en.wikipedia.org arabisraeli conflict

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en.wikipedia.org http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab–Israeli_conflict

Arab–Israeli conflict

"Arab-Israeli War" redirects here. For other uses, see Arab–Israeli War (disambiguation).

Arab–Israeli conflict

Date May 15, 1948–present

Location Middle East

Result Ongoing

Territorialchanges

Israeli occupation of the Sinai Peninsula (1956–57; 1967–1982), West Bank (1967–present),Gaza Strip (1967–2005), Golan Heights (1967–present) and South Lebanon (1982–2000)

Belligerents

Israel Palestinians:

Jordan (1948–1994) Egypt (1948–1978) Iraq (1948–) Syria (1948–) Lebanon (1948–)

Hezbollah (1982–)

Suez Crisis: (1956)

South Lebanon Conflict:

SLA (1978–2000)

War of Attrition: (1967–70)

Soviet Union

Supported by:[show] Supported by:[show]

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Commanders and leaders

Casualties and losses

≈22,570 military deaths[5]

≈1,723 civilian deaths[6]

90,785 total Arab deaths [7]

Both sides:74,000 military deaths18,000 civilian deaths

(1945–1995)[8]

The Arab–Israeli conflict ( Arabic: Al-Sira'a Al'Arabi A'Israili ; Hebrew: -ע ה ה

Ha'Sikhsukh Ha'Yisraeli-Aravi ) refers to the political tension and military conflicts between certain Arab countries

and Israel. The roots of the modern Arab–Israeli conflict are bound in the rise of Zionism and Arab nationalism

towards the end of the 19th century. Territory regarded by the Jewish people as their historical homeland is also

regarded by the Pan-Arab movement as historically and currently belonging to the Palestinians,[9] and in the Pan-

Islamic context, as Muslim lands. The sectarian conflict between Palestinian Jews and Arabs emerged in the early20th century, peaking into a full-scale civil war in 1947 and transforming into the First Arab-Israeli War in May 194

following the Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel .

The nature of the conflict has shifted over the years from the large scale regional Arab–Israeli conflict to a more

local Israeli–Palestinian conflict, as large-scale hostilities mostly ended with the cease-fire agreements that

followed the 1973 Yom Kippur War . Attempts have been made to resolve the conflict, but without success. Peace

agreements were signed between Israel and Egypt in 1979, and Israel and Jordan in 1994. The interim Oslo

Accords led to the creation of the Palestinian National Authority in 1994, though a final peace agreement has yet

to be reached. An Israeli–Palestinian peace process is ongoing. A cease-fire currently stands between Israel and

Syria, as well as more recently with Lebanon (since 2006). The conflict between Israel and Hamas-ruled Gaza,

which resulted in the 2009 cease-fire (although fighting has continued since then) is usually also included as part

of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict and hence the Arab–Israeli conflict. Despite the peace agreements with Egypt

and Jordan and the generally existing cease-fire, the Arab world and Israel generally remain at odds with each

other over many issues.

Contents

[hide]

Background

Religious aspects of the conflict

Some groups opposed to the peace process invoke religious arguments for their uncompromising positions.[10]

The contemporary history of the Arab–Israeli conflict is very much affected by the religious beliefs of the various

sides and their views of the idea of the chosen people in their policies with regard to the "Promised Land" and the

"Chosen City" of Jerusalem.[11]

The Land of Canaan or Eretz Yisrael (Land of Israel) was, according to the Hebrew Bible, promised by God to the

Children of Israel. This is also mentioned in the Qur'an. In his 1896 manifesto, The Jewish State, Theodor Herzl

repeatedly refers to the Biblical Promised Land concept.

