epigrafical ornaments in architecture of uzbekistan

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 4, ISSUE 07, JULY 2015 ISSN 2277-8616

83IJSTR©2015www.ijstr.org

Epigrafical Ornaments In Architecture OfUzbekistan

Sultanova Dilshoda

Abstract: Article illuminates using of artistic importance epigrafical ornamenst on architecture ofUzbekistan. Calligraphic group formed embellishment inthe manner of ornament in medicine to be taken externally and in internal parts of the public buildings. The Inscription taken from Koran were executedon arabic alphabet consists of themes - religious, inctructive. Using appeared In mosque from Koran and hadis, in hotel of the expression of the nature.Resemblance of the inscriptions, ed in interior of the hotels Buhara, Samarkand and Tashkent with inscription of the dishes, gives the cause to expecthat probably, poetry IX-X ages were in the beginning used in product decorative-aplied arts ( tureen, plate) and gradually moved to wall. Besides, theywere broadly used in interior of buildings (the mosques, mausoleum), in premiseses vein of the houses and on surfaces subject decorative-aplied artsAmongst which there are real and fantastic images animal - a phoenix, dragon, deer. Meet in SHerdor and Nadir Devonbegi in Samarkand, inAbdulazizhan and Nadir Devonbegi. About using ornament, except mausoleum of Amir Temur and Temuridov and cathedral mosque of Amir Temurappropriately was in detail describe the artistic facilities of Aksaray. Of the building process, was it is important to fill am empty the surface of the domeby new artistic method. In this period by new direction was - a technology "кундаль", which as raised decoration has alterred by sawing in architecture othe interior due to artistic embroidery.

Index Terms: A vegetable, zoomorf ornaments, wall-painting of palaces, koshin, koshinburush, kundal, graffito, epigrafical ornaments ofmadrasah————————————————————

1 INTRODUCTION

The author explored painting Uzbekistan from archaic up toearly middle ages period that the primary sourse offinemeans is cave and rocky paintings of the Zarautsaygorges in the mezolit period.

2 PROCEDURE FOR PAPER SUBMISSION

2.1 Review Stage The following stage of painting Uzbekistan interconnectewith a number of archaeological monuments. The main them are monumental wall-painting of palaces - VarakhshPenjikent, composition and their spatial regularities werelatively analysed. The author made her think of the reasoand results of transition offine-artistic means from wapainting to miniature painting. And ornaments in manuscripin due time have gradually removed to the walls of palaceand madrassahs. In spite of religious dogmas of the Islam,was an order decorated internal walls of AfrosiaBolaliktepa. In the period of the early middle ages internand externally walls of the residential buildings and palac

of rich noble people were fashionably decorated withfinartistic means. Picturesque harmony of the paintings, conteof wall work ofart, maturity of madrassahs, mausoleums anpalaces, ceiling and cupolas with vegetable, zoomoornaments. In that time painting and ornaments were madon the walls surfase, processed with glее prime coating awriting. The abovesaid scenes are not casual becausprimary primitiv cave and rocky drawing of primitive peopon this subjects, now moved to wall-painting palace.

2.2 Final StageSuch scenes with a plot can be obviously seen on the Orlplates too. Adding different means and ways of artistic arts interior are subordinated to the regularities of the architectu

(mutually beneficial art: with sculpture and decorative-apliearts) and is considered to bespecific period of thdevelopment of cities of Central Asia.The establishment Islam in Central Asia noticeably found its reflection architecture. Here except for the above-mentioned artismasonry, in the XI-th – XII-th centuries "П" bearing type the portal was widely spread in architecture. In mosques acоmpоsitional part the art of construction of minarets waformed. Particularly layings with rhythmic ornament fromoulded bricks in minarets, moved from a monochromic polichromic form. Formed in the period of Amir Temcompositions with cypola premises, with portals and suite rooms were widely used in Shakhrisabz, Samarkand, Buhar

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V.N.Denike, G.I.Gaganov, later by L.I. Rempel, G.N.Tomaev,Sh.E.Ratiya, G.A.Pugachenkova, L.Yu. Mankovskaya,P.Sh.Zokhidov, I.I.Notkin, Yu.Z.Shvab, A.Zainiddinov, I.E. Pletnev,M.S.Bulatov and at.s.





