en.wikipedia.org wiki mining in australia

8/13/2019 en.wikipedia.org Wiki Mining in Australia

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Super Pit gold mine at Kalgoorlie in Western Australia is

Australia's largest open-pit mine

Mining in AustraliaFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Mining in Australiais a significant primary

industry and contributor to the Australian

economy. Historically, mining booms have

also encouraged immigration to Australia.Many different ores and minerals are mined

throughout the country.

Mining has had a substantial environmental

impact in some areas of Australia. Although

mining services, equipment and technology

are being exported, the mining sector

employs 2.2% of the total labour force.

Contents

1 History1.1 Gold rushes

2 Location3 Minerals and resources

3.1 Coal mining3.2 Uranium mining3.3 Natural Gas

4 Economics

5 Technology and services6 Lifestyle7 Environment and politics8 Mining disasters

8.1 New Australasian GoldMine

8.2 Mount Kembla8.3 Balmain Colliery8.4 North Mount Lyell8.5 Mount Mulligan8.6 Moura8.7 Bronzewing8.8 Beaconsfield8.9 Bulli8.10 Box Flat Mine

9 Australian mining in literature, artand film

10 See also11 References12 External links

Page 1 of 12Mining in Australia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

2/5/2013http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining_in_Australia


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History

Mining contributed significantly to preventing potential bankruptcy for the early colonies in Australia.

Silver and later copper were discovered in South Australia in the 1840s, leading to the export of ore and

the immigration of skilled miners and smelters. The first economic minerals in Australia were silver and

lead in February 1841 at Glen Osmond, now a suburb of Adelaide in South Australia. Mines including

Wheal Gawler and Wheal Watkins opened soon after.[1]The value of these mines was soonovershadowed by the discovery of copper at Kapunda (1842),[2]Burra (1845) [3]and in the Copper

Triangle (Moonta, Kadina and Wallaroo) area at the top of Yorke Peninsula (1861).[4]

Broken Hill, NSW, one of Australia's iconic mining towns, backed by the man-made mullock heaps from theLine

of Lode

Gold rushes

Main article: Australian gold rushes

In 1851, gold was found near Ophir, New South Wales. Weeks later, gold was found in the newly

established colony of Victoria. Australian gold rushes, in particular the Victorian Gold Rush, had a

major lasting impact on Victoria, and on Australia as a whole. The influx of wealth that gold brought

soon made Victoria Australia's richest colony by far, and Melbourne the island's largest city. By the

middle of the 1850s, 40% of the world's gold was produced in Australia.[5]

Australia's population changed dramatically as a result of the gold rushes: in 1851 the population was

437,655 and a decade later it was 1,151,947; the rapid growth was predominantly a result of the newchums (recent immigrants from the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth states) who contributed

the 'rush'.[6]Although most Victorian goldfields were exhausted by the end of the 19th century, and

although much of the profit was sent back to the UK, sufficient wealth remained to fund substantial

development of industry and infrastructure.

Location




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Drilling rig at a BHP Billiton

minesite about 550 km (342 mi)

outside of Newman, Western

Australia.

Australian metal ore and mineral quarterly exports ($A millions)

since 1969.

Australia has mining activity in all of its states and territories.

Particularly significant areas today include the Goldfields, Peel

and Pilbara regions of Western Australia, the Hunter Valley in

New South Wales, the Bowen Basin in Queensland and Latrobe

Valley in Victoria and various parts of the outback. Places such

as Kalgoorlie, Mount Isa, Mount Morgan, Broken Hill and

Coober Pedy are known as mining towns.

Major active mines in Australia include:

Olympic Dam in South Australia, a copper, silver anduranium mine believed to have the world's largest uraniumresource.

Super Pit gold mine, which has replaced a number ofunderground mines near Kalgoorlie, Western Australia

For a more comprehensive list of mines in Australia, see Mines in Australia

Minerals and resources

Large quantities of minerals and

resources are extracted in Australia.