[12]

Likud is currently the most prominent Israeli politicalparty to include the Biblical claim to the Land of Israel in its platform.[13]

Muslims also claim rights to that land in accordance with the Quran.[14] Contrary to the Jewish claim that this land

was promised only to the descendants of Abraham's younger son Isaac, they argue that the Land of Canaan was

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promised to what they consider the elder son, Ishmael, from whom Arabs claim descent. [14] Additionally, Muslims

also revere many sites holy for Biblical Israelites, such as the Cave of the Patriarchs and the Temple Mount. In the

past 1,400 years, Muslims have constructed Islamic landmarks on these ancient Israelite sites, such as the Dome

of the Rock and the Al-Aqsa Mosque on the Temple Mount, the holiest site in Judaism. This has brought the two

groups into conflict over the rightful possession of Jerusalem. Muslim teaching is that Muhammad passed through

Jerusalem on his first journey to heaven. Hamas, which governs the Gaza Strip, claims that all of the land of

Palestine (the current Israeli and Palestinian territories) is an Islamic waqf that must be governed by Muslims.[15]

Christian Zionists often support the State of Israel because of the ancestral right of the Jews to the Holy Land, assuggested, for instance, by Paul in Romans 11. Christian Zionism teaches that the return of Jews in Israel is a

prerequisite for the Second Coming of Christ.[16][17]

National movements

The roots of the modern Arab–Israeli conflict lie in the rise of Zionism and the reactionary Arab nationalism that

arose in response to Zionism towards the end of the 19th century. Territory regarded by the Jewish people as their

historical homeland is also regarded by the Pan-Arab movement as historically and presently belonging to the

Palestinian Arabs. Before World War I, the Middle East, including Palestine (later Mandatory Palestine), had been

under the control of the Ottoman Empire for nearly 400 years. During the closing years of their empire, theOttomans began to espouse their Turkish ethnic identity, asserting the primacy of Turks within the empire, leading

to discrimination against the Arabs.[18] The promise of liberation from the Ottomans led many Jews and Arabs to

support the allied powers during World War I, leading to the emergence of widespread Arab nationalism. Both Ara

nationalism and Zionism had their formulative beginning in Europe. The Zionist Congress was established in

Basel in 1897, while the "Arab Club" was established in Paris in 1906.

In the late 19th century European and Middle Eastern Jewish communities began to increasingly immigrate to

Palestine and purchase land from the local Ottoman landlords. The population of the late 19th century in Palestine

reached 600,000 – mostly Muslim Arabs, but also significant minorities of Jews, Christians, Druze and some

Samaritans and Bahai's. At that time, Jerusalem did not extend beyond the walled area and had a population of

only a few tens of thousands. Collective farms, known as kibbutzim, were established, as was the first entirely

Jewish city in modern times, Tel Aviv.

During 1915–16, as World War I was underway, the British High Commissioner in Egypt, Sir Henry McMahon,

secretly corresponded with Husayn ibn 'Ali, the patriarch of the Hashemite family and Ottoman governor of Mecca

and Medina. McMahon convinced Husayn to lead an Arab revolt against the Ottoman Empire, which was aligned

with Germany against Britain and France in the war. McMahon promised that if the Arabs supported Britain in the

war, the British government would support the establishment of an independent Arab state under Hashemite rule

in the Arab provinces of the Ottoman Empire, including Palestine. The Arab revolt, led by T. E. Lawrence

("Lawrence of Arabia") and Husayn's son Faysal, was successful in defeating the Ottomans, and Britain took

control over much of this area.

Sectarian conflict in Mandatory Palestine

Main article: Sectarian conflict in Mandatory Palestine

First mandate years and the Franco-Syrian war

In 1917, Palestine was conquered by the British forces (including the Jewish Legion). The British government

issued the Balfour Declaration, which stated that the government viewed favorably "the establishment in Palestine

of a national home for the Jewish people" but "that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil andreligious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine". The Declaration was issued as a result of the

belief of key members of the government, including Prime Minister David Lloyd George, that Jewish support was

essential to winning the war; however, the declaration caused great disquiet in the Arab world.[19] After the war, the

area came under British rule as the British Mandate of Palestine. The area mandated to the British in 1923

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A Jewish bus equipped with wire screens to

protect against rock, glass, and grenade throwing,

late 1930s

included what is today Israel, the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Transjordan eventually was carved into a separate

British protectorate – the Emirate of Transjordan, which gained an autonomous status in 1928 and achieved

complete independence in 1946 with the approval by the United Nations of the end of the British Mandate.