Tashkent, Gerat and Turkistan cities. In that time more than50 types of the cupolas were used, for instans: turkistoni,balkhi, mirzoi, chortarkh and ets. Such artistic ways as:mayolics, koshin, koshinburush, kundal, graffito, ganch-carving, various techniques of laying of usual and a reliefbrick, stone, marble, ceramics and wood were used indecoration buildings.In XVI-XХ-th centuries such auxiliary

premiseses, adjoing to external walls of khonaqo of mahallathe mosques were built as: summer places for reading ofnamaz, ayvans, ponds, minarets ormezana, khugras. As anevident example of it in Central Asia, a sample of Samarkandmonument of architecture - is the Koshhauz mosque.Consequently, with the monuments of the middle agesdecorated ornamental ceiling paintings in abig volume gameto us. Originally decorated enormous palace, country sidekyohks, mosques and madrassahs, аyvans pillars. One ofsuch original places of interests is - Ishrathana. Coming fromup-today position of architectural ornamentics, in is possible

to make sure in the continuity of its wide development and present in modern directions. Thereby, it is actual to stuarchitect, regularities harmonization in the use of architectudecorations. It is known, that for the first time in Central Asiaornaments were studied and analyse dall-round by The layinof the brick in moslem stile appeared in the IX-th century. Itexactly in that period the Samanids mausoleum was erectelooking from the top in a square form. The compositions

the ornaments were built on the flat base by principlesymmetries, rapport or free.

3 SectionsNo matter how it settled down, all its elements weintegrallyharmonized, peacefully and in keeping with thdecision of colouring.In written calligraphic group enters thepigrafical decorationsin the form of ornament on externaand in internal parts of the buildings.The ornaments of susort were basically spread in architecture of the Central Asibeginning from the X-th –XI-th centuries. They were usuaused on an external part of the portal - «kitabs», on the druof a cupola, on the gates, columns and also on internal anexternal wall of a building,ceiling and door width, in altar or o

tombstones. The inscription were made in arabic alphabtaken from the religious, philosophical and inctructive.

4 HELPFUL HINTS

4.1 Figures and TablesInscriptions were also widely used in the interior of the cubuildings (the mosques, mausoleums, madrassahs), hotepremiseses of residential houses and on the surface decorative-applied arts articles. They usually decoratemihrabs, circles, of cupolas bases, in interior finishof a ceili«sharaf» and other well foreseeable parts of the buildinHorizontally directed script also decorates the lower tier of thbig arch. The resemblance of inscriptions preserved in th

interiors of the hotels of Buhara, Samarkand and Tashkewith inscriptions of dishes, will brings about suggestion thprobably, these surs-poetry IX-th –X-thcenturies at tbeginning were used inproducts of decorative-applied arand gradually moved to the wall. But zооmоrf tiled ornamenare mainly met on the portals of public buildings. Finstance, there are real and fantastic images of animals -phoenix, dragon, deer, in madrassah Sherdori NadDivanbegi in Samarkand, in madrassah Abdulazizhan anNadir Divanbegi in Buhara. Plan of buildings basically hadform of the rectangle and square. The tradition of the erectiominaret spread To XII-th centuries broadly near mosques. mosaic of the exterior to Central Asia had a priority stylizefloral-vegetable motives, in many events on navy blbackground were created polychromatic solemn adjusting.

4.2 Acknowledgments On using ornaments, except the mausoleum Amir Temur atimurids and cathedral mosque of Amir Temur (Bibi-khanymIt would be a good thing to mention here about artistic meaof kyoshk Aksaray. At the time of Amir Temur as a result speeding up construction process, it was important to fill aempty internal surface of a cupola by new artistic method. this period, a «kundal» technique was a new direction. Kundal - is a raised interior decoration moved to architectuof interior through artistic embroidery. Thus, by the analysiswas revealed that these artistic plots on a wall, embracing





itself historic process of the spiritual forming anddevelopment of people, are skilfully drawn by masters. Thesepainting in education are of great importance of youth in spiritof national ideology in traditional "conventionality" and"symbolicalness". The generation of the modern schoolsmonumental painting, directly depends on them. Nowadaysthere have already been published a book-albumentitled«Masterpieces of Architectural Epigrafy of Uzbekistan», as

well as several volumes devoted to Qashqadaryo, Buxoro,Khorazm regions and several books on epigraphy ofSamarkand, particular the Registon, Gur Amir, Bibi-xanimand Shohi-Zindaarchitectural ansambles. Epigraficinscriptions on the monuments in Uzbekistan are diverse.Here you can see the texts in Arabic, Persian and Turkishlanguages. It is basically excerpts from the Koran, hadith. Butat least there are It is section the further development offine-artistic means harmony in modern architecture of Uzbekistanis forecasted. In architecture the main purpose of the theoryis social forecast that is, it is very important not to separatetheory from complex problem of practice. Here the unity inarchitectural composition or its conformity with a law ofharmoniy exists not only in town-planning, but in architecture,

