16 Personality Factors

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The 16 Personality Factors , measured by the 16PF Questionnaire, were derived using factor-analysis by psychologist RaymondCattell.

Below is a table outlining this model.

Co nt ent s

1 Raymond Cattell's 16 Personality Factors2 Relationship to the Big Five3 Origins4 See also5 References6 Further reading7 External links

Raymond Cattell's 16 Personality Factors

Descriptors of Low Range PrimaryFactor

Descriptors of High Range

Impersonal, distant, cool, reserved, detached, formal,aloof (Schizothymia)

Warmth(A)

Warm, outgoing, attentive to others, kindly, easy-going,participating, likes people (Affectothymia)

Concrete thinking, lower general mental capacity, lessintelligent, unable to handle abstract problems (LowerScholastic Mental Capacity )

Reasoning(B)

Abstract- thinking, more intelligent, bright, higher generalmental capacity, fast learner (Higher Scholastic MentalCapacity )

Reactive emotionally, changeable, affected by feelings,emotionally less stable, easily upset (Lower Ego Strength )

EmotionalStability

(C)

Emotionally stable, adaptive, mature, faces reality calmly(Higher Ego Strength )

Deferential, cooperative, avoids conflict, submissive,humble, obedient, easily led, docile, accommodating

Dominance Dominant, forceful, assertive, aggressive, competitive,

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humble, obedient, easily led, docile, accommodating(Submissiveness)

(E) stubborn, bossy (Dominance)

Serious, restrained, prudent, taciturn, introspective, silent(Desurgency )

Liveliness(F)

Lively, animated, spontaneous, enthusiastic, happy golucky, cheerful, expressive, impulsive (Surgency )

Expedient, nonconforming, disregards rules, self indulgent(Low Super Ego Strength )

Rule-Consciousness

(G)

Rule-conscious, dutiful, conscientious, conforming,moralistic, staid, rule bound (High Super Ego Strength )

Shy, threat- sensitive, timid, hesitant, intimidated (Threctia)Social

Boldness(H)

Socially bold, venturesome, thick skinned, uninhibited(Parmia)

Utilitarian, objective, unsentimental, tough minded, self-reliant, no-nonsense, rough (Harria)

Sensitivity(I)

Sensitive, aesthetic, sentimental, tender minded, intuitive,refined (Premsia)

Trusting, unsuspecting, accepting, unconditional, easy(Alaxia)

Vigilance(L)

Vigilant, suspicious, skeptical, distrustful, oppositional(Protension)

Grounded, practical, prosaic, solution oriented, steady,conventional (Praxernia)

Abstractedness(M)

Abstract, imaginative, absent minded, impractical,absorbed in ideas (Autia)

Forthright, genuine, artless, open, guileless, naive,unpretentious, involved (Artlessness)

Privateness(N)

Private, discreet, nondisclosing, shrewd, polished, worldly,astute, diplomatic (Shrewdness)

Self-Assured, unworried, complacent, secure, free of guilt,confident, self satisfied (Untroubled)

Apprehension(O)

Apprehensive, self doubting, worried, guilt prone,insecure, worrying, self blaming (Guilt Proneness )

Traditional, attached to familiar, conservative, respectingtraditional ideas (Conservatism)

Openness toChange

(Q1)

Open to change, experimental, liberal, analytical, critical,free thinking, flexibility (Radicalism)

Group-oriented, affiliative, a joiner and followerdependent (Group Adherence)

Self-Reliance(Q2)

Self- reliant, solitary, resourceful, individualistic, self-sufficient (Self-Sufficiency )

Tolerates disorder, unexacting, flexible, undisciplined, lax,self- conflict, impulsive, careless of social rules,uncontrolled (Low Integration )

Perfectionism(Q3)

Perfectionistic, organized, compulsive, self- disciplined,socially precise, exacting will power, control, self-sentimental (High Self-Concept Control )

Relaxed, placid, tranquil, torpid, patient, composed lowdrive (Low Ergic Tension )

Tension(Q4)

Tense, high energy, impatient, driven, frustrated, overwrought, time driven. (High Ergic Tension)

Primary Factors and Descriptors in Cattell's 16 Personality Factor Model (Adapted From Conn & Rieke, 1994).

Relat ionship to the Big Five

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This article is a very brief summary of the in-depth information that appears under the main listings- - 16PF Questionnaire and RaymondCattell. Cattell referred to the 16 factors listed below as primary factors . They were developed in the 1940s and 1950s by scientificallysampling the widest possible range of behaviors, including using ratings by observers, questionnaires, and objective measurements ofactual behavior.[1][2][3] This took more than a decade, and was later validated in a range of international cultures over time. [4] Thus,these factors were seen to represent a fairly comprehensive listing of the basic dimensions of human personality.