A major crisis among the Arab nationalists took place with the failed establishment of the Arab Kingdom of Syria in

1920. With the disastrous outcome of the Franco-Syrian War, the self-proclaimed Hashemite kingdom with its

capital in Damascus was defeated and the Hashemite ruler took refuge in Mandatory Iraq. The crisis saw the first

confrontation of nationalist Arab and Jewish forces, taking place in the Battle of Tel Hai in March 1920, but more

importantly the collapse of the pan-Arabist kingdom led to the establishment of the local Palestinian version of Aranationalism, with the return of Haj Amin al-Husseini from Damascus to Jerusalem in late 1920.

At this point in time Jewish immigration to Mandatory Palestine continued, while to some opinions a similar, but

less documented, immigration also took place in the Arab sector, bringing workers from Syria and other

neighbouring areas. Palestinian Arabs saw this rapid influx of Jewish immigrants as a threat to their homeland and

their identity as a people. Moreover, Jewish policies of purchasing land and prohibiting the employment of Arabs in

Jewish-owned industries and farms greatly angered the Palestinian Arab communities.[20][verification needed ]

Demonstrations were held as early as 1920, protesting what the Arabs felt were unfair preferences for the Jewish

immigrants set forth by the British mandate that governed Palestine at the time. This resentment led to outbreaks

of violence later that year, as the al-Husseini incited riots broke out in Jerusalem. Winston Churchill's 1922 White

Paper tried to reassure the Arab population, denying that the creation of a Jewish state was the intention of the

Balfour Declaration.

1929 events

In 1929, after a demonstration by Vladimir Jabotinsky's political group Betar at the Western Wall, riots started in

Jerusalem and expanded throughout Mandatory Palestine; Arabs murdered 67 Jews in the city of Hebron, in what

became known as the Hebron massacre.

During the week of the 1929 riots, at least 116 Arabs and 133 Jews [21]

were killed and 339 wounded.[22]

1930s and 1940s

By 1931, 17 percent of the population of Mandatory Palestine were

Jews, an increase of six percent since 1922.[23] Jewish immigration

peaked soon after the Nazis came to power in Germany, causing the

Jewish population in British Palestine to double.[24]

In the mid-1930s Izz ad-Din al-Qassam arrived from Syria andestablished the Black Hand, an anti-Zionist and anti-British militant organization. He recruited and arranged

military training for peasants and by 1935 he had enlisted between 200 and 800 men. The cells were equipped

with bombs and firearms, which they used to kill Jewish settlers in the area, as well as engaging in a campaign of

vandalism of Jewish settler plantations.[25] By 1936, escalating tensions led to the 1936–39 Arab revolt in

Palestine.[26]

In response to Arab pressure, [27] the British Mandate authorities greatly reduced the number of Jewish immigrant

to Palestine (see White Paper of 1939 and the SS Exodus). These restrictions remained in place until the end of

the mandate, a period which coincided with the Nazi Holocaust and the flight of Jewish refugees from Europe. As

a consequence, most Jewish entrants to Mandatory Palestine were considered illegal (see Aliyah Bet), causingfurther tensions in the region. Following several failed attempts to solve the problem diplomatically, the British

asked the newly formed United Nations for help. On May 15, 1947, the General Assembly appointed a committee,

the UNSCOP, composed of representatives from eleven states. [28] To make the committee more neutral, none of

the Great Powers were represented.[29] After five weeks of in-country study, the Committee reported to the

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Boundaries defined in the 1947 UN

Partition Plan for Palestine:

Area assigned for a Jewish state;

Area assigned for an Arab state;

Planned Corpus separatum with the

intention that Jerusalem would be

neither Jewish nor Arab

Armistice Demarcation Lines of

1949:

Israeli controlled territory from

1949;

Arab controlled territory until 1967

General Assembly on September 3, 1947.[30] The Report contained a majority and a minority plan. The majority

proposed a Plan of Partition with Economic Union. The minority proposed The Independent State of Palestine .