These include:

Iron ore Australia was theworld's third largest supplier in2008 after China and Brazil,supplying 342 million metric

tonnes.[7]

Nickel Australia was theworld's second largestproducer in 2006 after Russia.[8]

Bauxite/aluminium - Australiawas the world's largest

producer in 2011.[9]

CopperGold Australia is the secondlargest producer after China.[10]

SilverUranium Australia is responsible for 11% of the world's production and was the world's third

largest producer in 2010 after Kazakhstan and Canada.[11]

Diamond Australia has the third largest commercially-viable deposits after Russia and

Botswana.[citation needed]Australia also boasts the richest diamantiferous pipe with production

reaching peak levels of 42 metric tons (41 LT/46 ST) per year in the 1990s.[citation needed]

Opal Australia is the world's largest producer of opal, being responsible for 95% of production.[12]




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Australian coal, coke and briquette quarterly exports ($A millions)

since 1969.

Zinc Australia was second only to China in zinc production in 2008, producing just under 14%

of world production.[13]

Coal Australia is the world's largest exporter of coal and fourth largest producer of coal behind

China, USA and India.[14]

Oil shale

Petroleum Australia is the twenty-eighth largest producer of petroleum.[citation needed]Natural gas - Australia is world's third largest producer of LNG and forecast to be world leader by2020.

Rare earth elements

Much of the raw material mined in Australia is exported overseas to countries such as China for

processing into refined product. Energy and minerals constitute two thirds of Australia's total exports to

China, and more than half of Australia's iron ore exports are to China.[15]

Coal mining

Main article: Coal in Australia

Coal is mined in every state of

Australia. It is used to generate

electricity and is exported. 75% of

the coal mined in Australia is

exported, mostly to eastern Asia. In

2000/01, 258.5 million tonnes of

coal was mined, and 193.6 million

tonnes exported, rising to 261

million tonnes of exports in 2008

09.[14]Coal also provides about 85%

of Australia's electricity production.[16]Australia is the world's leading

coal exporter.[17]

Uranium mining

Main article: Uranium mining in Australia

Uranium mining in Australia began in the early 20th century in South Australia. Australia contains 23%

of the world's proven estimated uranium reserves. In recent decades opposition to uranium mining in

Australia has increased, resulting in many government inquiries into its extraction. The three largest

uranium mines in the country are Olympic Dam, Ranger Uranium Mine and Beverley Uranium Mine.Future production is expected from Honeymoon Uranium Mine and the planned Four Mile uranium

mine.

See also: Uranium mining controversy in Kakadu National Park




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Natural Gas

Based on 2008 CSIRO report, Australia estimated have stranded gas reserves with about 140 trillion

cubic feet or enough to fulfil the needs of a city with one million people for 2,800 years.[18]

Economics

A number of large multinational mining companies including BHP Billiton, Newcrest, Rio Tinto, Alcoa,

Chalco, Shenhua (a Chinese mining company), Alcan and Xstrata operate in Australia. There are also a

lot of small mining and mineral exploration companies listed on the Australian Stock Exchange (ASX).

Overall, the resources sector represents almost 20% of the ASX market by capitalisation, and almost one

third of the companies listed.[19]

Mining contributes about 5.6% of Australia's Gross Domestic Product. This is up from only 2.6% in

1950, but down from over 10% at the time of federation in 1900.[20]In contrast, mineral exports

contribute around 35% of Australia's exports. Australia is the world's largest exporter of coal (35% of

international trade), iron ore, lead, diamonds, rutile, zinc and zirconium, second largest of gold anduranium, and third largest of aluminium.[21]Japan was the major purchaser of Australian mineral exports

in the mid 1990s.[5]

Of the developed countries, perhaps only in Canada and Norway does mining play as significant a part

in the economy; for comparison, in Canada mining represents about 3.6% of the Canadian economy and

32% of exports,[22]and in Norway mining, dominated by petroleum, represents about 19% of GDP and

46% of exports.[23]By comparison, in the United States mining represents only about 1.6% of GDP.[24]

Despite its export importance, the mining sector employs only a small proportion of the workforce

roughly 129,000 Australians, representing only about 2.2% of the total labour force.[25]

Technology and services

Australia's high labour costs and first-world safety regulations, distinctive geology, and the importance

placed on mining research by successive governments and businesses has meant that the Australian

mining sector is quite technologically advanced. A large proportion of mines worldwide make use of

