102.0 102.1 0.14 T2 163.000 5.617 -162.984 10.363

4.1 4148.7 102.0 102.8 0.79 T3 85.000 -11.862 -84.996 16.010

256.2 -15736.1 102.4 99.3 3.11 Line1 39.670 24.151 -39.414 -39.888

162.2 -15473.6 102.4 101.0 1.42 Line2 29.803 2.341 -29.641 -17.815

2337.7 -19294.3 99.3 102.1 2.82 Line3 -84.721 -9.757 87.059 -9.537

1384.1 -31142.8 101.0 102.8 1.78 Line4 -59.853 -12.016 61.237 -19.127

0.0 0.0 101.0 101.0 0.00 T5 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

473.7 -11384.1 102.1 101.2 0.98 Line6 75.925 -0.826 -75.452 -10.558

86.2 -21005.1 101.2 102.8 1.64 Line5 -23.673 -24.121 23.759 3.116

4723.2 -90872.8

72

Location: Lake Forest, CA

Engineer: OTI Study Case: LF

12.6.0C Page: 11

SN: ETAP-OTI

Filename: IEEE9BUS

Project: TS V&V ETAP

Contract: 123456789

Date: 03-10-2014

Revision: No Penetration

Config.: Normal

TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.

Alert Summary Report

Cable 0.0

Bus

Critical

0.0

Loading

% Alert Settings

0.0

100.0

0.0

Line

Transformer

Reactor

Panel

0.0

95.0

105.0

0.0

0.0

100.0

Generator Excitation

Bus Voltage

UnderExcited (Q Min.)

OverExcited (Q Max.)

UnderVoltage

OverVoltage

Protective Device

Generator Inverter/Charger 100.0

73

Location: Lake Forest, CA

Engineer: OTI Study Case: LF

12.6.0C Page: 12

SN: ETAP-OTI

Filename: IEEE9BUS

Project: TS V&V ETAP

Contract: 123456789

Date: 03-10-2014

Revision: No Penetration

Config.: Normal

TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.

0.000 0.000 0.000

0.000 0.000 0.000

Lagging 93.94 332.936

Total Generic Load:

Total Constant I Load:

0.000 0.000

-90.873 4.723

Number of Iterations: 2

System Mismatch:

Apparent Losses:

SUMMARY OF TOTAL GENERATION , LOADING & DEMAND

Leading 1.38 0.000

Lagging

Leading

Lagging

114.156 312.753

0.000 0.000

99.73 318.329 23.283 317.477

99.97 248.079-6.245 248.000

92.03 75.491 29.527 69.477

% PF MVA Mvar MW

Total Static Load:

Total Motor Load:

Total Demand:

Source (Non-Swing Buses):

Source (Swing Buses):

74

Location: Lake Forest, CA

Engineer: OTI Study Case: LF

12.6.0C Page: 1

SN: ETAP-OTI

Filename: IEEE9BUS

Project: TS V&V ETAP

Contract: 123456789

Date: 03-10-2014

Revision: Base

Config.: Normal

TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.

None Load Diversity Factor:

Normal

Generation Category (2):

Design

Loading Category (1):

Load Flow Analysis

Electrical Transient Analyzer Program

Number of Buses:

Number of Branches:

1 2 7 10

4 0 0 6 0 0 10

Total

Load

V-Control

XFMR2

Total

Tie PD

Impedance

Line/Cable

Reactor

XFMR3

Swing

Maximum No. of Iteration:

System Frequency:

Unit System:

Project Filename:

Output Filename:

Precision of Solution:

Method of Solution: Newton-Raphson Method

9999

0.0100000

60.00 Hz

English

IEEE9BUS

C:\ETAP 1260\Example-Other\EB-PV\IEEE9BUS\LF.lfr

75

Location: Lake Forest, CA

Engineer: OTI Study Case: LF

12.6.0C Page: 2

SN: ETAP-OTI

Filename: IEEE9BUS

Project: TS V&V ETAP

Contract: 123456789

Date: 03-10-2014

Revision: Base

Config.: Normal

TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.

Adjustments

Transformer Impedance:

Reactor Impedance:

Tolerance

Overload Heater Resistance:

Transmission Line Length:

Cable Length:

Temperature Correction

Transmission Line Resistance:

Cable Resistance:

Apply Adjustments /Global

Individual Percent

Apply Adjustments

Individual /Global Degree C

Individual

Individual

Individual

Individual

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

76

Location: Lake Forest, CA

Engineer: OTI Study Case: LF

12.6.0C Page: 3

SN: ETAP-OTI

Filename: IEEE9BUS

Project: TS V&V ETAP

Contract: 123456789

Date: 03-10-2014

Revision: Base

Config.: Normal

TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.

Bus Input Data

Sub-sys

Generic Constant I Constant Z Constant kVA Initial Voltage Bus Mvar MW Mvar MW Mvar MW Mvar MW Ang. % Mag. kV ID

Load

Bus 1 1 0.0 16.500 104.0

Bus 2 1 0.0 18.000 102.0

Bus 3 1 0.0 13.800 102.0

Bus 4 1 0.0 230.000 100.0

Bus 5 1 0.0 230.000 100.0 125.841 50.327

Bus 6 1 0.0 230.000 100.0 87.705 29.235

Bus 7 1 0.0 230.000 100.0

Bus 8 1 0.0 230.000 100.0 96.879 33.894

Bus 9 1 0.0 230.000 100.0

Solar BUS 1 -3.7 0.220 101.3

113.456 0.000 310.425 Total Number of Buses: 10 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

ID kV Generation Bus

Sub-sys Type Voltage

% Mag. Angle MW Mvar Max Min Generation Mvar Limits

% PF

Bus 1 1 Swing 0.0 16.500 104.0

Bus 2 1 Voltage Control 0.0 18.000 102.0 163.000 191.765 -191.765

Bus 3 1 Voltage Control 0.0 13.800 102.0 85.000 128.000 -128.000

Solar BUS 1 Mvar/PF Control 97.0 -3.7 0.220 101.3 248.010 62.157

496.010 62.157

77

Location: Lake Forest, CA

Engineer: OTI Study Case: LF

12.6.0C Page: 4

SN: ETAP-OTI

Filename: IEEE9BUS

Project: TS V&V ETAP

Contract: 123456789

Date: 03-10-2014

Revision: Base

Config.: Normal

TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.

Line/Cable Input Data

ID Library Size T (°C)

Line/Cable

Ohms or Siemens/1000 ft per Conductor (Cable) or per Phase (Line)

Adj. (ft) #/Phase % Tol.

Length

Y R X

Line1 1000.0 1 5.290000 44.965400 0.0003327 75 0.0 Line2 1000.0 1 8.993000 48.668000 0.0002987 75 0.0 Line3 1000.0 1 16.928000 85.169000 0.0005785 75 0.0

Line4 1000.0 1 20.631000 89.930000 0.0006767 75 0.0 Line5 1000.0 1 6.295100 53.323200 0.0003951 75 0.0 Line6 1000.0 1 4.496500 38.088000 0.0002817 75 0.0

Line / Cable resistances are listed at the specified temperatures.

78

Location: Lake Forest, CA

Engineer: OTI Study Case: LF

12.6.0C Page: 5

SN: ETAP-OTI

Filename: IEEE9BUS

Project: TS V&V ETAP

Contract: 123456789

Date: 03-10-2014

Revision: Base

Config.: Normal

TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.

2-Winding Transformer Input Data

ID MVA Prim. kV Sec. kV % Z1 X1/R1 Prim. Sec. Transformer % Tap Setting

% Tol. Rating Z Variation

+ 5% - 5% Phase Shift

Type Angle

% Z Adjusted

Phase

T1 5.76 1000.00 0 0 0 0 0 0.000 5.76003-Phase YNd 100.000 230.000 16.500

T2 6.25 1000.00 0 0 0 0 0 0.000 6.25003-Phase Dyn 100.000 18.000 230.000

T3 5.86 1000.00 0 0 0 0 0 0.000 5.86003-Phase Dyn 100.000 13.800 230.000

T5 7.75 50.00 0 0 0 0 0 0.000 7.75003-Phase Dyn 250.000 0.220 230.000

79

Location: Lake Forest, CA

Engineer: OTI Study Case: LF

12.6.0C Page: 6

SN: ETAP-OTI

Filename: IEEE9BUS

Project: TS V&V ETAP

Contract: 123456789

Date: 03-10-2014

Revision: Base

Config.: Normal

TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.

Branch Connections

ID From Bus To Bus R X Z Type CKT/Branch % Impedance, Pos. Seq., 100 MVA Base Connected Bus ID

Y T1 Bus 4 0.01 5.76 5.76Bus 1 2W XFMR T2 Bus 2 0.01 6.25 6.25Bus 7 2W XFMR T3 Bus 3 0.01 5.86 5.86Bus 9 2W XFMR T5 Solar BUS 0.06 3.10 3.10Bus 6 2W XFMR Line1 Bus 5 1.00 8.50 8.56 17.5998300Bus 4 Line Line2 Bus 6 1.70 9.20 9.36 15.8012300Bus 4 Line Line3 Bus 7 3.20 16.10 16.41 30.6026500Bus 5 Line Line4 Bus 9 3.90 17.00 17.44 35.7974300Bus 6 Line Line5 Bus 9 1.19 10.08 10.15 20.9007900Bus 8 Line Line6 Bus 8 0.85 7.20 7.25 14.9019300Bus 7 Line

80

Location: Lake Forest, CA

Engineer: OTI Study Case: LF

12.6.0C Page: 7

SN: ETAP-OTI

Filename: IEEE9BUS

Project: TS V&V ETAP

Contract: 123456789

Date: 03-10-2014

Revision: Base

Config.: Normal

TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.

LOAD FLOW REPORT

Bus ID kV

Voltage Ang. % Mag.