With only slight modifications, the Plan of Partition with Economic Union was the one the adoption and

implementation of which was recommended in resolution 181(II) of November 29, 1947. [31] The Resolution was

adopted by 33 votes to 13 with 10 abstentions. All six Arab states who were UN-members voted against it. On the

ground, Arab and Jewish Palestinians were fighting openly to control strategic positions in the region. Several

major atrocities were committed by both sides.[32]

Civil War in Mandatory Palestine

Main article: 1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine

In the weeks prior to the end of the Mandate the Haganah launched a number

of offensives in which they gained control over all the territory allocated by the

UN to the Jewish State, creating a large number of refugees and capturing the

towns of Tiberias, Haifa, Safad, Beisan and, in effect, Jaffa.

Early in 1948, the United Kingdom announced its firm intention to terminate its

mandate in Palestine on May 14.[33]

In response, U.S. President Harry S.Truman made a statement on March 25 proposing UN trusteeship rather than

partition, stating that "unfortunately, it has become clear that the partition plan

cannot be carried out at this time by peaceful means. ... unless emergency

action is taken, there will be no public authority in Palestine on that date

capable of preserving law and order. Violence and bloodshed will descend

upon the Holy Land. Large-scale fighting among the people of that country will

be the inevitable result."[34]

History

Main article: History of the Arab–Israeli conflict

1948 Arab–Israeli War

Main article: 1948 Arab–Israeli War

On May 14, 1948, the day on which the British Mandate over Palestine expired,

the Jewish People's Council gathered at the Tel Aviv Museum, and approved a

proclamation which declared the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz

Israel, to be known as the State of Israel. The declaration was made by David

Ben-Gurion, the Executive Head of the World Zionist Organization.[35]

There were no mention of the borders of the new state other than that it was in

Eretz Israel. In an official cablegram from the Secretary-General of the League

of Arab States to the UN Secretary-General on May 15, 1948, the Arab stated

publicly that Arab Governments found "themselves compelled to intervene for

the sole purpose of restoring peace and security and establishing law and order

in Palestine." (Clause 10(e)). Further in Clause 10(e) – "The Governments of

the Arab States hereby confirm at this stage the view that had been repeatedly

declared by them on previous occasions, such as the London Conference and

before the United Nations mainly, the only fair and just solution to the problem

of Palestine is the creation of United State of Palestine based upon the

democratic principles ..."

That day, the armies of Egypt, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, and Iraq invaded/intervened in what had just ceased to be

the British Mandate, marking the beginning of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War . The nascent Israeli Defense Force

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repulsed the Arab nations from part of the occupied territories, thus extending its borders beyond the original

UNSCOP partition.[36] By December 1948, Israel controlled most of the portion of Mandate Palestine west of the

Jordan River . The remainder of the Mandate consisted of Jordan, the area that came to be called the West Bank

(controlled by Jordan), and the Gaza Strip (controlled by Egypt). Prior to and during this conflict, 713,000 [37]

Palestinian Arabs fled their original lands to become Palestinian refugees, in part, due to a promise from Arab

leaders that they would be able to return when the war had been won, and also in part due to attacks on

Palestinian villages and towns by Israeli forces and Jewish militant groups.[38] Many Palestinians fled from the

areas that are now present-day Israel as a response to massacres of Arab towns by militant Jewish organizationslike the Irgun and the Stern Gang (See Deir Yassin massacre). The War came to an end with the signing of the

1949 Armistice Agreements between Israel and each of its Arab neighbours.

Before the adoption by the United Nations of Resolution 181 in November 1947 and the declaration of the State of

Israel in May 1948, several Arab countries adopted discriminatory measures against their local Jewish

populations. The status of Jewish citizens in Arab states worsened dramatically during the 1948 Israeli-Arab war.

Major anti-Jewish riots erupted throughout the Arab World in December 1947, and Jewish communities were hit

particularly hard in Syria and Aden, with hundreds of dead and injured. By mid-1948, almost all Jewish

communities in Arab states had suffered attacks and their status deteriorated. Jews under Islamic regimes were

uprooted from their longtime residency or became political hostages of the Arab–Israeli conflict. As a result, a

large number of Jews fled or were forced to emigrate from Arab countries and other Muslim countries as well. AntiJewish violence and persecution initiated the first waves of exodus, with many following. In Libya, Jews were

deprived of citizenship, and in Iraq, their property was seized.[39] Egypt expelled most of its Jewish community in

