enzymes a cell’s toolbox (ch 6.4). enzymes are: 1.proteins 2.carbohydrates 3.lipids 4.nucleic...
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EnzymesA cell’s toolbox (Ch 6.4)
Enzymes are:
1 2 3 4 5
65%
0%
21%
9%6%
1. Proteins
2. Carbohydrates
3. Lipids
4. Nucleic acids
5. Depends on the enzyme
progress of reactionlow
high
energycontent
ofmolecules
products
reactants
activation energywithout catalyst
activation energywith catalyst
• An enzyme is a protein that
• catalyzes a chemical reaction in living cells.
• is not consumed in the reaction.
Enzyme structure
active site
substrate
enzyme
allostericregulatory site
Many enzymes have bothactive sites and allostericregulatory sites.
3 Substrates, bondedtogether, leave enzyme;enzyme ready for newset of substrates.
active siteof enzyme
enzyme
substrates
1 Substrates enteractive site in aspecific orientation.
2 Substrates and activesite change shape,promoting reactionbetween substrates.
If enzymes are proteins, which type of molecule contains the instructions for
making enzymes?
1 2 3
11% 14%
75%
1. Other proteins2. DNA3. Depends on the
enzyme
Lactase
Lactose (milk sugar) is a
disaccharide.
Lactase breaks lactose down into two
monosaccharides, which can be absorbed in the
small intestine.
Why would the genetic “error” causing lactose tolerance (the ability to drink milk all your life) be selected for in some parts of the world and not in others?
Amylase
Amylase breaks starch (amylose) apart into
monosaccharides
Iodine turns black when starch is
present. How does the test in this picture
demonstrate amylase activity?
Pepsin Pepsin is a protease which breaks apart protein chains into
smaller chains or single amino acids.
If enzymes are proteins, can pepsin digest
itself?
Hair and feathers are
keratin protein. Why aren’t they
digestible?
• If the enzyme amylase were broken down into its monomers by another enzyme, what would those monomers be?
• What would be the monomers of the enzyme lactase?
• What about the monomers of the enzyme pepsin?
WORK
TOGETHER
The monomers of enzymes are always:
1 2 3 4
25% 25%25%25%
1. Amino acids
2. Nucleic acids
3. Fatty acids
4. Simple sugars
allostericregulatormolecule
An allosteric regulatormolecule causes the activesite to change shape, so thesubstrate no longer fits.
Allosteric inhibition
A competitive inhibitor moleculeoccupies the active site andblocks entry of the substrate.
Competitive inhibition
Enzyme regulation
Regulation controls enzyme pathways.
If one enzyme in the chain were missing, could the end product, G, be made?
If Product G came from another source, such as from consumed food, what would be its effect on
this system?
Regulation may be through competitive or non-competitive inhibition.
MTHFR gene: methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase
enzyme.
Located on the p arm of chromosome 1 in humans, this gene codes for an enzyme involved in the methylation of folic acid, a necessary B vitamin. Methylated (folate) and non-methylated (folic acid) forms are found in leafy greens, beans, and whole grains.
MTHFR is just one enzyme among many that convert certain nutrients into usable forms
and convert waste into non-toxic forms.
• Lack of the MTHFR enzyme causes buildup of homocysteine and/or folic acid, which can cause damage to the heart, blood vessels, and thyroid over time.
• Homocysteine is normally converted to glutathione, one of the body’s chief antioxidants. People with a defective MTHFR enzyme lose the protection of this important antioxidant.
More information on the MTHFR gene on:
•http://www.stopthethyroidmadness.com/mthfr/
•http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/MTHFR
Which of the following can inhibit enzyme function?
1 2 3 4
25% 25%25%25%
1. Temperature
2. pH
3. The genetic code
4. All of these
pH influences enzyme activity
enzymeactivity
acidic
pepsin
salivaryamylase
basicpH
If you ate a lot of antacids, could that affect your digestion? Why?
enzymeactivity
Enzyme activityincreases
temperature
Maximum activity atoptimal temperature.
High temperaturesdistort enzymestructure.
Temperature influences enzyme activity
What is one reason why high fevers can be dangerous?
Recap
• Enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions in living systems.
• Each enzyme does one job, but does that job over and over again. This is referred to as enzyme specificity.