in applied art, in painting and in sculpture equally. In manycities of the republic the most important public buildings andstructuras were decorated - by mosaics, wall paintings, relief,stained-glass and tapestry. Architecture can be consianarchitect, here an artist in the role a subordinated person.The bulding can be "brighten" which means to give emotionaland didactive meanings to a boring plane of the wall.Together with this, most important places can be intersifiedand on the ―contrary‖ ―to fasilitate‖, ―to collect‖ or ―to widen‖them. Such distribution of architecture to create an accent bymeans of correlation of scales which are made constructively,in a ideological-functional system. In one word, the stressisgiven to "volume" or "platness" of the surface wall. Thearchitecture of the 70-s. disting guishing by its innovation,

took into consideration regional, natural-climatic conditions, inartistic plastics of the facade solar-protective constructionswere widely used. The social-spiritual sides architecturalstructure of town environment are first of all connected withmaking comfort for population. Architecture, creatingrelationship between man and city environment performs themain function of such complicated social organism, as city.To organise them factors is spared into consideration: striving to constancy;

striving for renovation.It means, architectural – town-planning system in any type, inany degree will be connected with their own elements as anunited system, here hierarchical position makes from thestandpoint of methodologies the following succession:

location of symbolic and historic gates; location of fine arts means of agitation and propaganda -

fine-artistic means; harmonization in architecture – fine arts (wall painting)

and artistic (architectural decoration ornaments in theexterior of buildings);

fine-artistic means in interior of buildings; sculptures (monuments) in town-planning complexes;The sample decorative-applied arts, small architectural forms,program of the color decisions; In town-planning bysyntheses of architecture and by types of fine arts used as anpricelessmethodological base and are studied the connectionof art with social life uneven development of art and its

proportions. It is recommended use the following means ofsystem to achieve originality and architecture in towplanning and architecture:1. To use original sources of history of town, achieve th

syntheses an art;2. To stylize the old and rest in regional-local traditions;Th

results of the generalization of the scientific studies givedirections have shown that history of the using fine an

artistic facilities leaves in distant past. They developed in dissoluble relationship with architecture. Fine anartistic facilities displayed the ideological glances timand intensified the emotional influence of tharchitecture. In these purpose were erected grandiobuildings, confirming self-statement of ideas, as anciepyramids, sanctuary, high-altitude to towers and otheSuch examples possible to see and in ancient architecture to Central Asia. In average ages appearethe stylized architectral forms, utter decorating facadpublic buildings by calligraphic ornament on base tefrom Koran and utterances of the prophet. All this pointhat using artistic and fine of the facilities in architectuand urban planning has a broad possibilities

fortification social-political position of state.

4 CONCLUSIONThis particularly it is important in condition oIndependence, when modern architecture and urbanplanning Uzbekistan develops with broad useландшафтного design, monumental art, traditional, newsmall architectral forms, as well as fine and demonstrativemeans. The analysis dug material architectural and townplanning practical persons, architectural designing andscientific developments have allowed with in the frameworkof persisting studies to do the following findings and offers:1. Use fine arts and artistic facilities in architecture arose

ancient - with the first paintings on cave of the paleolith

period. The Generality in scenes rider on fragment founin Orlat burial mound, medieval book of miniature, compainting Afrasiab shows that in art monumental paintiUzbekistan is tracked artistic receivership;

2. Artistic and fine arts of the facility developed in dissolubrelationship with architecture, displayiideоlоgicalglances time and intensifying emotioninfluence of the architecture. In these purpose weerected such grandiose buildings, as ancient pyramidsanctuary, longer to towers and other confirming itsstatement ideas. This was characteristic of and fancient of the architecture to Central Asia. Famopainting of town Afrasiab VII age were used as addition

fine arts of the facilities, reflected politician.

3. In average ages appeared the stylized architecturforms, utter decorating facade public buildings calligraphic ornament on base text from Koran autterances of the prophet. All this certificate that, usinartistic and fine of the facilities in architecture and urbaplanning has a broad possibilities for fortification sociapolitical position state.