1956,[citation needed ] while Algeria denied its Jews of citizenship, upon its independence in 1962. The majority

were fleeing due to worsening political conditions, although some emigrated for ideological reasons.[40]

1949–67

As a result of Israel's victory in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War , any Arabs caught on the wrong side of the ceasefire lin

were unable to return to their homes in what became Israel. Likewise, any Jews on the West Bank or in Gaza

were exiled from their property and homes to Israel. Today's Palestinian refugees are the descendants of thosewho left, the responsibility for their exodus being a matter of dispute between the Israeli and the Palestinian

side.[41][42]:114 Morris concluded that the "decisive cause" for the abandonment by Palestinian Arabs of their

settlements was predominantly related to, or caused by, actions of the Jewish forces (citing actual physical

expulsions, military assaults on settlements, fear of being caught up in fighting, the fall of nearby settlements, and

propaganda inciting flight), while abandonment due to orders by the Arab leadership was decisive in only six out o

the 392 depopulated Arab settlements analysed by him.[42]:xiv-xviii Over 700,000 Jews emigrated to Israel between

1948 and 1952, with approximately 285,000 of them from Arab countries.[43][40]

In 1956, Egypt closed the Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping, and blockaded the Gulf of Aqaba, in contravention of

the Constantinople Convention of 1888. Many argued that this was also a violation of the 1949 Armistice Agreements.[44][45][not in citation given] On July 26, 1956, Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal Company, and closed

the canal to Israeli shipping.[46] Israel responded on October 29, 1956, by invading the Sinai Peninsula with British

and French support. During the Suez Crisis, Israel captured the Gaza Strip and Sinai Peninsula. The United

States and the United Nations soon pressured it into a ceasefire.[46][47] Israel agreed to withdraw from Egyptian

territory. Egypt agreed to freedom of navigation in the region and the demilitarization of the Sinai. The United

Nations Emergency Force (UNEF) was created and deployed to oversee the demilitarization. [48] The UNEF was

only deployed on the Egyptian side of the border, as Israel refused to allow them on its territory.[49]

Israel completed work on a national water carrier , a huge engineering project designed to transfer Israel's

allocation of the Jordan river 's waters towards the south of the country in realization of Ben-Gurion's dream of

mass Jewish settlement of the Negev desert. The Arabs responded by trying to divert the headwaters of the

Jordan, leading to growing conflict between Israel and Syria.[50]

The PLO (Palestinian Liberation Organization) was first established in 1964, under a charter including a

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Egyptian forces crossing the Suez Canal on

October 7, 1973

Begin, Carter and Sadat at Camp David

commitment to "[t]he liberation of Palestine [which] will destroy the Zionist and imperialist presence..." (PLO

Charter, Article 22, 1968).

On May 19, 1967, Egypt expelled UNEF observers,[51] and deployed 100,000 soldiers in the Sinai Peninsula.[52] It

again closed the Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping,[53][54] returning the region to the way it was in 1956 when

Israel was blockaded.

On May 30, 1967, Jordan signed a mutual defense pact with Egypt. Egypt mobilized Sinai units, crossing UN lines

(after having expelled the UN border monitors) and mobilized and massed on Israel's southern border. On June 5,Israel launched an attack on Egypt. The Israeli Air Force (IAF) destroyed most of the Egyptian Air Force in a

surprise attack, then turned east to destroy the Jordanian, Syrian and Iraqi air forces.[55] This strike was the crucia

element in Israel's victory in the Six-Day War .[52][54] At the war's end, Israel had gained control of the Sinai

Peninsula, the Gaza Strip, the West Bank (including East Jerusalem), Shebaa farms, and the Golan Heights. The

results of the war affect the geopolitics of the region to this day.

1967–73

At the end of August 1967, Arab leaders met in Khartoum in response

to the war, to discuss the Arab position toward Israel. They reachedconsensus that there should be no recognition, no peace, and no

negotiations with the State of Israel, the so-called "three no's".[56]

In 1969, Egypt initiated the War of Attrition , with the goal of exhausting

Israel into surrendering the Sinai Peninsula.[57] The war ended

following Gamal Abdel Nasser 's death in 1970.

