EPA Air Actions EPA Air Actions Jennifer MeintsAgriculture Advisor, EPA Region 8

EPA Air ActionsEPA Air Actions

National Air Emissions Monitoring StudyNational Air Emissions Monitoring Study Mandatory GHG Reporting RuleMandatory GHG Reporting Rule PSD Greenhouse Gas Tailoring RulePSD Greenhouse Gas Tailoring Rule Renewable Fuel Standard #2Renewable Fuel Standard #2 PM StandardsPM Standards HAP Regulations for Small BoilersHAP Regulations for Small Boilers

National Air Emissions National Air Emissions Monitoring StudyMonitoring Study

EPA & USDA Looked to the EPA & USDA Looked to the National Academy of SciencesNational Academy of Sciences

EPA & USDA asked the NAS to conduct a EPA & USDA asked the NAS to conduct a review AFO air emissions.review AFO air emissions. Review industry characterization and model farmsReview industry characterization and model farms Evaluate emission factors, measurement methods and Evaluate emission factors, measurement methods and

modeling approachesmodeling approaches Recommend fate and transport methodologyRecommend fate and transport methodology Identify mitigation technologies and mgt practicesIdentify mitigation technologies and mgt practices Identify critical research needsIdentify critical research needs

NAS Recommendations:NAS Recommendations: Additional data needed to develop estimating Additional data needed to develop estimating

methodologiesmethodologies Use process-based approachUse process-based approach

Consent agreement developed in response Consent agreement developed in response to:to: Public concernsPublic concerns NAS reportNAS report

Consent agreement developed by:Consent agreement developed by: EPAEPA Industry representativesIndustry representatives

Proposed agreement coordinated with:Proposed agreement coordinated with: Agricultural industry representativesAgricultural industry representatives State & local government officialsState & local government officials Environmental organizationsEnvironmental organizations Citizen groupsCitizen groups

Agreement Overview

Monitoring Study - SignupsMonitoring Study - Signups EPA received approximately 2,700 agreements representing EPA received approximately 2,700 agreements representing

over 13,000 farms.over 13,000 farms. Number of Farms Represented in AFO Consent Agreement

Layers, 19% of all Farms

Broilers, 35% of all Farms

Swine, 42% of all Farms

Dairies, 4% of all Farms

Monitoring Study - OverviewMonitoring Study - Overview Purpose: gather data for developing emission Purpose: gather data for developing emission

estimating methodologiesestimating methodologies

Monitor for:Monitor for: Particulate matterParticulate matter Hydrogen sulfideHydrogen sulfide Volatile organic compoundsVolatile organic compounds AmmoniaAmmonia

Data made available to the publicData made available to the public

DateDate MilestoneMilestoneJanuary 31, 2005January 31, 2005 EPA announces agreement in Federal RegisterEPA announces agreement in Federal Register

August 12, 2005August 12, 2005

Deadline by which AFOs signed up for Deadline by which AFOs signed up for agreement; nearly 2,600 agreement; nearly 2,600 participants, representing nearly 14,000 farms, participants, representing nearly 14,000 farms, enter enter agreements with EPAagreements with EPA

2007 - 20092007 - 2009 Monitoring sites selected and monitoring Monitoring sites selected and monitoring undertakenundertaken

Winter 2009 / Winter 2009 / Spring 2010Spring 2010 Monitoring to be completed and NAEMS to endMonitoring to be completed and NAEMS to end

Fall 2011Fall 2011 EPA to publish emission estimating EPA to publish emission estimating methodologiesmethodologies

Winter 2011 - 2012Winter 2011 - 2012

Participating AFOs must be in compliance with Participating AFOs must be in compliance with all CAA all CAA

requirements and EPCRA reporting requirements and EPCRA reporting requirements by this timerequirements by this time

TimelineTimeline

Mandatory GHG Mandatory GHG Reporting RuleReporting Rule

In response to the FY2008 Consolidated Appropriations ActIn response to the FY2008 Consolidated Appropriations Act

Suppliers of fossil fuels or industrial GHGs, manufacturers of Suppliers of fossil fuels or industrial GHGs, manufacturers of vehicles and engines, and facilities that emit 25,000 metric tons vehicles and engines, and facilities that emit 25,000 metric tons or more per year of GHGs or more per year of GHGs

Facilities report all information directly to EPA annually starting Facilities report all information directly to EPA annually starting in 2011 (~14K facilities)in 2011 (~14K facilities)

Will enable EPA to track emissions trends over time, determine Will enable EPA to track emissions trends over time, determine response to policies and potential regulationsresponse to policies and potential regulations

Raise awareness of emissions among reporters and other Raise awareness of emissions among reporters and other stakeholders, and contribute to efforts to identify reduction stakeholders, and contribute to efforts to identify reduction opportunities opportunities

PSD Greenhouse Gas PSD Greenhouse Gas Tailoring RuleTailoring Rule

The rule proposes new thresholds for greenhouse The rule proposes new thresholds for greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) that define when Clean Air Act gas emissions (GHG) that define when Clean Air Act (CAA) permits under the New Source Review (NSR) (CAA) permits under the New Source Review (NSR) and Title V operating permits programs would be and Title V operating permits programs would be required for new or existing facilities required for new or existing facilities

Under the Title V operating permits program, EPA is proposing a Under the Title V operating permits program, EPA is proposing a major source applicability threshold of 25,000 tpy CO2e for major source applicability threshold of 25,000 tpy CO2e for existing facilities  existing facilities 

Under the Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) portion of Under the Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) portion of NSR—EPA is proposing a major stationary source threshold of NSR—EPA is proposing a major stationary source threshold of 25,000 tpy CO2e, and a significance level between 10,000 and 25,000 tpy CO2e, and a significance level between 10,000 and 25,000 tpy CO2e. 25,000 tpy CO2e.