Generation MW Mvar

Load MW Mvar

Load Flow MW Mvar Amp ID %PF

XFMR %Tap

Bus 1 * 16.500 0.0 104.000 43.073-165.058 Bus 4 -165.058 43.073 5739.4 -96.80 0

Bus 2 * 18.000 21.2 102.000 5.685 163.000 Bus 7 163.000 5.685 5128.8 99.90 0

Bus 3 * 13.800 19.5 102.000 -26.899 85.000 Bus 9 85.000 -26.899 3656.8 -95.30 0

Bus 4 230.000 5.1 102.034 Bus 5 9.107 29.995 77.1 29.10 0 0 0

Bus 6 -174.181 -2.418 428.6 100.0

Bus 1 165.073 -27.576 411.7 -98.6

Bus 5 230.000 4.9 98.684 49.011 122.550 Bus 4 -8.952 -46.406 120.2 18.90 0

Bus 7 -113.598 -2.605 289.0 100.0

Bus 6 230.000 13.7 105.601 32.602 97.806 Bus 4 179.140 12.222 426.8 99.80 0

Bus 9 -29.288 -0.266 69.6 100.0

Solar BUS -247.658 -44.559 598.2 98.4

Bus 7 230.000 15.6 102.131 Bus 5 117.888 -6.673 290.2 -99.80 0 0 0

Bus 8 45.096 -3.622 111.2 -99.7

Bus 2 -162.984 10.295 401.4 -99.8

Bus 8 230.000 13.8 101.512 34.927 99.831 Bus 9 -54.902 -24.515 148.7 91.30 0

Bus 7 -44.929 -10.412 114.0 97.4

Bus 9 230.000 16.8 103.656 Bus 6 29.723 -37.027 115.0 -62.60 0 0 0

Bus 8 55.272 5.651 134.5 99.5

Bus 3 -84.996 31.376 219.4 -93.8

Solar BUS 0.220 17.6 107.299 62.157 248.010 Bus 6 248.010 62.157 625341.0 97.00 0

* # Indicates a bus with a load mismatch of more than 0.1 MVA Indicates a voltage regulated bus (voltage controlled or swing type machine connected to it)

81

Location: Lake Forest, CA

Engineer: OTI Study Case: LF

12.6.0C Page: 8

SN: ETAP-OTI

Filename: IEEE9BUS

Project: TS V&V ETAP

Contract: 123456789

Date: 03-10-2014

Revision: Base

Config.: Normal

TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.

Bus Loading Summary Report

ID Bus

kV

Directly Connected Load

MW Mvar MVA % PF Amp Rated Amp Loading MW Mvar MW Mvar Constant kVA Constant Z Constant I

Percent Generic MW Mvar

Total Bus Load

Bus 1 16.500 170.586 5739.4 96.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Bus 2 18.000 163.099 5128.8 99.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Bus 3 13.800 89.155 3656.8 95.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Bus 4 230.000 176.745 434.8 98.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Bus 5 230.000 131.987 335.7 92.8 0 0 122.550 49.011 0 0 0 0

Bus 6 230.000 280.550 666.9 98.7 0 0 97.806 32.602 0 0 0 0

Bus 7 230.000 163.309 401.4 99.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Bus 8 230.000 105.764 261.5 94.4 0 0 99.831 34.927 0 0 0 0

Bus 9 230.000 92.710 224.5 91.7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Solar BUS 0.220 255.680 625341.0 97.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

82

Location: Lake Forest, CA

Engineer: OTI Study Case: LF

12.6.0C Page: 9

SN: ETAP-OTI

Filename: IEEE9BUS

Project: TS V&V ETAP

Contract: 123456789

Date: 03-10-2014

Revision: Base

Config.: Normal

TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.

Branch Loading Summary Report

ID Type Loading Amp

% Capability (MVA)

MVA % Loading (output)

CKT / Branch Cable & Reactor Transformer

Loading (input) % MVA

Ampacity (Amp)

T1 Transformer 100.000 170.586 170.6 167.361 167.4 * T2 Transformer 100.000 163.309 163.3 163.099 163.1 *

T3 Transformer 100.000 90.602 90.6 89.155 89.2

T5 Transformer 200.000 255.680 127.8 251.635 125.8 *

* Indicates a branch with operating load exceeding the branch capability.

83

Location: Lake Forest, CA

Engineer: OTI Study Case: LF

12.6.0C Page: 10

SN: ETAP-OTI

Filename: IEEE9BUS

Project: TS V&V ETAP

Contract: 123456789

Date: 03-10-2014

Revision: Base

Config.: Normal

TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.

Branch Losses Summary Report

ID MW Mvar MW Mvar kW kvar From To CKT / Branch From-To Bus Flow To-From Bus Flow Losses % Bus Voltage

% Drop Vd

in Vmag

15.5 15496.7 104.0 102.0 1.97 T1 -165.058 43.073 165.073 -27.576

16.0 15980.2 102.0 102.1 0.13 T2 163.000 5.685 -162.984 10.295

4.5 4477.0 102.0 103.7 1.66 T3 85.000 -26.899 -84.996 31.376

155.2 -16411.8 102.0 98.7 3.35 Line1 9.107 29.995 -8.952 -46.406

4959.5 9804.0 102.0 105.6 3.57 Line2 -174.181 -2.418 179.140 12.222

4290.0 -9277.3 98.7 102.1 3.45 Line3 -113.598 -2.605 117.888 -6.673

435.6 -37292.4 105.6 103.7 1.95 Line4 -29.288 -0.266 29.723 -37.027

352.0 17598.5 105.6 107.3 1.70 T5 -247.658 -44.559 248.010 62.157

167.1 -14034.3 102.1 101.5 0.62 Line6 45.096 -3.622 -44.929 -10.412

369.9 -18863.9 101.5 103.7 2.14 Line5 -54.902 -24.515 55.272 5.651

10765.4 -32523.3

84

Location: Lake Forest, CA

Engineer: OTI Study Case: LF

12.6.0C Page: 11

SN: ETAP-OTI

Filename: IEEE9BUS

Project: TS V&V ETAP

Contract: 123456789

Date: 03-10-2014

Revision: Base

Config.: Normal

TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.

Alert Summary Report

Cable 0.0

Bus

Critical

0.0

Loading

% Alert Settings

0.0

100.0

0.0

Line

Transformer

Reactor

Panel

0.0

95.0

105.0

0.0

0.0

100.0

Generator Excitation

Bus Voltage

UnderExcited (Q Min.)

OverExcited (Q Max.)

UnderVoltage

OverVoltage

Protective Device

Generator Inverter/Charger 100.0

Critical Report

Device ID Type Rating/Limit Condition Unit Operating % Operating Phase Type

105.6 3-Phase Over Voltage Bus 6 Bus kV 230.00 242.88

G1 0.0 3-Phase Under Power Generator MW 0.00 -165.06

Solar BUS 107.3 3-Phase Over Voltage Bus kV 0.22 0.24

85

Location: Lake Forest, CA

Engineer: OTI Study Case: LF

12.6.0C Page: 12

SN: ETAP-OTI

Filename: IEEE9BUS

Project: TS V&V ETAP

Contract: 123456789

Date: 03-10-2014

Revision: Base

Config.: Normal

TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.

0.000 0.000 0.000

0.000 0.000 0.000

Lagging 93.97 340.736

Total Generic Load:

Total Constant I Load:

0.000 0.000

-32.523 10.765

Number of Iterations: 3

System Mismatch:

Apparent Losses:

SUMMARY OF TOTAL GENERATION , LOADING & DEMAND

0.000

Lagging

Lagging

Leading

116.540 320.187

0.000 0.000

96.93 341.450 84.016 330.952

99.66 497.697 40.943 496.010

96.76 170.586 43.073 -165.058

% PF MVA Mvar MW

Total Static Load:

Total Motor Load:

Total Demand:

Source (Non-Swing Buses):

Source (Swing Buses):

86

Location: Lake Forest, CA

Engineer: OTI Study Case: LF

12.6.0C Page: 1

SN: ETAP-OTI

Filename: IEEE9BUS

Project: TS V&V ETAP

Contract: 123456789

Date: 03-10-2014

Revision: Base

Config.: Normal

TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.

None Load Diversity Factor:

Normal

Generation Category (2):

Design

Loading Category (1):

Load Flow Analysis

Electrical Transient Analyzer Program

Number of Buses:

Number of Branches:

1 2 9 12

6 0 0 6 0 0 12

Total

Load

V-Control

XFMR2

Total

Tie PD

Impedance

Line/Cable

Reactor

XFMR3

Swing

Maximum No. of Iteration:

System Frequency:

Unit System:

Project Filename:

Output Filename:

Precision of Solution:

Method of Solution: Newton-Raphson Method

9999

0.0100000

60.00 Hz

English

IEEE9BUS

C:\ETAP 1260\Example-Other\EB-PV\IEEE9BUS\LF.lfr

87

Location: Lake Forest, CA

Engineer: OTI Study Case: LF

12.6.0C Page: 2

SN: ETAP-OTI

Filename: IEEE9BUS

Project: TS V&V ETAP

Contract: 123456789

Date: 03-10-2014

Revision: Base

Config.: Normal

TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.

Adjustments

Transformer Impedance:

Reactor Impedance:

Tolerance

Overload Heater Resistance:

Transmission Line Length:

Cable Length:

Temperature Correction

Transmission Line Resistance:

Cable Resistance:

Apply Adjustments /Global

Individual Percent

Apply Adjustments

Individual /Global Degree C

Individual

Individual

Individual

Individual

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

88

Location: Lake Forest, CA

Engineer: OTI Study Case: LF

12.6.0C Page: 3

SN: ETAP-OTI

Filename: IEEE9BUS

Project: TS V&V ETAP

Contract: 123456789

Date: 03-10-2014

Revision: Base

Config.: Normal

TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.

Bus Input Data

Sub-sys

Generic Constant I Constant Z Constant kVA Initial Voltage Bus Mvar MW Mvar MW Mvar MW Mvar MW Ang. % Mag. kV ID

Load

Bus 1 1 0.0 16.500 104.0

Bus 2 1 0.0 18.000 102.0

Bus 3 1 0.0 13.800 102.0

Bus 4 1 0.0 230.000 100.0

Bus 5 1 0.0 230.000 100.0 125.841 50.327

Bus 6 1 0.0 230.000 100.0 87.705 29.235

Bus 7 1 0.0 230.000 100.0

Bus 8 1 0.0 230.000 100.0 96.879 33.894

Bus 9 1 0.0 230.000 100.0

Solar Bus1 1 -3.7 0.220 101.3

Solar Bus2 1 22.3 0.220 108.2

Solar Bus3 1 18.8 0.220 98.5

113.456 0.000 310.425 Total Number of Buses: 12 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

ID kV Generation Bus

Sub-sys Type Voltage

% Mag. Angle MW Mvar Max Min Generation Mvar Limits

% PF

Bus 1 1 Swing 0.0 16.500 104.0

Bus 2 1 Voltage Control 0.0 18.000 102.0 163.000 191.765 -191.765

Bus 3 1 Voltage Control 0.0 13.800 102.0 85.000 128.000 -128.000

Solar Bus1 1 Mvar/PF Control 97.0 -3.7 0.220 101.3 82.645 20.713

Solar Bus2 1 Mvar/PF Control 97.0 22.3 0.220 108.2 82.645 20.713

Solar Bus3 1 Mvar/PF Control 97.0 18.8 0.220 98.5 82.645 20.713

495.933 62.138

89

Location: Lake Forest, CA

Engineer: OTI Study Case: LF

12.6.0C Page: 4

SN: ETAP-OTI

Filename: IEEE9BUS

Project: TS V&V ETAP

Contract: 123456789

Date: 03-10-2014

Revision: Base

Config.: Normal

TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.