On October 6, 1973, Syria and Egypt staged a surprise attack on

Israel on Yom Kippur , the holiest day of the Jewish calendar. The

Israeli military were caught off guard and unprepared, and took about

three days to fully mobilize.[58][59] This led other Arab states to send

troops to reinforce the Egyptians and Syrians. In addition, these Arab countries agreed to enforce an oil embargo

on industrial nations including the U.S, Japan and Western European Countries. These OPEC countries increased

the price of oil fourfold, and used it as a political weapon to gain support against Israel.[60] The Yom Kippur War

accommodated indirect confrontation between the US and the Soviet Union. When Israel had turned the tide of

war, the USSR threatened military intervention. The United States, wary of nuclear war , secured a ceasefire on

October 25.[58][59]

1974–2000

Egypt

Further information: Egypt–Israel relations

Following the Camp David Accords of the late 1970s, Israel and Egypt

signed a peace treaty in March 1979. Under its terms, the Sinai

Peninsula returned to Egyptian hands, and the Gaza Strip remained

under Israeli control, to be included in a future Palestinian state. The

agreement also provided for the free passage of Israeli ships through

the Suez Canal and recognition of the Straits of Tiran and the Gulf of

Aqaba as international waterways.

Jordan

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Further information: Israel–Jordan relations

In October 1994, Israel and Jordan signed a peace agreement, which stipulated mutual cooperation, an end of

hostilities, the fixing of the Israel-Jordan border, and a resolution of other issues. The conflict between them had

cost roughly 18.3 billion dollars. Its signing is also closely linked with the efforts to create peace between Israel

and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) representing the Palestinian National Authority (PNA). It was

signed at the southern border crossing of Arabah on October 26, 1994 and made Jordan only the second Arab

country (after Egypt) to sign a peace accord with Israel.

Iraq

Further information: Iraq–Israel relations

Israel and Iraq have been implacable foes since 1948. Iraq sent its troops to participate in the 1948 Arab–Israeli

War , and later backed Egypt and Syria in the 1967 Six-Day War and in the 1973 Yom Kippur War.

In June 1981, Israel attacked and destroyed newly built Iraqi nuclear facilities in Operation Opera.

During the Gulf War in 1991, Iraq fired 39 Scud missiles into Israel, in the hopes of uniting the Arab world against

the coalition which sought to liberate Kuwait. At the behest of the United States, Israel did not respond to thisattack in order to prevent a greater outbreak of war.

Lebanon

In 1970, following an extended civil war , King Hussein expelled the Palestine Liberation Organization from Jordan

September 1970 is known as the Black September in Arab history and sometimes is referred to as the "era of

regrettable events". It was a month when Hashemite King Hussein of Jordan moved to quash the autonomy of

Palestinian organisations and restore his monarchy's rule over the country.[61] The violence resulted in the deaths

of tens of thousands of people, the vast majority Palestinians.[62] Armed conflict lasted until July 1971 with the

expulsion of the PLO and thousands of Palestinian fighters to Lebanon. The PLO resettled in Lebanon, from which

it staged raids into Israel. In 1978, Israel launched Operation Litani, in which it together with the South Lebanon

Army forced the PLO to retreat north of the Litani river. In 1981 another conflict between Israel and the PLO broke

out, which ended with a ceasefire agreement that did not solve the core of the conflict. In June 1982, Israel

invaded Lebanon. Within two months the PLO agreed to withdraw thence.

In March 1983, Israel and Lebanon signed a ceasefire agreement. However, Syria pressured President Amine

Gemayel into nullifying the truce in March 1984. By 1985, Israeli forces withdrew to a 15 km wide southern strip of

Lebanon, following which the conflict continued on a lower scale, with relatively low casualties on both sides. In

1993 and 1996, Israel launched major operations against the Shiite militia of Hezbollah, which had become an

emergent threat. In May 2000, the newly elected government of Ehud Barak authorized a withdrawal fromSouthern Lebanon, fulfilling an election promise to do so well ahead of a declared deadline. The hasty withdrawal

lead to the immediate collapse of the South Lebanon Army, and many members either got arrested or fled to

Israel.