He then factored these primary traits (i.e., performed a second-order factor analysis) and discovered a smaller number of over-archingpersonality factors or domains that provided the overall structure and meaning for the primary traits. He labelled these Second-Order orGlobal Factors. For example, Extraversion was found to be a Global Factor that contained primary factors Warmth/Reserve(A), SocialBoldness/Shyness (H), Liveliness/Seriousness (F), Group-Orientation/Self-Sufficiency (Q2), and Forthrightness/Privatness (N).[5]

In the original Fourth and Fifth Editions of the 16PF, there were five global factors that correspond fairly closely to the later " Big Five" (BF):BF Openness => 16PF Openness/Tough-mindedness; BF Conscientiousness => 16PF Self-Control; BF Extraversion => 16PFExtraversion; BF Agreeableness/Dis-Agreeablenss => 16PF Independence/Accommodation; and BF Neuroticism => 16PF Anxiety (Conn& Rieke, 1994). In fact, the development of the Big-Five factors began by factor-analyz ing the original items of the 16PF.[6]

However, one big technical difference between Cattell's five Global Factors and popular Five-Factor models was Cattell's insistence onusing scientific, oblique rotations, whereas Goldberg and Costa & McCrae used orthogonal rotations. Oblique rotation allows the factors tolocate and define themselves, whereas orthogonal rotation forces the factors to arbitrarily be unrelated to each other (at 90 degrees toeach other)- -a quality which is true of very few known personality traits. However, this makes the factors easier to agree upon and to workon statistically in research. This forced the Big-Five traits into somewhat skewed definitions compared to the 16PF Global factors. Forexample, in Cattell's model, the basic personality trait of Dominance (Factor E) is strongly located in the Independence/AccommodationFactor (i.e., Big-Five Agreeableness) which represents a quality of fearless, original thinking and forceful, independent actions. However,other popular big five models consider Dominance as a facet of several Big-Five traits, including Extraversion, Dis-Agreeableness, andConscientiousness. Thus Dominance is spread very thinly across a range of Big-Five factors with little influence on any one (Cattell &Mead, 2008).

OriginsIn 1936 Gordon Allport and H.S. Odbert hypothesized that:

“ Those individual differences that are most salient and socially relevant in people’s lives will eventually become encodedinto their language; the more important such a difference, the more likely is it to become expressed as a single word. ”

This statement has become known as the Lexical Hypothesis.

Allport and Odbert had worked through two of the most comprehensive dictionaries of the English language available at the time, andextracted 18,000 personality-describing words. From this gigantic list they extracted 4500 personality-describing adjectives which theyconsidered to describe observable and relatively permanent traits.

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In 1946 Raymond Cattell used the emerging technology of computers to analyse the Allport-Odbert list. He organized the list into 181clusters and asked subjects to rate people whom they knew by the adjectives on the list. Using factor analysis Cattell generated twelvefactors, and then included four factors which he thought ought to appear. The result was the hypothesis that individuals describethemselves and each other according to sixteen different, independent factors.

With these sixteen factors as a basis, Cattell went on to construct the 16PF Personality Questionnaire, which remains in use by universitiesand businesses for research, personnel selection and the like. In 1963, W.T. Norman replicated Cattell’s work and suggested that fivefactors would be sufficient.

See alsoMyers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)Neuroticism Extraversion Openness Personality Inventory (NEO-PI)Trait theorySocionicsEnneagram of personality

ReferencesCattell, R. B. (1946). The description and measurement of personality. New York, NY: Harcourt, Brace, & World.Cattell, R. B. (1957). Personality and motivation structure and measurement . New York, NY: World Book.Cattell, H. E. P., & Mead, A. D. (2008). The sixteen personality factor questionnaire (16PF). In G. Boyle, G. Matthews, & D. H.Saklofske, Eds.) The SAGE handbook of personality theory and assessment; Vol 2 Personality measurement and testing (pp. 135–178).Los Angeles, CA: Sage.Conn, S.R., & Rieke, M.L. (1994). The 16PF Fifth Edition technical manual. Champaign, IL: Institute for Personality and Ability Testing,Inc.Russell, M.T., & Karol, D. (2002). 16PF Fifth Edition administrator’s manual1. ^ Cattell, R.B. (1946). The description and measurement o f personality. New York: World Book.2. ^ Cattell, R.B. (1957). Personality and motivation structure and measurement. New York: World Book.3. ^ Cattell, R.B. (1973). ‘’Personality and mood by questionnaire.’’ San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.4. ^ Cattell, H.E.P. & Mead, A.D. (2008). The 16PF Questionnaire. In G.J. Boyle, G. Matthews, & D.H. Saklo fske (Eds), The Sage Handbook o f

Personality Theory and Testing: Vo l. 2, Personality Measurement and Testing., Los Angeles, CA: Sage Publications.5. ^ Cattell, H.E.P. (1996). The original big-five: A historical perspective. ‘’European Review of Psycho logy, 46 ’’(1), 5-14.6 . ^ Costa, P.T., Jr., McCrae, R.R. (1985). The NEO Personality Inventory Manual. Odessa, FL: Psycho logical Assessment Resources.

Further readingGregory, Robert J. (2011). Psychological Testing: History, Principles, and Applications (Sixth ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon. ISBN 978-0-205-78214-7. Lay summary (7 November 2010).

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Tucker, William H. (2009). The Cattell Controversy: Race, Science, and Ideology . University of Illinois Press . ISBN 978-0-252-03400-8.Lay summary (30 August 2010).

External linksContributions and Limitations of Cattell's Sixteen Personality Factor ModelThe International Personality Item Pool has public domain scales measuring the sixteen factors.[1]

Online implementation.[2]

Categories: Personality typologies Personality tests

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