Line/Cable Input Data

ID Library Size T (°C)

Line/Cable

Ohms or Siemens/1000 ft per Conductor (Cable) or per Phase (Line)

Adj. (ft) #/Phase % Tol.

Length

Y R X

Line1 1000.0 1 5.290000 44.965400 0.0003327 75 0.0 Line2 1000.0 1 8.993000 48.668000 0.0002987 75 0.0 Line3 1000.0 1 16.928000 85.169000 0.0005785 75 0.0

Line4 1000.0 1 20.631000 89.930000 0.0006767 75 0.0 Line5 1000.0 1 6.295100 53.323200 0.0003951 75 0.0 Line6 1000.0 1 4.496500 38.088000 0.0002817 75 0.0

Line / Cable resistances are listed at the specified temperatures.

90

Location: Lake Forest, CA

Engineer: OTI Study Case: LF

12.6.0C Page: 5

SN: ETAP-OTI

Filename: IEEE9BUS

Project: TS V&V ETAP

Contract: 123456789

Date: 03-10-2014

Revision: Base

Config.: Normal

TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.

2-Winding Transformer Input Data

ID MVA Prim. kV Sec. kV % Z1 X1/R1 Prim. Sec. Transformer % Tap Setting

% Tol. Rating Z Variation

+ 5% - 5% Phase Shift

Type Angle

% Z Adjusted

Phase

T1 5.76 1000.00 0 0 0 0 0 0.000 5.76003-Phase YNd 100.000 230.000 16.500

T2 6.25 1000.00 0 0 0 0 0 0.000 6.25003-Phase Dyn 100.000 18.000 230.000

T3 5.86 1000.00 0 0 0 0 0 0.000 5.86003-Phase Dyn 100.000 13.800 230.000

T5 7.75 50.00 0 0 0 0 0 0.000 7.75003-Phase Dyn 250.000 0.220 230.000

T6 7.75 50.00 0 0 0 0 0 0.000 7.75003-Phase Dyn 250.000 0.220 230.000

T7 7.75 50.00 0 0 0 0 0 0.000 7.75003-Phase Dyn 250.000 0.220 230.000

91

Location: Lake Forest, CA

Engineer: OTI Study Case: LF

12.6.0C Page: 6

SN: ETAP-OTI

Filename: IEEE9BUS

Project: TS V&V ETAP

Contract: 123456789

Date: 03-10-2014

Revision: Base

Config.: Normal

TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.

Branch Connections

ID From Bus To Bus R X Z Type CKT/Branch % Impedance, Pos. Seq., 100 MVA Base Connected Bus ID

Y T1 Bus 4 0.01 5.76 5.76Bus 1 2W XFMR T2 Bus 2 0.01 6.25 6.25Bus 7 2W XFMR T3 Bus 3 0.01 5.86 5.86Bus 9 2W XFMR T5 Solar Bus1 0.06 3.10 3.10Bus 6 2W XFMR T6 Solar Bus2 0.06 3.10 3.10Bus 7 2W XFMR T7 Solar Bus3 0.06 3.10 3.10Bus 9 2W XFMR Line1 Bus 5 1.00 8.50 8.56 17.5998300Bus 4 Line Line2 Bus 6 1.70 9.20 9.36 15.8012300Bus 4 Line Line3 Bus 7 3.20 16.10 16.41 30.6026500Bus 5 Line Line4 Bus 9 3.90 17.00 17.44 35.7974300Bus 6 Line Line5 Bus 9 1.19 10.08 10.15 20.9007900Bus 8 Line Line6 Bus 8 0.85 7.20 7.25 14.9019300Bus 7 Line

92

Location: Lake Forest, CA

Engineer: OTI Study Case: LF

12.6.0C Page: 7

SN: ETAP-OTI

Filename: IEEE9BUS

Project: TS V&V ETAP

Contract: 123456789

Date: 03-10-2014

Revision: Base

Config.: Normal

TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.

LOAD FLOW REPORT

Bus ID kV

Voltage Ang. % Mag.

Generation MW Mvar

Load MW Mvar

Load Flow MW Mvar Amp ID %PF

XFMR %Tap

Bus 1 * 16.500 0.0 104.000 78.725-170.573 Bus 4 -170.573 78.725 6320.7 -90.80 0

Bus 2 * 18.000 30.6 102.000 4.572 163.000 Bus 7 163.000 4.572 5127.7 100.00 0

Bus 3 * 13.800 27.0 102.000 -24.997 85.000 Bus 9 85.000 -24.997 3634.0 -95.90 0

Bus 4 230.000 5.4 100.096 -0.001-0.002 Bus 5 -52.942 44.107 172.8 -76.80 0

Bus 6 -117.648 15.825 297.7 -99.1

Bus 1 170.592 -59.930 453.4 -94.3

Bus 5 230.000 8.4 96.262 46.635 116.611 Bus 4 53.501 -56.324 202.6 -68.90 0

Bus 7 -170.112 9.689 444.3 -99.8

Bus 6 230.000 11.8 100.540 29.551 88.656 Bus 4 120.092 -18.500 303.4 -98.80 0

Bus 9 -126.147 7.465 315.5 -99.8

Solar Bus1 -82.600 -18.516 211.3 97.6

Bus 7 230.000 25.0 102.199 Bus 5 180.302 11.418 443.7 99.80 0 0 0

Bus 8 65.283 -4.234 160.7 -99.8

Bus 2 -162.984 11.401 401.3 -99.8

Solar Bus2 -82.602 -18.585 208.0 97.6

Bus 8 230.000 22.5 101.509 34.925 99.825 Bus 9 -34.890 -26.645 108.6 79.50 0

Bus 7 -64.935 -8.280 161.9 99.2

Bus 9 230.000 24.3 103.546 Bus 6 132.539 -16.887 323.9 -99.20 0 0 0

Bus 8 35.059 6.109 86.3 98.5

Bus 3 -84.996 29.418 218.0 -94.5

Solar Bus3 -82.603 -18.640 205.3 97.5

Solar Bus1 0.220 13.3 101.194 20.713 82.645 Bus 6 82.644 20.713 220955.7 97.00 0

Solar Bus2 0.220 26.4 102.843 20.713 82.645 Bus 7 82.645 20.713 217412.4 97.00 0

Solar Bus3 0.220 25.6 104.183 20.713 82.645 Bus 9 82.645 20.713 214616.1 97.00 0

* # Indicates a bus with a load mismatch of more than 0.1 MVA Indicates a voltage regulated bus (voltage controlled or swing type machine connected to it)

93

Location: Lake Forest, CA

Engineer: OTI Study Case: LF

12.6.0C Page: 8

SN: ETAP-OTI

Filename: IEEE9BUS

Project: TS V&V ETAP

Contract: 123456789

Date: 03-10-2014

Revision: Base

Config.: Normal

TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.

Bus Loading Summary Report

ID Bus

kV

Directly Connected Load

MW Mvar MVA % PF Amp Rated Amp Loading MW Mvar MW Mvar Constant kVA Constant Z Constant I

Percent Generic MW Mvar

Total Bus Load

Bus 1 16.500 187.864 6320.7 90.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Bus 2 18.000 163.064 5127.7 100.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Bus 3 13.800 88.599 3634.0 95.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Bus 4 230.000 180.813 453.4 94.3-0.002 -0.001 0 0 0 0 0 0

Bus 5 230.000 179.194 467.3 94.9 0 -0.001 116.610 46.636 0 0 0 0

Bus 6 230.000 212.004 529.3 98.5 0.001 -0.001 88.655 29.552 0 0 0 0

Bus 7 230.000 246.644 605.8 99.6 0.001 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Bus 8 230.000 105.758 261.5 94.4 0 0 99.825 34.925 0 0 0 0

Bus 9 230.000 171.323 415.3 97.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Solar Bus1 0.220 85.201 220956.0 97.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Solar Bus2 0.220 85.201 217412.4 97.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Solar Bus3 0.220 85.201 214616.1 97.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

94

Location: Lake Forest, CA

Engineer: OTI Study Case: LF

12.6.0C Page: 9

SN: ETAP-OTI

Filename: IEEE9BUS

Project: TS V&V ETAP

Contract: 123456789

Date: 03-10-2014

Revision: Base

Config.: Normal

TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.

Branch Loading Summary Report

ID Type Loading Amp

% Capability (MVA)

MVA % Loading (output)

CKT / Branch Cable & Reactor Transformer

Loading (input) % MVA

Ampacity (Amp)

T1 Transformer 100.000 187.864 187.9 180.813 180.8 * T2 Transformer 100.000 163.382 163.4 163.064 163.1 *

T3 Transformer 100.000 89.943 89.9 88.599 88.6

T5 Transformer 200.000 85.200 42.6 84.650 42.3

T6 Transformer 200.000 85.201 42.6 84.667 42.3 T7 Transformer 200.000 85.201 42.6 84.680 42.3

* Indicates a branch with operating load exceeding the branch capability.

95

Location: Lake Forest, CA

Engineer: OTI Study Case: LF

12.6.0C Page: 10

SN: ETAP-OTI

Filename: IEEE9BUS

Project: TS V&V ETAP

Contract: 123456789

Date: 03-10-2014

Revision: Base

Config.: Normal

TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.