In 2006, as a response to a Hezbollah cross-border raid, Israel launched air strikes on Hezbollah strongholds in

Southern Lebanon, starting the 2006 Lebanon War . The inconclusive war lasted for 34 days, and resulted in the

creation of a buffer zone in Southern Lebanon and the deployment of Lebanese troops south of the Litani river for

the first time since the 1960s. The Israeli government under Ehud Olmert was harshly criticized for its handling of

the war in the Winograd Commission.

Palestinians

Further information: Israeli–Palestinian conflict

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflicthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winograd_Commissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehud_Olmerthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Lebanon_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Hezbollah_cross-border_raidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Lebanon_Armyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehud_Barakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amine_Gemayelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_Lebanon_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Lebanon_Armyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Litanihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_September_in_Jordanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwaithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Operahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Israel_relationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_National_Authorityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Jordan_peace_treatyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Jordan_relations


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The 1970s were marked by a large number of major, international terrorist attacks, including the Lod Airport

massacre and the Munich Olympics Massacre in 1972, and the Entebbe Hostage Taking in 1976, with over 100

Jewish hostages of different nationalities kidnapped and held in Uganda.

In December 1987, the First Intifada began. The First Intifada was a mass Palestinian uprising against Israeli rule

in the Palestinian territories.[63] The rebellion began in the Jabalia refugee camp and quickly spread throughout

Gaza and the West Bank. Palestinian actions ranged from civil disobedience to violence. In addition to general

strikes, boycotts on Israeli products, graffiti and barricades, Palestinian demonstrations that included stone-

throwing by youths against the Israel Defense Forces brought the Intifada international attention. The Israeliarmy's heavy handed response to the demonstrations, with live ammunition, beatings and mass arrests, brought

international condemnation. The PLO, which until then had never been recognised as the leaders of the

Palestinian people by Israel, was invited to peace negotiations the following year, after it recognized Israel and

renounced terrorism.

In mid-1993, Israeli and Palestinian representatives engaged in peace talks in Oslo, Norway. As a result, in

September 1993, Israel and the PLO signed the Oslo Accords , known as the Declaration of Principles or Oslo I; in

side letters, Israel recognized the PLO as the legitimate representative of the Palestinian people while the PLO

recognized the right of the state of Israel to exist and renounced terrorism, violence and its desire for the

destruction of Israel.

The Oslo II agreement was signed in 1995 and detailed the division of the West Bank into Areas A, B, and C. Are

A was land under full Palestinian civilian control. In Area A, Palestinians were also responsible for internal security.

The Oslo agreements remain important documents in Israeli-Palestinian relations.

2000–09

The Second Intifada forced Israel to rethink its relationship and policies towards the Palestinians. Following a

series of suicide bombings and attacks, the Israeli army launched Operation Defensive Shield. It was the largest

military operation conducted by Israel since the Six-Day War.[64]

As violence between the Israeli army and Palestinian militants intensified, Israel expanded its security apparatus

around the West Bank by re-taking many parts of land in Area A. Israel established a complicated system of

roadblocks and checkpoints around major Palestinian areas to deter violence and protect Israeli settlements.

However, since 2008, the IDF has slowly transferred authority to Palestinian security forces.[65][66][67]

Israel's then prime minister Ariel Sharon began a policy of disengagement from Gaza from the Gaza Strip in

2003. This policy was fully implemented in August 2005.[68] Sharon's announcement to disengage from Gaza

came as a tremendous shock to his critics both on the left and on the right. A year previously, he had commented

that the fate of the most far-flung settlements in Gaza, Netzararem and Kfar Darom, was regarded in the same

light as that of Tel Aviv.[69]

The formal announcements to evacuate seventeen Gaza settlements and another four in the West Bank in February 2004 represented the first reversal for the settler movement since 1968. It divided

his party. It was strongly supported by Trade and Industry Minister Ehud Olmert and Tzipi Livni, the Minister for

Immigration and Absorption, but Foreign Minister Silvan Shalom and Finance Minister Benjamin Netanyahu

strongly condemned it. It was also uncertain whether this was simply the beginning of further evacuation.[70]

On March 16, 2003, Rachel Corrie, an American peace activist was crushed to death by an Israeli Defense