Renewable Fuel Renewable Fuel Standard #2Standard #2

EPA developed a new Renewable Fuels Standards (RFS2) per the EPA developed a new Renewable Fuels Standards (RFS2) per the Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 2007Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 2007

Directed to revise and implement regulations to ensure that Directed to revise and implement regulations to ensure that gasoline sold in the United States contains a minimum volume of gasoline sold in the United States contains a minimum volume of renewable fuelrenewable fuel

RFS2 will increase the volume of renewable fuel required to be RFS2 will increase the volume of renewable fuel required to be blended into gasoline from 9 billion gallons in 2008 to 36 billion blended into gasoline from 9 billion gallons in 2008 to 36 billion gallons by 2022 (increase is mostly cellulostic/advanced biofuels)gallons by 2022 (increase is mostly cellulostic/advanced biofuels)

Sets mandatory lifecycle GHG reduction thresholds for renewable Sets mandatory lifecycle GHG reduction thresholds for renewable fuel categories, as compared to petroleum fuels used in 2005fuel categories, as compared to petroleum fuels used in 2005

EPA’s PM Standards: Old and NewEPA’s PM Standards: Old and New

1997 Standards1997 Standards 2006 Standards2006 Standards

AnnualAnnual 24-hour24-hour AnnualAnnual 24-hour24-hour

PM2.5PM2.5

(Fine)(Fine)15 15 µg/mµg/m33

Annual Annual arithmetic arithmetic mean, averaged mean, averaged over 3 yearsover 3 years

65 µg/m65 µg/m33

Annual Annual arithmetic arithmetic mean, averaged mean, averaged over 3 yearsover 3 years

15µg/m15µg/m33

Annual Annual arithmetic arithmetic mean, averaged mean, averaged over 3 yearsover 3 years

35µg/m35µg/m33

Annual Annual arithmetic arithmetic mean, averaged mean, averaged over 3 yearsover 3 years

PM10PM10

(Coarse)(Coarse)50µg/m50µg/m33

Annual averageAnnual average

150µg/m150µg/m33

24-hr average 24-hr average ((9999thth percentile) percentile)

RevokedRevoked 150µg/m150µg/m33

24-hr average 24-hr average ((singled singled expected expected exceedance)exceedance)

Fine Particles – PM2.5Combustion, gases to particlesSulfates/acidsNitrateAmmoniumOrganicsCarbonMetalsWater

Sources:Coal, oil, gasoline, diesel, Wood CombustionTransformation of SOx, NOx, organic gases including biogenicsHigh temperature industrial processes (smelters, steel mills)

Inhalable Coarse Particles – PM10Crushing, grinding, dustResuspended dusts (soil, street dust)Coal/oil fly ashAluminum, silica,iron-oxidesTire and brake wearInhalable Biological Materials (e.g., from soils, plant fragments)

Sources:Resuspension of dust tracked onto roadsSuspension from disturbed soil (farms, mines, unpaved roads)Construction/demolitionIndustrial fugitivesBiological sources

PM Components: Fine and Coarse

Larger particles (> PMLarger particles (> PM1010) deposit in ) deposit in

the upper respiratory tractthe upper respiratory tract Smaller, inhalable particles (Smaller, inhalable particles (≤≤ PM PM1010) )

penetrate deep into the lungspenetrate deep into the lungs

Both coarse particulate matterBoth coarse particulate matter and and

fine particulate matter can penetrate fine particulate matter can penetrate to lower regions of the lungto lower regions of the lung

Deposited particles may accumulate, Deposited particles may accumulate, react, be cleared or absorbedreact, be cleared or absorbed

Particulate MatterParticulate Matter

Regulatory FrameworkRegulatory FrameworkClean Air Act RequirementsClean Air Act Requirements

Attainment - Rules for areas that meet or attain the NAAQS. Attainment - Rules for areas that meet or attain the NAAQS. Nonattainment- Rules for areas that do not meet or attain the NAAQS. Nonattainment- Rules for areas that do not meet or attain the NAAQS.

EPA designated new areas in Utah as Nonattainment for PM2.5 in EPA designated new areas in Utah as Nonattainment for PM2.5 in December of 2009.December of 2009.

A State Implementation Plan (SIP) must be developed for areas designated A State Implementation Plan (SIP) must be developed for areas designated as Nonattainment for meeting the standard.as Nonattainment for meeting the standard.

The SIP contains federally enforceable regulations such as controls for The SIP contains federally enforceable regulations such as controls for sources of air pollution.sources of air pollution.

Upcoming HAP Regulations Upcoming HAP Regulations for Small Boilersfor Small Boilers

EPA is developing rules that will set limits on the EPA is developing rules that will set limits on the amount of Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs or air amount of Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs or air toxics) for smaller institutional/commercial toxics) for smaller institutional/commercial boilers including those that: boilers including those that:

Burn wood/biomass to provide heat/energy for: Burn wood/biomass to provide heat/energy for: Schools Schools Hospitals Hospitals PrisonsPrisons Manufacturing facilitiesManufacturing facilities FarmsFarms