Branch Losses Summary Report

ID MW Mvar MW Mvar kW kvar From To CKT / Branch From-To Bus Flow To-From Bus Flow Losses % Bus Voltage

% Drop Vd

in Vmag

18.8 18795.1 104.0 100.1 3.90 T1 -170.573 78.725 170.592 -59.930

16.0 15973.4 102.0 102.2 0.20 T2 163.000 4.572 -162.984 11.401

4.4 4421.4 102.0 103.5 1.55 T3 85.000 -24.997 -84.996 29.418

559.3 -12217.2 100.1 96.3 3.83 Line1 -52.942 44.107 53.501 -56.324

2444.1 -2675.3 100.1 100.5 0.44 Line2 -117.648 15.825 120.092 -18.500

10190.0 21107.8 96.3 102.2 5.94 Line3 -170.112 9.689 180.302 11.418

6391.6 -9422.4 100.5 103.5 3.01 Line4 -126.147 7.465 132.539 -16.887

43.9 2197.1 100.5 101.2 0.65 T5 -82.600 -18.516 82.644 20.713

347.9 -12513.2 102.2 101.5 0.69 Line6 65.283 -4.234 -64.935 -8.280

42.5 2127.2 102.2 102.8 0.64 T6 -82.602 -18.585 82.645 20.713

169.7 -20535.5 101.5 103.5 2.04 Line5 -34.890 -26.645 35.059 6.109

41.5 2072.8 103.5 104.2 0.64 T7 -82.603 -18.640 82.645 20.713

20269.7 9331.0

96

Location: Lake Forest, CA

Engineer: OTI Study Case: LF

12.6.0C Page: 11

SN: ETAP-OTI

Filename: IEEE9BUS

Project: TS V&V ETAP

Contract: 123456789

Date: 03-10-2014

Revision: Base

Config.: Normal

TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.

Alert Summary Report

Cable 0.0

Bus

Critical

0.0

Loading

% Alert Settings

0.0

100.0

0.0

Line

Transformer

Reactor

Panel

0.0

95.0

105.0

0.0

0.0

100.0

Generator Excitation

Bus Voltage

UnderExcited (Q Min.)

OverExcited (Q Max.)

UnderVoltage

OverVoltage

Protective Device

Generator Inverter/Charger 100.0

Critical Report

Device ID Type Rating/Limit Condition Unit Operating % Operating Phase Type

0.0 3-Phase Under Power G1 Generator MW 0.00 -170.57

97

Location: Lake Forest, CA

Engineer: OTI Study Case: LF

12.6.0C Page: 12

SN: ETAP-OTI

Filename: IEEE9BUS

Project: TS V&V ETAP

Contract: 123456789

Date: 03-10-2014

Revision: Base

Config.: Normal

TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.

Project: TS V&V ETAP

Contract: 123456789

Date: 03-10-2014

Revision: Base

Config.: Normal

TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.

0.000 0.000 0.000

0.000 0.000 0.000

Lagging 93.96 324.693

Total Generic Load:

Total Constant I Load:

0.004 0.005

9.331 20.270

Number of Iterations: 2

System Mismatch:

System Mismatch:

Apparent Losses:

SUMMARY OF TOTAL GENERATION , LOADING & DEMAND

Leading 8.66 0.004

Lagging

Lagging

Leading

111.112 305.090

-0.004 0.000

93.78 346.936 120.439 325.360

99.65 497.685 41.714 495.933

90.80 187.864 78.725 -170.573

% PF MVA Mvar MW

Total Static Load:

Total Motor Load:

Total Demand:

Source (Non-Swing Buses):

Source (Swing Buses):

98

Location: Lake Forest, CA

Engineer: OTI Study Case: LF

12.6.0C Page: 1

SN: ETAP-OTI

Filename: IEEE9BUS

Project: TS V&V ETAP

Contract: 123456789 Date: 03-10-2014

Revision: 10 Percent Config.: Normal

TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.

LOAD FLOW REPORT

Bus ID kV

Voltage Ang. % Mag.

Generation MW Mvar

Load MW Mvar

Load Flow MW Mvar Amp ID %PF

XFMR %Tap

Bus 1 * 16.500 0.0 104.000 25.355 46.549 Bus 4 46.549 25.355 1783.4 87.80 0

Bus 2 * 18.000 10.7 102.000 4.576 163.000 Bus 7 163.000 4.576 5127.7 100.00 0

Bus 3 * 13.800 6.3 102.000 -15.039 85.000 Bus 9 85.000 -15.039 3540.6 -98.50 0

Bus 4 230.000 -1.4 102.625 Bus 5 37.038 25.370 109.8 82.50 0 0 0

Bus 6 9.510 -1.512 23.6 -98.8

Bus 1 -46.548 -23.858 127.9 89.0

Bus 5 230.000 -3.0 99.433 49.758 124.419 Bus 4 -36.794 -41.263 139.6 66.60 0

Bus 7 -87.625 -8.495 222.2 99.5

Bus 6 230.000 -1.9 101.860 30.333 90.998 Bus 4 -9.488 -14.887 43.5 53.70 0

Bus 9 -56.723 -9.427 141.7 98.6

Solar BUS -24.788 -6.019 62.9 97.2

Bus 7 230.000 5.1 102.199 Bus 5 90.124 -10.040 222.7 -99.40 0 0 0

Bus 8 72.860 -1.358 179.0 -100.0

Bus 2 -162.984 11.398 401.3 -99.8

Bus 8 230.000 2.2 101.268 34.759 99.351 Bus 9 -26.926 -24.381 90.0 74.10 0

Bus 7 -72.425 -10.378 181.4 99.0

Bus 9 230.000 3.6 102.975 Bus 6 57.964 -22.715 151.8 -93.10 0 0 0

Bus 8 27.032 3.479 66.4 99.2

Bus 3 -84.996 19.236 212.4 -97.5

Solar BUS 0.220 -1.4 102.061 6.213 24.792 Bus 6 24.792 6.213 65719.0 97.00 0

* # Indicates a bus with a load mismatch of more than 0.1 MVA

Indicates a voltage regulated bus (voltage controlled or swing type machine connected to it)

99

Location: Lake Forest, CA

Engineer: OTI Study Case: LF

12.6.0C Page: 1

SN: ETAP-OTI

Filename: IEEE9BUS

Project: TS V&V ETAP

Contract: 123456789 Date: 03-10-2014

Revision: 20 Percent Config.: Normal

TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.

LOAD FLOW REPORT

Bus ID kV

Voltage Ang. % Mag.

Generation MW Mvar

Load MW Mvar

Load Flow MW Mvar Amp ID %PF

XFMR %Tap

Bus 1 * 16.500 0.0 104.000 22.433 23.577 Bus 4 23.577 22.433 1094.9 72.40 0

Bus 2 * 18.000 11.8 102.000 3.778 163.000 Bus 7 163.000 3.778 5127.1 100.00 0

Bus 3 * 13.800 7.7 102.000 -17.805 85.000 Bus 9 85.000 -17.805 3562.1 -97.90 0

Bus 4 230.000 -0.7 102.765 Bus 5 34.333 26.437 105.8 79.20 0 0 0

Bus 6 -10.756 -4.568 28.5 92.0

Bus 1 -23.576 -21.869 78.5 73.3

Bus 5 230.000 -2.2 99.506 49.832 124.602 Bus 4 -34.100 -42.467 137.4 62.60 0

Bus 7 -90.502 -7.365 229.1 99.7

Bus 6 230.000 -0.2 102.610 30.781 92.342 Bus 4 10.777 -11.981 39.4 -66.90 0

Bus 9 -53.629 -7.154 132.4 99.1

Solar BUS -49.491 -11.646 124.4 97.3

Bus 7 230.000 6.2 102.248 Bus 5 93.169 -10.366 230.1 -99.40 0 0 0

Bus 8 69.815 -1.825 171.5 -100.0

Bus 2 -162.984 12.192 401.3 -99.7

Bus 8 230.000 3.5 101.364 34.825 99.540 Bus 9 -30.124 -24.586 96.3 77.50 0

Bus 7 -69.416 -10.238 173.8 98.9

Bus 9 230.000 5.0 103.134 Bus 6 54.745 -25.865 147.4 -90.40 0 0 0

Bus 8 30.251 3.812 74.2 99.2

Bus 3 -84.996 22.053 213.7 -96.8

Solar BUS 0.220 0.7 103.002 12.407 49.506 Bus 6 49.506 12.407 130033.6 97.00 0

* # Indicates a bus with a load mismatch of more than 0.1 MVA

Indicates a voltage regulated bus (voltage controlled or swing type machine connected to it)

100

Location: Lake Forest, CA

Engineer: OTI Study Case: LF

12.6.0C Page: 1

SN: ETAP-OTI

Filename: IEEE9BUS

Project: TS V&V ETAP

Contract: 123456789 Date: 03-10-2014

Revision: 30 Percent Config.: Normal

TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.

LOAD FLOW REPORT

Bus ID kV

Voltage Ang. % Mag.

Generation MW Mvar

Load MW Mvar

Load Flow MW Mvar Amp ID %PF

XFMR %Tap

Bus 1 * 16.500 0.0 104.000 20.714 0.367 Bus 4 0.367 20.714 697.0 1.80 0

Bus 2 * 18.000 13.0 102.000 3.209 163.000 Bus 7 163.000 3.209 5126.7 100.00 0

Bus 3 * 13.800 9.2 102.000 -20.203 85.000 Bus 9 85.000 -20.203 3583.5 -97.30 0

Bus 4 230.000 0.0 102.853 Bus 5 31.527 27.364 101.9 75.50 0 0 0

Bus 6 -31.160 -6.879 77.9 97.6

Bus 1 -0.367 -20.486 50.0 1.8

Bus 5 230.000 -1.3 99.541 49.866 124.688 Bus 4 -31.306 -43.513 135.2 58.40 0

Bus 7 -93.382 -6.353 236.0 99.8

Bus 6 230.000 1.5 103.274 31.180 93.541 Bus 4 31.317 -9.059 79.2 -96.10 0

Bus 9 -50.541 -5.175 123.5 99.5

Solar BUS -74.317 -16.946 185.3 97.5

Bus 7 230.000 7.3 102.282 Bus 5 96.223 -10.520 237.6 -99.40 0 0 0

Bus 8 66.761 -2.237 163.9 -99.9

Bus 2 -162.984 12.758 401.2 -99.7

Bus 8 230.000 4.7 101.443 34.879 99.695 Bus 9 -33.299 -24.742 102.7 80.30 0

Bus 7 -66.396 -10.137 166.2 98.9

Bus 9 230.000 6.5 103.271 Bus 6 51.546 -28.623 143.3 -87.40 0 0 0

Bus 8 33.450 4.121 81.9 99.2

Bus 3 -84.996 24.502 215.0 -96.1

Solar BUS 0.220 2.8 103.851 18.634 74.351 Bus 6 74.351 18.634 193696.4 97.00 0

* # Indicates a bus with a load mismatch of more than 0.1 MVA

Indicates a voltage regulated bus (voltage controlled or swing type machine connected to it)

101

Location: Lake Forest, CA

Engineer: OTI Study Case: LF

12.6.0C Page: 1

SN: ETAP-OTI

Filename: IEEE9BUS

Project: TS V&V ETAP

Contract: 123456789 Date: 03-10-2014

Revision: 40 Percent Config.: Normal

TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.