4. The Modern architecture and urban planning of tRepublic Uzbekistan in condition of independencdevelops with broad use of landscape desig





monumental art, traditional and modern smallarchitectural forms, as well as fine arts anddemonstrative facilities.

5. Under united general name "Use artistic and fine arts ofthe facilities" applicable in modern architecture and urbanplanning of Uzbekistan, methods of the syntheses (thesigns entry on different territory of the country, areas city

and other populated points, element of landscape design,traditional, new and small architectural forms fine artsand artistic facilities), has allowed to research theirnature and develop scientifically-methodological bases ofthe further improvement.

6. Were they Broadly used syntheses monumental paintingand decorative-aplied arts, as well as fine-artistic facilitiesin purpose of the propaganda ideology each society. Allthis forms the standard in using fine-artistic facilities inarchitecture. They formed the main critere of using finearts-artistic facilities in architecture.

7. For reinforcement ideal-artistic power of the

architecture, in antiquities were used come paintingand sculpture. As from IX age, gets the developmentdekorative and monumental forms portal, minaret,pillars, dome. In average ages alongside with afore-mentioned facility get the development calligraphicornament and the other fine of the facility,propagandizing ideology authorities;

8. The Scale of the scene come painting wasinterconnected with size of the person and premiseses.For distances watchpoint, surfaces wall and herheights, painting was executed in scale 1:1, or 2:1.

9. Using band ornament of friz allowed to reach

intercoupling and mutually penetration я come sceneswith architectural element of the interior;

10. Recommended to skilfullyuse the traditional forms,symbols to independence, восссоздая new facilities, inagitation architectural ideas modern Uzbekistan. Hereas methodical base is recommended followingbuildings: area to independence in Tashkent,architectural-artistic memorial complexes: Alpomysh inTermeze, Galoliddin Manguberdi in Urgenche; Al-Fergani in Kuva; "Aging and eternal Buhara" in Buharaand other buildings. Receiving the syntheses of fine-artistic facilities, used in these buildings can executedug the standard.

11. Excessive ideologization of architectures and fascinationby artistic value of the form on border XX-XXI ages havebrought about stylizations architectural element (creationgrandiose portal, utter ornamentally facade, device timeungrounded applicable minaret and dome and others.).

12. The trend of the using characteristic past portal, hasbrought about fascination by device symbolic winchand input element. The Development to newtechnology of the demonstrative means, has broughtabout use the technology of banner and bilboards.

13. The tradition of the building ancient portal, has wakedthe interest to erection symbolic winch comparatively.

14. Introduction themes applicable main symbol recommended. In purpose of the achievement aestheunity synthesized facilities in the following hierarchicsystem:

15.

an installation of fine-artistic facilities and symbol of thnational nature in capital and regional centre; a facilitieto agitation and propagandas in structure city;

16. a means and general symbols is recommended use the centre city, vein region, mahallas, but facility of thpropaganda and advertisments on area and building the local nature;

17. Certain observance of the normative requirements andrates (the form, contents, scale) when using fine-artisticfacilities in architecture;

18. Is recommendedin interior of the public buildings artis

pannо, posters and bilboards, with themes architecturmonument natures of Uzbekistan, modern architectuand landscape of the design;

19. Necessary sheduling the package plan architecturaartistic registration city and his co-ordinations wgeneral designer of the city. When making the packagplan in the first place must be developed themadirections of the main streets and areas, territory of thcity;

20. Reasonable unite in one general, single ideasyntheses fine and artistic means in architecture, asfromentry in populated point, each area complex

buildings, facade and interior of the buildings inclusive;

21. Necessary, create the special rates and rules in urbanplanning and architecture, on fine and artistic meansusing in architecture and urban planning;

22. When using the traditional forms in architecture (thdome, portals, chartaks, arches, pillars and othersfollows to take into account their tectonics of thconstruction. If these elements are used as decorativforms, that this must be expressed in their constructivand figurative decisions;

23. In thesises happen to also scientifically-practical a

methodical recommendations on fine and artistic meausing with standpoint of the choice of their form, scacolour and the other facilities to compositions;

24. In purpose of the more broad propaganda to ideas independence is recommended use the base positionidea of the syntheses fine and artistic facilities architecture of Uzbekistan, as intensifying power emotional importances.

25. On base of the scientific literature, history andexperience modern analysis is proved that synthesesfine and artistic means in architecture as, base-position





ideas, intensifying power her emotional importances, aswell as, is recommended to use this and at periodofindependent Uzbekistan.

epigrafical ornaments in architecture of uzbekistan

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