Australian-developed computer software, such as specialised Geological Database and Resource

Estimation Modelling software by Micromine and geology/mine planning software by Runge Ltd and

Maptek Pty Ltd. Mines in Australia are leading the market globally deploying mine production data

management software such as Corvus developed by Intov8 Pty Ltd, which displays real-time production

data from multiple source systems on dashboards, and includeds comprehensive dynamic analysis andreporting, driving process and cost efficiencies at the shift level. Australia's mining services, equipment,

and technology exports are over $2 billion annually.[26]

The world first large scale remote operations centre for operation of the Rio Tinto mines in the Pilbara is

located in the airport precinct in Perth operating mines sites, ports, rail and logistics from a central

remote location.




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The town of Mount Isa is surrounded

by vast mineral deposits.

The mountains near Queenstown,

Tasmania, completely denuded of

vegetation through effects of mining

Lifestyle

Many mines in remote areas have a traditional company town (for example Roxby Downs or Leigh

Creek), or support towns that used to be company towns such as Broken Hill and Mount Isa.

Most mines in remote areas are operated on a fly-in-fly-out basis

where the miners' "home" and family remains in a major city,and the miners fly out to their mine for two weeks of solid work,

then fly home for one week of rest.[citation needed]The roster may

vary from site to site. 3 weeks on / 1 week off rosters are not

uncommon and the working away period can be for much longer

than 2 or 3 weeks. A fly-in-fly-out roster is common on offshore

oil platforms, as well as minesites located inland of Australia,

such as Century, Challenger, Bronzewing and Yandicoogina

minesites.

Free meals and accommodation are provided for employees as a

means to offset the time spent living away from home. Breakfast, lunch and dinner are consumed andcollected from the 'mess hall' at the mining camp. Living quarters provided at camp sites range from 2

by 4 metre portable homes to permanent 6 by 8 metre rooms with ensuites. Fridges, single beds,

television, electricity and water are also provided with rooms.

Environment and politics

Mining has had a substantial environmental impact in some areas

of Australia. Historically, the Victorian gold rush resulted in

substantial deforestation, consequent erosion, and arsenic

pollution.[27]The effects on the landscape near Bendigo andBallarat can still be seen today. Queenstown, Tasmania's

mountains were also completely denuded through a combination

of logging and pollution from a mine smelter, and remain bare

today.

Uranium mining has been controversial, partly for its alleged

environmental impact but more so because of its end uses in

nuclear power and nuclear weapons. The Australian Labor Party,

one of Australia's two major parties, maintains a policy of "no

new uranium mines". As of 2006, the increased world demand for uranium has seen some pressure, both

internally and externally on the ALP, for a policy change.[28]Australia is a participant in international

anti-proliferation efforts designed to ensure that no exported uranium is used in nuclear weapons.[29]

Mining disasters




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Memorial for the workers who

lost their lives at Mount Kembla,

1902

New Australasian Gold Mine

Creswick in the Victorian goldfields was the site of The New

Australasian No.2 Deep Lead Gold Mine. At 4:45am, Tuesday 12

December 1882, 29 miners became trapped underground by flood

waters that came from the flooded parallel-sunk No.1 mine shaft,

only five men survived and made it to the surface. Despite two daysof frantic pumping the waters filled the mine shaft. The trapped men

scrawled last notes to their loved ones on billy cans before they

drowned. Some of these have been kept and still bear the messages.

The men that perished left 17 widows and 75 dependent children.[30]

Mount Kembla

In 1883 a coal mine was opened near Mount Kembla in the

Illawarra District of New South Wales. In 1902 there was an

explosion in the mine and 96 men and boys lost their lives, either

while at work or in the course of trying to save the lives of others.Every family in the village lost a relative. A service of

commemoration is held annually on 31 July at the Mount Kembla

Soldiers and Miners Memorial Church. This is the worst mining disaster in Australias history. [31]

Balmain Colliery

Balmain Colliery was located in Birchgrove, New South Wales and produced coal from 1897 until 1931

and natural gas until 1945. During this period, 10 miners lost their lives in three separate incidents:

1900On 17 March 1900, six miners were being lowered down the Birthday shaft. At 1,424 feet the

bucket they were travelling in caught on a projection, tipped over and five of the six men fell to their

death in the shaft. As a result of this accident, theMining Actwas amended to provide guide rails in

shafts to prevent bucket swinging or overturning.[32]

1932In 1932, a year after the mine closed, a six inch bore was sunk below the Birthday shaft to pipe

Natural Gas to the surface. During the sinking of the bore, two men were killed when the gas ignited and

exploded.[32]

1945During the sealing of the Birthday shaft on 20 April 1945, a rudimentary test was being undertaken

which ignited escaping gas and caused an explosion below the seal. The company manager and two men

were killed in the accident and another two men injured.[32]

North Mount Lyell

On 12 October 1912, the North Mount Lyell Fire caused the death of 42 miners, and required breathing

apparatus to be transported from Victorian mines at great speed, to rescue trapped miners. The

subsequent royal commission was inconclusive as to the cause.




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Mount Mulligan in Far North

Queensland.

Headworks over a shaft at

Beaconsfield gold mine in Tasmania.

Mount Mulligan

The 1921 Mount Mulligan mine disaster occurred in Far North Queensland. These explosions, caused by

using naked flame for lighting, killed seventy-five men.

Moura

Four serious accidents have occurred at mines in the Central

Queensland town of Moura, Queensland|Moura. The first

accident took the lives of 13 men in September 1975. In July

1986 there was an explosion at Moura Number 4 Mine. 12 coal

miners lost their lives in this disaster that sparked controversy

after experts claimed the accident was avoidable. Another

explosion killed two men in January 1994 and just eight months

later another explosion deep underground took the lives of 11

men.[33]

Bronzewing

On 26 June 2000, at the Bronzewing Gold Mine in Western Australia (400 kilometers from Kalgoorlie),

18,000 cubic meters of sand-slurry, sludge, mud and rock broke through a storage wall. Three men

(Timothy Lee Bell, 21, Shane Hamill, 45 and Terrence Woodard, 26) were killed and eight escaped the

'accident'. It took over a month to retrieve the men from the site.

Beaconsfield

Main article: Beaconsfield mine collapse

On 25 April 2006, part of an underground gold mine at

Beaconsfield in Tasmania collapsed. One miner, Larry Knight,

was killed by the rock fall, and two others, Brant Webb and Todd

Russel, were trapped, leading to a rescue mission that took two

weeks to get them out alive.

Bulli

1887At 2.30pm on 23 March 1887, an explosion at the mine in

Bulli in New South Wales killed 81 people.[34]A special

commission was set up to investigate the explosion andconcluded:

..that the explosion was caused by marsh gas orcarbonic hydrate that had accumulated at theface. That the immediate cause was probably theflame from an overcharged shot fired by a minerin the coal in No. 2 Heading.




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This gas explosion propagated a coal dust explosion and travelled towards the fresh air at the surface.

The commission was also of the opinion that the Deputy, Overman and to a lesser extent the Manager,

were all guilty of contributing negligence.[35]

1965On 9 November 1965, a pocket of gas ignited in a panel several hundred yards from the main shaft

and killed four miners. Ten mining rescue teams and the Southern Mines Rescue Station worked all

night to extinguish the fire.

[36]

Box Flat Mine

At the Box Flat Mine in Swanbank, South East Queensland, 17 miners were lost after an underground

gas explosion occurred on 31 July 1972.[37]Another man died later from injuries sustained in the

explosion. The mine tunnel mouths were sealed and the mine closed shortly after.[37]

Australian mining in literature, art and film

Henry Lawson,His Father's Matefrom While The Billy Boils,1896 (short story)

Nickel Queen movie based on the West Australian late 1960s nickel boomColin Thiele, The Fire in the Stone(book which became a film)Wendy Richardson, Windy Gully1989 Currency Press (play)Conal Fitzpatrick, Kembla- The Book of Voices2002 Kemblawarra Press (poetry) ISBN 0-9581287-0-7

Henry Handel Richardson, The Fortunes of Richard Mahony: Australia FelixTakes place in thechaos of the early Ballarat goldrush.

Richard Lowenstein, Strikebound(1984 film).Tim Burstall, The Last of the Knucklemen(1979 film, based on the play by John Power, who alsowrote a novelisation of the film).