LOAD FLOW REPORT

Bus ID kV

Voltage Ang. % Mag.

Generation MW Mvar

Load MW Mvar

Load Flow MW Mvar Amp ID %PF

XFMR %Tap

Bus 1 * 16.500 0.0 104.000 20.203-22.862 Bus 4 -22.862 20.203 1026.5 -74.90 0

Bus 2 * 18.000 14.1 102.000 2.871 163.000 Bus 7 163.000 2.871 5126.5 100.00 0

Bus 3 * 13.800 10.6 102.000 -22.224 85.000 Bus 9 85.000 -22.224 3603.6 -96.70 0

Bus 4 230.000 0.7 102.890 Bus 5 28.645 28.148 98.0 71.30 0 0 0

Bus 6 -51.508 -8.441 127.3 98.7

Bus 1 22.863 -19.707 73.6 -75.7

Bus 5 230.000 -0.4 99.537 49.862 124.679 Bus 4 -28.435 -44.397 133.0 53.90 0

Bus 7 -96.244 -5.466 243.1 99.8

Bus 6 230.000 3.2 103.850 31.529 94.588 Bus 4 51.934 -6.138 126.4 -99.30 0

Bus 9 -47.485 -3.512 115.1 99.7

Solar BUS -99.037 -21.880 245.2 97.6

Bus 7 230.000 8.5 102.303 Bus 5 99.266 -10.503 244.9 -99.40 0 0 0

Bus 8 63.718 -2.591 156.5 -99.9

Bus 2 -162.984 13.095 401.2 -99.7

Bus 8 230.000 6.0 101.504 34.921 99.815 Bus 9 -36.429 -24.850 109.1 82.60 0

Bus 7 -63.386 -10.072 158.7 98.8

Bus 9 230.000 7.9 103.387 Bus 6 48.390 -30.976 139.5 -84.20 0 0 0

Bus 8 36.605 4.404 89.5 99.3

Bus 3 -84.996 26.572 216.2 -95.4

Solar BUS 0.220 4.9 104.604 24.836 99.097 Bus 6 99.097 24.836 256304.8 97.00 0

* # Indicates a bus with a load mismatch of more than 0.1 MVA

Indicates a voltage regulated bus (voltage controlled or swing type machine connected to it)

102

Location: Lake Forest, CA

Engineer: OTI Study Case: LF

12.6.0C Page: 1

SN: ETAP-OTI

Filename: IEEE9BUS

Project: TS V&V ETAP

Contract: 123456789 Date: 03-10-2014

Revision: 50 Percent Config.: Normal

TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.

LOAD FLOW REPORT

Bus ID kV

Voltage Ang. % Mag.

Generation MW Mvar

Load MW Mvar

Load Flow MW Mvar Amp ID %PF

XFMR %Tap

Bus 1 * 16.500 0.0 104.000 20.888-46.239 Bus 4 -46.239 20.888 1707.1 -91.10 0

Bus 2 * 18.000 15.2 102.000 2.757 163.000 Bus 7 163.000 2.757 5126.4 100.00 0

Bus 3 * 13.800 12.0 102.000 -23.892 85.000 Bus 9 85.000 -23.892 3621.5 -96.30 0

Bus 4 230.000 1.4 102.878 Bus 5 25.665 28.795 94.1 66.50 0 0 0

Bus 6 -71.905 -9.278 176.9 99.2

Bus 1 46.240 -19.517 122.5 -92.1

Bus 5 230.000 0.4 99.495 49.820 124.573 Bus 4 -25.466 -45.125 130.7 49.10 0

Bus 7 -99.107 -4.695 250.3 99.9

Bus 6 230.000 5.0 104.345 31.831 95.492 Bus 4 72.736 -3.191 175.1 -99.90 0

Bus 9 -44.440 -2.154 107.0 99.9

Solar BUS -123.788 -26.485 304.5 97.8

Bus 7 230.000 9.6 102.310 Bus 5 102.318 -10.316 252.3 -99.50 0 0 0

Bus 8 60.666 -2.893 149.0 -99.9

Bus 2 -162.984 13.208 401.2 -99.7

Bus 8 230.000 7.2 101.549 34.952 99.903 Bus 9 -39.537 -24.910 115.5 84.60 0

Bus 7 -60.365 -10.042 151.3 98.6

Bus 9 230.000 9.3 103.483 Bus 6 45.255 -32.948 135.8 -80.80 0 0 0

Bus 8 39.741 4.666 97.1 99.3

Bus 3 -84.996 28.283 217.3 -94.9

Solar BUS 0.220 6.9 105.269 31.047 123.879 Bus 6 123.879 31.047 318378.0 97.00 0

* # Indicates a bus with a load mismatch of more than 0.1 MVA

Indicates a voltage regulated bus (voltage controlled or swing type machine connected to it)

103

Location: Lake Forest, CA

Engineer: OTI Study Case: LF

12.6.0C Page: 1

SN: ETAP-OTI

Filename: IEEE9BUS

Project: TS V&V ETAP

Contract: 123456789 Date: 03-10-2014

Revision: 60 Percent Config.: Normal

TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.

LOAD FLOW REPORT

Bus ID kV

Voltage Ang. % Mag.

Generation MW Mvar

Load MW Mvar

Load Flow MW Mvar Amp ID %PF

XFMR %Tap

Bus 1 * 16.500 0.0 104.000 22.804-69.941 Bus 4 -69.941 22.804 2475.1 -95.10 0

Bus 2 * 18.000 16.4 102.000 2.871 163.000 Bus 7 163.000 2.871 5126.5 100.00 0

Bus 3 * 13.800 13.5 102.000 -25.218 85.000 Bus 9 85.000 -25.218 3636.6 -95.90 0

Bus 4 230.000 2.2 102.814 Bus 5 22.558 29.311 90.3 61.00 0 0 0

Bus 6 -92.503 -9.389 227.0 99.5

Bus 1 69.944 -19.922 177.6 -96.2

Bus 5 230.000 1.3 99.413 49.739 124.369 Bus 4 -22.369 -45.702 128.5 44.00 0

Bus 7 -102.000 -4.037 257.8 99.9

Bus 6 230.000 6.7 104.762 32.086 96.258 Bus 4 93.879 -0.185 224.9 100.00 0

Bus 9 -41.379 -1.103 99.2 100.0

Solar BUS -148.757 -30.798 364.0 97.9

Bus 7 230.000 10.8 102.303 Bus 5 105.409 -9.951 259.8 -99.60 0 0 0

Bus 8 57.575 -3.144 141.5 -99.9

Bus 2 -162.984 13.095 401.2 -99.7

Bus 8 230.000 8.5 101.576 34.971 99.957 Bus 9 -42.653 -24.924 122.1 86.30 0

Bus 7 -57.304 -10.046 143.8 98.5

Bus 9 230.000 10.8 103.559 Bus 6 42.110 -34.552 132.0 -77.30 0 0 0

Bus 8 42.886 4.907 104.6 99.4

Bus 3 -84.996 29.645 218.2 -94.4

Solar BUS 0.220 9.1 105.852 37.315 148.888 Bus 6 148.888 37.315 380542.1 97.00 0

* # Indicates a bus with a load mismatch of more than 0.1 MVA

Indicates a voltage regulated bus (voltage controlled or swing type machine connected to it)

104

Location: Lake Forest, CA

Engineer: OTI Study Case: LF

12.6.0C Page: 1

SN: ETAP-OTI

Filename: IEEE9BUS

Project: TS V&V ETAP

Contract: 123456789 Date: 03-10-2014

Revision: 70 Percent Config.: Normal

TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.

LOAD FLOW REPORT

Bus ID kV

Voltage Ang. % Mag.

Generation MW Mvar

Load MW Mvar

Load Flow MW Mvar Amp ID %PF

XFMR %Tap

Bus 1 * 16.500 0.0 104.000 25.921-93.458 Bus 4 -93.458 25.921 3263.1 -96.40 0

Bus 2 * 18.000 17.6 102.000 3.212 163.000 Bus 7 163.000 3.212 5126.7 100.00 0

Bus 3 * 13.800 14.9 102.000 -26.176 85.000 Bus 9 85.000 -26.176 3648.0 -95.60 0

Bus 4 230.000 2.9 102.700 Bus 5 19.386 29.685 86.7 54.70 0 0 0

Bus 6 -112.849 -8.773 276.7 99.7

Bus 1 93.463 -20.911 234.1 -97.6

Bus 5 230.000 2.2 99.294 49.619 124.071 Bus 4 -19.206 -46.116 126.3 38.40 0

Bus 7 -104.864 -3.503 265.3 99.9

Bus 6 230.000 8.4 105.094 32.289 96.868 Bus 4 114.901 2.823 274.5 100.00 0

Bus 9 -38.366 -0.385 91.6 100.0

Solar BUS -173.404 -34.727 422.4 98.1

Bus 7 230.000 12.0 102.282 Bus 5 108.477 -9.415 267.2 -99.60 0 0 0

Bus 8 54.507 -3.340 134.0 -99.8

Bus 2 -162.984 12.755 401.2 -99.7

Bus 8 230.000 9.8 101.587 34.978 99.978 Bus 9 -45.713 -24.893 128.6 87.80 0

Bus 7 -54.264 -10.085 136.4 98.3

Bus 9 230.000 12.2 103.614 Bus 6 39.018 -35.756 128.2 -73.70 0 0 0

Bus 8 45.977 5.124 112.1 99.4

Bus 3 -84.996 30.632 218.9 -94.1

Solar BUS 0.220 11.2 106.343 43.503 173.579 Bus 6 173.579 43.503 441606.4 97.00 0

* # Indicates a bus with a load mismatch of more than 0.1 MVA

Indicates a voltage regulated bus (voltage controlled or swing type machine connected to it)

105

Location: Lake Forest, CA

Engineer: OTI Study Case: LF

12.6.0C Page: 1

SN: ETAP-OTI

Filename: IEEE9BUS

Project: TS V&V ETAP

Contract: 123456789 Date: 03-10-2014

Revision: 80 Percent Config.: Normal

TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.

LOAD FLOW REPORT

Bus ID kV

Voltage Ang. % Mag.

Generation MW Mvar

Load MW Mvar

Load Flow MW Mvar Amp ID %PF

XFMR %Tap

Bus 1 * 16.500 0.0 104.000 30.318-117.240 Bus 4 -117.240 30.318 4074.3 -96.80 0

Bus 2 * 18.000 18.8 102.000 3.789 163.000 Bus 7 163.000 3.789 5127.1 100.00 0

Bus 3 * 13.800 16.4 102.000 -26.786 85.000 Bus 9 85.000 -26.786 3655.4 -95.40 0

Bus 4 230.000 3.6 102.533 Bus 5 16.081 29.926 83.2 47.30 0 0 0

Bus 6 -133.328 -7.417 326.9 99.8

Bus 1 117.248 -22.509 292.3 -98.2

Bus 5 230.000 3.1 99.133 49.458 123.669 Bus 4 -15.910 -46.376 124.1 32.50 0

Bus 7 -107.759 -3.083 273.0 100.0

Bus 6 230.000 10.2 105.347 32.445 97.335 Bus 4 136.202 5.899 324.8 99.90 0

Bus 9 -35.337 0.005 84.2 100.0

Solar BUS -198.200 -38.349 481.0 98.2

Bus 7 230.000 13.2 102.247 Bus 5 111.587 -8.693 274.8 -99.70 0 0 0

Bus 8 51.397 -3.487 126.5 -99.8

Bus 2 -162.984 12.180 401.3 -99.7

Bus 8 230.000 11.1 101.580 34.973 99.964 Bus 9 -48.783 -24.814 135.3 89.10 0

Bus 7 -51.181 -10.159 128.9 98.1

Bus 9 230.000 13.7 103.649 Bus 6 35.915 -36.581 124.2 -70.10 0 0 0

Bus 8 49.081 5.321 119.6 99.4

Bus 3 -84.996 31.259 219.3 -93.9

Solar BUS 0.220 13.3 106.750 49.731 198.428 Bus 6 198.428 49.731 502896.8 97.00 0

* # Indicates a bus with a load mismatch of more than 0.1 MVA

Indicates a voltage regulated bus (voltage controlled or swing type machine connected to it)

106

Location: Lake Forest, CA

Engineer: OTI Study Case: LF

12.6.0C Page: 1

SN: ETAP-OTI

Filename: IEEE9BUS

Project: TS V&V ETAP

Contract: 123456789 Date: 03-10-2014

Revision: 90 Percent Config.: Normal

TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.

LOAD FLOW REPORT

Bus ID kV

Voltage Ang. % Mag.

Generation MW Mvar

Load MW Mvar

Load Flow MW Mvar Amp ID %PF

XFMR %Tap

Bus 1 * 16.500 0.0 104.000 35.998-141.029 Bus 4 -141.029 35.998 4897.1 -96.90 0

Bus 2 * 18.000 20.0 102.000 4.607 163.000 Bus 7 163.000 4.607 5127.8 100.00 0

Bus 3 * 13.800 17.9 102.000 -27.030 85.000 Bus 9 85.000 -27.030 3658.5 -95.30 0

Bus 4 230.000 4.4 102.313 Bus 5 12.669 30.030 80.0 38.90 0 0 0

Bus 6 -153.709 -5.314 377.3 99.9

Bus 1 141.040 -24.716 351.3 -98.5

Bus 5 230.000 4.0 98.931 49.257 123.166 Bus 4 -12.506 -46.474 122.1 26.00 0

Bus 7 -110.659 -2.784 280.9 100.0

Bus 6 230.000 11.9 105.517 32.549 97.648 Bus 4 157.547 9.019 375.4 99.80 0

Bus 9 -32.323 0.050 76.9 100.0

Solar BUS -222.873 -41.619 539.4 98.3

Bus 7 230.000 14.4 102.197 Bus 5 114.712 -7.785 282.4 -99.80 0 0 0

Bus 8 48.272 -3.581 118.9 -99.7

Bus 2 -162.984 11.366 401.3 -99.8

Bus 8 230.000 12.5 101.555 34.956 99.916 Bus 9 -51.835 -24.689 141.9 90.30 0

Bus 7 -48.081 -10.267 121.5 97.8

Bus 9 230.000 15.2 103.663 Bus 6 32.829 -37.008 119.8 -66.40 0 0 0

Bus 8 52.167 5.497 127.0 99.4

Bus 3 -84.996 31.511 219.5 -93.8

Solar BUS 0.220 15.4 107.069 55.929 223.159 Bus 6 223.159 55.929 563891.7 97.00 0

* # Indicates a bus with a load mismatch of more than 0.1 MVA

Indicates a voltage regulated bus (voltage controlled or swing type machine connected to it)

107

Location: Lake Forest, CA

Engineer: OTI Study Case: LF

12.6.0C Page: 1

SN: ETAP-OTI

Filename: IEEE9BUS

Project: TS V&V ETAP

Contract: 123456789 Date: 03-10-2014

Revision: 10 Percent Config.: Normal

TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.

LOAD FLOW REPORT

Bus ID kV

Voltage Ang. % Mag.

Generation MW Mvar

Load MW Mvar

Load Flow MW Mvar Amp ID %PF

XFMR %Tap

Bus 1 * 16.500 0.0 104.000 29.386 45.692 Bus 4 45.692 29.386 1827.8 84.10 0

Bus 2 * 18.000 11.6 102.000 3.916 163.000 Bus 7 163.000 3.916 5127.2 100.00 0

Bus 3 * 13.800 7.0 102.000 -14.745 85.000 Bus 9 85.000 -14.745 3538.5 -98.50 0

Bus 4 230.000 -1.4 102.401 Bus 5 30.570 25.619 97.8 76.60 0 0 0

Bus 6 15.121 2.195 37.5 99.0

Bus 1 -45.691 -27.814 131.1 85.4

Bus 5 230.000 -2.7 99.234 49.560 123.922 Bus 4 -30.365 -41.770 130.6 58.80 0

Bus 7 -93.557 -7.789 237.5 99.7

Bus 6 230.000 -2.1 101.216 29.950 89.850 Bus 4 -15.066 -18.277 58.7 63.60 0

Bus 9 -66.495 -9.618 166.6 99.0

Solar Bus1 -8.289 -2.055 21.2 97.1

Bus 7 230.000 6.0 102.239 Bus 5 96.419 -8.876 237.7 -99.60 0 0 0

Bus 8 74.854 -1.123 183.8 -100.0

Bus 2 -162.984 12.054 401.3 -99.7

Solar Bus2 -8.289 -2.056 21.0 97.1

Bus 8 230.000 3.0 101.282 34.768 99.379 Bus 9 -24.984 -24.350 86.5 71.60 0

Bus 7 -74.395 -10.418 186.2 99.0

Bus 9 230.000 4.3 102.958 Bus 6 68.207 -20.228 173.5 -95.90 0 0 0

Bus 8 25.078 3.348 61.7 99.1

Bus 3 -84.996 18.937 212.3 -97.6

Solar Bus3 -8.289 -2.056 20.8 97.1

Solar Bus1 0.220 -1.9 101.284 2.078 8.289 Bus 6 8.289 2.078 22142.4 97.00 0

Solar Bus2 0.220 6.1 102.307 2.078 8.289 Bus 7 8.289 2.078 21921.1 97.00 0

Solar Bus3 0.220 4.5 103.025 2.078 8.289 Bus 9 8.289 2.078 21768.2 97.00 0

* # Indicates a bus with a load mismatch of more than 0.1 MVA

Indicates a voltage regulated bus (voltage controlled or swing type machine connected to it)

108

Location: Lake Forest, CA

Engineer: OTI Study Case: LF

12.6.0C Page: 1

SN: ETAP-OTI

Filename: IEEE9BUS

Project: TS V&V ETAP

Contract: 123456789 Date: 03-10-2014

Revision: 20 Percent Config.: Normal

TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.

LOAD FLOW REPORT

Bus ID kV

Voltage Ang. % Mag.

Generation MW Mvar

Load MW Mvar

Load Flow MW Mvar Amp ID %PF

XFMR %Tap

Bus 1 * 16.500 0.0 104.000 30.301 21.935 Bus 4 21.935 30.301 1258.6 58.60 0

Bus 2 * 18.000 13.6 102.000 2.556 163.000 Bus 7 163.000 2.556 5126.3 100.00 0

Bus 3 * 13.800 9.2 102.000 -17.281 85.000 Bus 9 85.000 -17.281 3557.7 -98.00 0

Bus 4 230.000 -0.7 102.328 Bus 5 21.466 27.188 85.0 62.00 0 0 0

Bus 6 0.468 2.368 5.9 19.4

Bus 1 -21.935 -29.556 90.3 59.6

Bus 5 230.000 -1.5 99.104 49.430 123.597 Bus 4 -21.296 -43.596 122.9 43.90 0

Bus 7 -102.302 -5.834 259.5 99.8

Bus 6 230.000 -0.6 101.363 30.038 90.113 Bus 4 -0.450 -18.658 46.2 2.40 0

Bus 9 -73.117 -7.320 182.0 99.5

Solar Bus1 -16.546 -4.060 42.2 97.1

Bus 7 230.000 8.0 102.322 Bus 5 105.739 -7.920 260.1 -99.70 0 0 0

Bus 8 73.791 -1.427 181.1 -100.0

Bus 2 -162.984 13.408 401.2 -99.7

Solar Bus2 -16.546 -4.061 41.8 97.1

Bus 8 230.000 5.1 101.391 34.843 99.593 Bus 9 -26.247 -24.582 89.0 73.00 0

Bus 7 -73.345 -10.261 183.4 99.0

Bus 9 230.000 6.5 103.104 Bus 6 75.193 -21.049 190.1 -96.30 0 0 0

Bus 8 26.349 3.593 64.7 99.1

Bus 3 -84.996 21.519 213.5 -96.9

Solar Bus3 -16.546 -4.063 41.5 97.1

Solar Bus1 0.220 -0.3 101.499 4.147 16.548 Bus 6 16.548 4.147 44108.1 97.00 0

Solar Bus2 0.220 8.3 102.456 4.147 16.548 Bus 7 16.548 4.147 43696.0 97.00 0

Solar Bus3 0.220 6.7 103.237 4.147 16.548 Bus 9 16.548 4.147 43365.5 97.00 0

* # Indicates a bus with a load mismatch of more than 0.1 MVA

Indicates a voltage regulated bus (voltage controlled or swing type machine connected to it)

109

Location: Lake Forest, CA

Engineer: OTI Study Case: LF

12.6.0C Page: 1

SN: ETAP-OTI

Filename: IEEE9BUS

Project: TS V&V ETAP

Contract: 123456789 Date: 03-10-2014

Revision: 30 Percent Config.: Normal

TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.