See also

Economy of AustraliaList of disasters

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^ ab"The Australian Coal Industry Coal Exports" (http://www.australiancoal.com.au/the-australian-coal-industry_coal-exports.aspx) . Australian Coal Association. http://www.australiancoal.com.au/the-australian-coal-industry_coal-exports.aspx. Retrieved 25 September 2010.

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Archived from the original (http://www.trademinister.gov.au/parlsec/speeches/060503_acbc.html) on 15June 2006.http://web.archive.org/web/20060615083435/http://www.trademinister.gov.au/parlsec/speeches/060503_acbcRetrieved 18 June 2006.

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^"The Importance of Coal in the Modern World Australia" (http://web.archive.org/web/20070208111031/http://gc3.cqu.edu.au/modern-world/index.php#australia) . Gladstone Centre for Clean Coal. Archived from the original(http://www.gc3.cqu.edu.au/modern-world/index.php#australia) on 8 February 2007.http://web.archive.org/web/20070208111031/http://gc3.cqu.edu.au/modern-world/index.php#australia.Retrieved 17 March 2007.

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^International Energy Agency. (2008-08-31) Coal Information 2008. Organization for EconomicCooperation & Development. ISBN 92-64-04241-5

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^The Hon Peter Costello, MP, Treasurer of Australia (5 June 2002). "Address to the Minerals Council ofAustralia, 2002 Minerals Industry Dinner" (http://www.treasurer.gov.au/tsr/content/speeches/2002/003.asp) .speech. Government of Australia. http://www.treasurer.gov.au/tsr/content/speeches/2002/003.asp. Retrieved18 June 2006.

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^Patrick Walters and Joseph Kerr (4 April 2006). "PM threatens ALP on China uraniumdeal" (http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,20867,18703281-2702,00.html) . The Australian.http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,20867,18703281-2702,00.html. Retrieved 19 June 2006.

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^Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (2005). "Weapons of Mass Destruction: Australias Role inFighting

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^ abcPeter Reynolds,Balmain Places 2 The Coal Mine Under The Harbour, Architectural HistoryResearch Unit, University of New South Wales, 1996, ISBN 0-908502-54-0

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^Barwick, John (1999).Australia's worst disasters: mining disasters. Port Melbourne, Victoria: HeinemannLibrary. pp. 2425. ISBN 1-86391-886-8.

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^Wollongong City Library, Bulli History(http://www.wollongong.nsw.gov.au/library/localinfo/bulli/history.html) , Retrieved on 2/11/06.

34.

^Illawarra Coal, Bulli Colliery Gas Explosion- 1887 (http://www.illawarracoal.com/bullidisaster.htm) ,Retrieved on 2/11/06.

35.

^Illawarra Coal, Bulli Colliery Underground Fire 1965(http://www.illawarracoal.com/bullidisaster2.htm) , Retrieved on 2/11/06.

36.

^ abCraig Wallace (4 June 2009). "Q150 bridge naming kicks off with Box FlatBridge" (http://www.cabinet.qld.gov.au/MMS/StatementDisplaySingle.aspx?id=64205) .Ministerial MediaStatement. Department of the Premier and Cabinet.http://www.cabinet.qld.gov.au/MMS/StatementDisplaySingle.aspx?id=64205. Retrieved 25 October 2010.

37.




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External links

ABARE Australian Mineral Statistics (http://www.abareconomics.com/)"Australian Atlas of Mineral Resources, Mines & ProcessingCentres" (http://www.australianminesatlas.gov.au/?site=atlas) . Geoscience Australia.http://www.australianminesatlas.gov.au/?site=atlas. Retrieved 6 June 2006.

Minerals Council of Australia (http://www.minerals.org.au/)

Coal Mining Services in Australia (http://www.coalservices.com.au/)WAs mining boom: where does it leave the environment? (http://www.publish.csiro.au/?act=view_file&file_id=EC133p12.pdf)

Australian Mining (mining news/publication) (http://www.miningaustralia.com.au/)interactive map of oil and gas infrastructure(http://www.oilandgasinfrastructure.com/home/oilandgasoceania/australia)

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Categories: Mining in Australia

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