LOAD FLOW REPORT

Bus ID kV

Voltage Ang. % Mag.

Generation MW Mvar

Load MW Mvar

Load Flow MW Mvar Amp ID %PF

XFMR %Tap

Bus 1 * 16.500 0.0 104.000 32.278-1.843 Bus 4 -1.843 32.278 1087.8 -5.70 0

Bus 2 * 18.000 15.6 102.000 1.536 163.000 Bus 7 163.000 1.536 5125.9 100.00 0

Bus 3 * 13.800 11.3 102.000 -19.480 85.000 Bus 9 85.000 -19.480 3576.8 -97.50 0

Bus 4 230.000 0.1 102.212 -0.001-0.001 Bus 5 12.341 28.864 77.1 39.30 0

Bus 6 -14.183 2.858 35.5 -98.0

Bus 1 1.843 -31.721 78.0 -5.8

Bus 5 230.000 -0.3 98.929 49.255 123.160 Bus 4 -12.188 -45.368 119.2 25.90 0

Bus 7 -110.972 -3.887 281.8 99.9

Bus 6 230.000 0.9 101.459 30.094 90.283 Bus 4 14.236 -18.959 58.7 -60.00 0

Bus 9 -79.731 -5.117 197.7 99.8

Solar Bus1 -24.788 -6.017 63.1 97.2

Bus 7 230.000 10.0 102.384 Bus 5 115.039 -6.668 282.5 -99.80 0 0 0

Bus 8 72.732 -1.738 178.4 -100.0

Bus 2 -162.984 14.427 401.2 -99.6

Solar Bus2 -24.788 -6.021 62.5 97.2

Bus 8 230.000 7.2 101.480 34.905 99.768 Bus 9 -27.467 -24.818 91.6 74.20 0

Bus 7 -72.300 -10.087 180.6 99.0

Bus 9 230.000 8.6 103.230 Bus 6 82.206 -21.590 206.7 -96.70 0 0 0

Bus 8 27.577 3.851 67.7 99.0

Bus 3 -84.996 23.763 214.6 -96.3

Solar Bus3 -24.788 -6.024 62.0 97.2

Solar Bus1 0.220 1.3 101.660 6.213 24.792 Bus 6 24.792 6.213 65978.2 97.00 0

Solar Bus2 0.220 10.5 102.584 6.213 24.792 Bus 7 24.792 6.213 65384.0 97.00 0

Solar Bus3 0.220 9.0 103.428 6.213 24.792 Bus 9 24.792 6.213 64850.4 97.00 0

* # Indicates a bus with a load mismatch of more than 0.1 MVA

Indicates a voltage regulated bus (voltage controlled or swing type machine connected to it)

110

Location: Lake Forest, CA

Engineer: OTI Study Case: LF

12.6.0C Page: 1

SN: ETAP-OTI

Filename: IEEE9BUS

Project: TS V&V ETAP

Contract: 123456789 Date: 03-10-2014

Revision: 40 Percent Config.: Normal

TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.

LOAD FLOW REPORT

Bus ID kV

Voltage Ang. % Mag.

Generation MW Mvar

Load MW Mvar

Load Flow MW Mvar Amp ID %PF

XFMR %Tap

Bus 1 * 16.500 0.0 104.000 35.399-26.080 Bus 4 -26.080 35.399 1479.3 -59.30 0

Bus 2 * 18.000 17.7 102.000 0.848 163.000 Bus 7 163.000 0.848 5125.8 100.00 0

Bus 3 * 13.800 13.5 102.000 -21.371 85.000 Bus 9 85.000 -21.371 3594.9 -97.00 0

Bus 4 230.000 0.8 102.051 Bus 5 3.023 30.684 75.8 9.80 0 0 0

Bus 6 -29.103 3.686 72.2 -99.2

Bus 1 26.081 -34.370 106.1 -60.4

Bus 5 230.000 0.9 98.702 49.030 122.597 Bus 4 -2.870 -47.118 120.1 6.10 0

Bus 7 -119.727 -1.911 304.5 100.0

Bus 6 230.000 2.4 101.501 30.119 90.358 Bus 4 29.265 -19.180 86.5 -83.60 0

Bus 9 -86.457 -2.975 213.9 99.9

Solar Bus1 -33.166 -7.964 84.4 97.2

Bus 7 230.000 12.1 102.426 Bus 5 124.491 -5.080 305.4 -99.90 0 0 0

Bus 8 71.658 -2.064 175.7 -100.0

Bus 2 -162.984 15.113 401.1 -99.6

Solar Bus2 -33.166 -7.970 83.6 97.2

Bus 8 230.000 9.3 101.550 34.953 99.905 Bus 9 -28.666 -25.062 94.1 75.30 0

Bus 7 -71.239 -9.890 177.8 99.1

Bus 9 230.000 10.8 103.338 Bus 6 89.377 -21.850 223.5 -97.10 0 0 0

Bus 8 28.784 4.129 70.6 99.0

Bus 3 -84.996 25.697 215.7 -95.7

Solar Bus3 -33.166 -7.976 82.9 97.2

Solar Bus1 0.220 3.0 101.770 8.314 33.173 Bus 6 33.173 8.314 88187.3 97.00 0

Solar Bus2 0.220 12.7 102.692 8.314 33.173 Bus 7 33.173 8.314 87394.9 97.00 0

Solar Bus3 0.220 11.3 103.602 8.314 33.173 Bus 9 33.173 8.314 86627.3 97.00 0

* # Indicates a bus with a load mismatch of more than 0.1 MVA

Indicates a voltage regulated bus (voltage controlled or swing type machine connected to it)

111

Location: Lake Forest, CA

Engineer: OTI Study Case: LF

12.6.0C Page: 1

SN: ETAP-OTI

Filename: IEEE9BUS

Project: TS V&V ETAP

Contract: 123456789 Date: 03-10-2014

Revision: 50 Percent Config.: Normal

TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.

LOAD FLOW REPORT

Bus ID kV

Voltage Ang. % Mag.

Generation MW Mvar

Load MW Mvar

Load Flow MW Mvar Amp ID %PF

XFMR %Tap

Bus 1 * 16.500 0.0 104.000 39.588-49.994 Bus 4 -49.994 39.588 2145.6 -78.40 0

Bus 2 * 18.000 19.8 102.000 0.521 163.000 Bus 7 163.000 0.521 5125.7 100.00 0

Bus 3 * 13.800 15.7 102.000 -22.888 85.000 Bus 9 85.000 -22.888 3610.6 -96.60 0

Bus 4 230.000 1.6 101.848 Bus 5 -6.188 32.593 81.8 -18.70 0 0 0

Bus 6 -43.808 4.830 108.6 -99.4

Bus 1 49.996 -37.423 153.9 -80.1

Bus 5 230.000 2.1 98.431 48.761 121.924 Bus 4 6.359 -48.789 125.5 -12.90 0

Bus 7 -128.283 0.029 327.2 100.0

Bus 6 230.000 3.9 101.488 30.112 90.335 Bus 4 44.151 -19.310 119.2 -91.60 0

Bus 9 -93.077 -0.966 230.2 100.0

Solar Bus1 -41.408 -9.836 105.3 97.3

Bus 7 230.000 14.2 102.446 Bus 5 133.791 -3.200 327.9 -100.00 0 0 0

Bus 8 70.602 -2.394 173.1 -99.9

Bus 2 -162.984 15.439 401.1 -99.6

Solar Bus2 -41.409 -9.846 104.3 97.3

Bus 8 230.000 11.4 101.598 34.986 100.000 Bus 9 -29.805 -25.309 96.6 76.20 0

Bus 7 -70.195 -9.677 175.1 99.1

Bus 9 230.000 13.0 103.425 Bus 6 96.473 -21.813 240.1 -97.50 0 0 0

Bus 8 29.931 4.417 73.4 98.9

Bus 3 -84.996 27.252 216.6 -95.2

Solar Bus3 -41.409 -9.856 103.3 97.3

Solar Bus1 0.220 4.6 101.822 10.381 41.419 Bus 6 41.419 10.381 110054.4 97.00 0

Solar Bus2 0.220 14.9 102.777 10.381 41.419 Bus 7 41.419 10.381 109032.1 97.00 0

Solar Bus3 0.220 13.6 103.753 10.381 41.419 Bus 9 41.419 10.381 108006.0 97.00 0

* # Indicates a bus with a load mismatch of more than 0.1 MVA

Indicates a voltage regulated bus (voltage controlled or swing type machine connected to it)

112

Location: Lake Forest, CA

Engineer: OTI Study Case: LF

12.6.0C Page: 1

SN: ETAP-OTI

Filename: IEEE9BUS

Project: TS V&V ETAP

Contract: 123456789 Date: 03-10-2014

Revision: 60 Percent Config.: Normal

TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.

LOAD FLOW REPORT

Bus ID kV

Voltage Ang. % Mag.

Generation MW Mvar

Load MW Mvar

Load Flow MW Mvar Amp ID %PF

XFMR %Tap

Bus 1 * 16.500 0.0 104.000 44.806-73.507 Bus 4 -73.507 44.806 2896.4 -85.40 0

Bus 2 * 18.000 21.8 102.000 0.549 163.000 Bus 7 163.000 0.549 5125.7 100.00 0

Bus 3 * 13.800 17.8 102.000 -24.038 85.000 Bus 9 85.000 -24.038 3623.1 -96.20 0

Bus 4 230.000 2.3 101.604 Bus 5 -15.262 34.583 93.4 -40.40 0 0 0

Bus 6 -58.249 6.277 144.7 -99.4

Bus 1 73.511 -40.859 207.8 -87.4

Bus 5 230.000 3.3 98.116 48.449 121.145 Bus 4 15.469 -50.377 134.8 -29.40 0

Bus 7 -136.614 1.928 349.5 100.0

Bus 6 230.000 5.4 101.422 30.072 90.217 Bus 4 58.842 -19.350 153.3 -95.00 0

Bus 9 -99.569 0.907 246.4 100.0

Solar Bus1 -49.490 -11.629 125.8 97.3

Bus 7 230.000 16.2 102.444 Bus 5 142.910 -1.040 350.2 100.00 0 0 0

Bus 8 69.565 -2.729 170.6 -99.9

Bus 2 -162.984 15.412 401.1 -99.6

Solar Bus2 -49.491 -11.644 124.6 97.3

Bus 8 230.000 13.5 101.625 35.005 100.053 Bus 9 -30.883 -25.556 99.0 77.00 0

Bus 7 -69.171 -9.448 172.4 99.1

Bus 9 230.000 15.1 103.491 Bus 6 103.469 -21.487 256.3 -97.90 0 0 0

Bus 8 31.018 4.714 76.1 98.9

Bus 3 -84.996 28.432 217.4 -94.8

Solar Bus3 -49.491 -11.659 123.3 97.3

Solar Bus1 0.220 6.3 101.819 12.407 49.506 Bus 6 49.506 12.407 131544.7 97.00 0

Solar Bus2 0.220 17.1 102.837 12.407 49.506 Bus 7 49.506 12.407 130241.7 97.00 0

Solar Bus3 0.220 15.9 103.881 12.407 49.506 Bus 9 49.506 12.407 128933.7 97.00 0

* # Indicates a bus with a load mismatch of more than 0.1 MVA

Indicates a voltage regulated bus (voltage controlled or swing type machine connected to it)

113

Location: Lake Forest, CA

Engineer: OTI Study Case: LF

12.6.0C Page: 1

SN: ETAP-OTI

Filename: IEEE9BUS

Project: TS V&V ETAP

Contract: 123456789 Date: 03-10-2014

Revision: 70 Percent Config.: Normal

TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.

LOAD FLOW REPORT

Bus ID kV

Voltage Ang. % Mag.

Generation MW Mvar

Load MW Mvar

Load Flow MW Mvar Amp ID %PF

XFMR %Tap

Bus 1 * 16.500 0.0 104.000 51.425-97.969 Bus 4 -97.969 51.425 3722.7 -88.50 0

Bus 2 * 18.000 24.0 102.000 0.953 163.000 Bus 7 163.000 0.953 5125.8 100.00 0

Bus 3 * 13.800 20.1 102.000 -24.867 85.000 Bus 9 85.000 -24.867 3632.5 -96.00 0

Bus 4 230.000 3.1 101.303 Bus 5 -24.722 36.777 109.8 -55.80 0 0 0

Bus 6 -73.253 8.128 182.6 -99.4

Bus 1 97.975 -44.906 267.1 -90.9

Bus 5 230.000 4.6 97.736 48.074 120.208 Bus 4 24.986 -51.970 148.1 -43.30 0

Bus 7 -145.194 3.895 373.0 -100.0

Bus 6 230.000 7.0 101.295 29.997 89.990 Bus 4 74.186 -19.296 190.0 -96.80 0

Bus 9 -106.302 2.743 263.5 -100.0

Solar Bus1 -57.874 -13.444 147.2 97.4

Bus 7 230.000 18.4 102.420 Bus 5 152.371 1.547 373.5 100.00 0 0 0

Bus 8 68.487 -3.088 168.0 -99.9

Bus 2 -162.984 15.008 401.1 -99.6

Solar Bus2 -57.874 -13.467 145.6 97.4

Bus 8 230.000 15.7 101.631 35.009 100.065 Bus 9 -31.960 -25.820 101.5 77.80 0

Bus 7 -68.105 -9.189 169.7 99.1

Bus 9 230.000 17.4 103.539 Bus 6 110.767 -20.835 273.3 -98.30 0 0 0

Bus 8 32.104 5.040 78.8 98.8

Bus 3 -84.996 29.285 218.0 -94.5

Solar Bus3 -57.875 -13.489 144.1 97.4

Solar Bus1 0.220 8.0 101.757 14.510 57.895 Bus 6 57.895 14.510 153930.5 97.00 0

Solar Bus2 0.220 19.4 102.877 14.510 57.895 Bus 7 57.895 14.510 152254.0 97.00 0

Solar Bus3 0.220 18.3 103.992 14.510 57.895 Bus 9 57.895 14.510 150622.0 97.00 0

* # Indicates a bus with a load mismatch of more than 0.1 MVA

Indicates a voltage regulated bus (voltage controlled or swing type machine connected to it)

114

Location: Lake Forest, CA

Engineer: OTI Study Case: LF

12.6.0C Page: 1

SN: ETAP-OTI

Filename: IEEE9BUS

Project: TS V&V ETAP

Contract: 123456789 Date: 03-10-2014

Revision: 80 Percent Config.: Normal

TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.

LOAD FLOW REPORT

Bus ID kV

Voltage Ang. % Mag.

Generation MW Mvar

Load MW Mvar

Load Flow MW Mvar Amp ID %PF

XFMR %Tap

Bus 1 * 16.500 0.0 104.000 59.141-121.962 Bus 4 -121.962 59.141 4560.4 -90.00 0

Bus 2 * 18.000 26.2 102.000 1.737 163.000 Bus 7 163.000 1.737 5126.0 100.00 0

Bus 3 * 13.800 22.3 102.000 -25.306 85.000 Bus 9 85.000 -25.306 3637.6 -95.80 0

Bus 4 230.000 3.8 100.958 Bus 5 -34.023 39.059 128.8 -65.70 0 0 0

Bus 6 -87.948 10.298 220.2 -99.3

Bus 1 121.971 -49.357 327.2 -92.7

Bus 5 230.000 5.8 97.308 47.655 119.158 Bus 4 34.363 -53.472 164.0 -54.10 0

Bus 7 -153.521 5.817 396.3 -99.9

Bus 6 230.000 8.6 101.110 29.887 89.662 Bus 4 89.294 -19.142 226.7 -97.80 0

Bus 9 -112.885 4.427 280.5 -99.9

Solar Bus1 -66.071 -15.173 168.3 97.5

Bus 7 230.000 20.6 102.372 Bus 5 161.626 4.434 396.5 100.00 0 0 0

Bus 8 67.430 -3.453 165.6 -99.9

Bus 2 -162.984 14.226 401.2 -99.6

Solar Bus2 -66.072 -15.207 166.2 97.5

Bus 8 230.000 17.9 101.615 34.997 100.033 Bus 9 -32.973 -26.085 103.9 78.40 0

Bus 7 -67.060 -8.913 167.1 99.1

Bus 9 230.000 19.6 103.564 Bus 6 117.943 -19.874 289.9 -98.60 0 0 0

Bus 8 33.125 5.375 81.3 98.7

Bus 3 -84.996 29.736 218.3 -94.4

Solar Bus3 -66.073 -15.237 164.4 97.4

Solar Bus1 0.220 9.7 101.635 16.566 66.099 Bus 6 66.099 16.566 175953.5 97.00 0

Solar Bus2 0.220 21.7 102.892 16.566 66.099 Bus 7 66.099 16.566 173804.9 97.00 0

Solar Bus3 0.220 20.7 104.078 16.566 66.099 Bus 9 66.099 16.566 171823.1 97.00 0

* # Indicates a bus with a load mismatch of more than 0.1 MVA

Indicates a voltage regulated bus (voltage controlled or swing type machine connected to it)

115

Location: Lake Forest, CA

Engineer: OTI Study Case: LF

12.6.0C Page: 1

SN: ETAP-OTI

Filename: IEEE9BUS

Project: TS V&V ETAP

Contract: 123456789 Date: 03-10-2014

Revision: 90 Percent Config.: Normal

TSC-TS-126. Test generator model.

LOAD FLOW REPORT

Bus ID kV

Voltage Ang. % Mag.

Generation MW Mvar

Load MW Mvar

Load Flow MW Mvar Amp ID %PF

XFMR %Tap

Bus 1 * 16.500 0.0 104.000 68.208-146.166 Bus 4 -146.166 68.208 5426.9 -90.60 0

Bus 2 * 18.000 28.4 102.000 2.933 163.000 Bus 7 163.000 2.933 5126.5 100.00 0

Bus 3 * 13.800 24.6 102.000 -25.359 85.000 Bus 9 85.000 -25.359 3638.3 -95.80 0

Bus 4 230.000 4.6 100.557 Bus 5 -43.431 41.498 150.0 -72.30 0 0 0

Bus 6 -102.750 12.855 258.5 -99.2

Bus 1 146.180 -54.353 389.3 -93.7

Bus 5 230.000 7.1 96.819 47.176 117.963 Bus 4 43.868 -54.925 182.2 -62.40 0

Bus 7 -161.831 7.749 420.1 -99.9

Bus 6 230.000 10.2 100.860 29.740 89.220 Bus 4 104.598 -18.880 264.5 -98.40 0

Bus 9 -119.502 6.005 297.8 -99.9

Solar Bus1 -74.315 -16.865 189.7 97.5

Bus 7 230.000 22.8 102.299 Bus 5 170.938 7.714 419.9 99.90 0 0 0

Bus 8 66.363 -3.834 163.1 -99.8

Bus 2 -162.984 13.033 401.2 -99.7

Solar Bus2 -74.316 -16.914 187.0 97.5

Bus 8 230.000 20.1 101.575 34.970 99.954 Bus 9 -33.950 -26.360 106.2 79.00 0

Bus 7 -66.004 -8.610 164.5 99.2

Bus 9 230.000 21.9 103.567 Bus 6 125.201 -18.566 306.8 -98.90 0 0 0

Bus 8 34.111 5.731 83.8 98.6

Bus 3 -84.996 29.790 218.3 -94.4

Solar Bus3 -74.317 -16.955 184.8 97.5

Solar Bus1 0.220 11.5 101.449 18.634 74.351 Bus 6 74.351 18.634 198281.4 97.00 0

Solar Bus2 0.220 24.0 102.881 18.634 74.351 Bus 7 74.351 18.634 195522.0 97.00 0

Solar Bus3 0.220 23.1 104.143 18.634 74.351 Bus 9 74.351 18.634 193153.2 97.00 0

* # Indicates a bus with a load mismatch of more than 0.1 MVA

Indicates a voltage regulated bus (voltage controlled or swing type machine connected to it)