Forces (IDF) bulldozer in Rafah, Gaza, during a non-violent protest of the Israeli demolition of Palestinian

homes.[71] Corrie stood in confrontation with the bulldozers for three hours wearing a bright orange jacket and

carrying a megaphone.[71] Although the Israeli government has denied responsibility in the incident and ruled her

death as an accident, several eye-witness reports say that the Israeli soldier operating the bulldozer deliberatelyran her over.[71][72]

In June 2006, Hamas militants infiltrated an army post near the Israeli side of the Gaza Strip and abducted Israeli

soldier Gilad Shalit. Two IDF soldiers were killed in the attack, while Shalit was wounded after his tank was hit

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with an RPG. Three days later Israel launched Operation Summer Rains to secure the release of Shalit. [73] He

was held hostage by Hamas, who barred the International Red Cross from seeing him, until October 18, 2011,

when he was exchanged for 1,027 Palestinian prisoners.[74][75]

In July 2006, Hezbollah fighters crossed the border from Lebanon into Israel, attacked and killed eight Israeli

soldiers, and abducted two others as hostages, setting off the 2006 Lebanon War which caused much destruction

in Lebanon.[76] A UN-sponsored ceasefire went into effect on August 14, 2006, officially ending the conflict. [77] Th

conflict killed over a thousand Lebanese and over 150 Israelis,[78][79][80][81][82][83][84] severely damaged Lebanese

civil infrastructure, and displaced approximately one million Lebanese[85] and 300,000–500,000 Israelis, although

most were able to return to their homes.[86][87][88] After the ceasefire, some parts of Southern Lebanon remained

uninhabitable due to Israeli unexploded cluster bomblets.[89]

In the aftermath of the Battle of Gaza, where Hamas seized control of the Gaza Strip in a violent civil war with rival

Fatah, Israel placed restrictions on its border with Gaza borders and ended economic cooperation with the

Palestinian leadership based there. Israel and Egypt have imposed a blockade of the Gaza Strip since 2007.

Israel maintains the blockade is necessary to limit Palestinian rocket attacks from Gaza and to prevent Hamas

from smuggling advanced rockets and weapons capable of hitting its cities.[71]

On September 6, 2007, in Operation Orchard, Israel bombed an eastern Syrian complex which was allegedly a

nuclear reactor being built with assistance from North Korea.[90] Israel had also bombed Syria in 2003.

In April 2008, Syrian President Bashar al-Assad told a Qatari newspaper that Syria and Israel had been discussin

a peace treaty for a year, with Turkey as a go-between. This was confirmed in May 2008 by a spokesman for

Prime Minister Ehud Olmert. As well as a peace treaty, the future of the Golan Heights is being discussed.

President Assad said "there would be no direct negotiations with Israel until a new US president takes office."[91]

Speaking in Jerusalem on August 26, 2008, then United States Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice criticized

Israel's increased settlement construction in the West Bank as detrimental to the peace process. Rice's comments

came amid reports that Israeli construction in the disputed territory had increased by a factor of 1.8 over 2007levels.[92]

A fragile six-month truce between Hamas and Israel expired on December 19, 2008; [93] attempts at extending the

truce failed amid accusations of breaches from both sides.[94][95][96][97] Following the expiration, Israel launched a

raid on a tunnel suspected of being used to kidnap Israeli soldiers which killed several Hamas fighters.[98]

Following this, Hamas resumed rocket and mortar attacks on Israeli cities, most notably firing over 60 rockets on

December 24. On December 27, 2008, Israel launched Operation Cast Lead against Hamas. Numerous human

rights organizations accused Israel and Hamas of committing war crimes.[99]

In 2009 Israel placed a 10-month settlement freeze on the West Bank. Hillary Clinton praised the freeze as an"unprecedented" gesture that could "help revive Middle East talks."[100][101]

A raid was carried out by Israeli naval forces on six ships of the Gaza Freedom Flotilla in May 2010.[102] after the

ships refused to dock at Port Ashdod. On the MV Mavi Marmara, activists clashed with the Israeli boarding party.

During the fighting, nine activists were killed by Israeli special forces. Widespread international condemnation of

and reaction to the raid followed, Israel–Turkey relations were strained, and Israel subsequently eased its

blockade on the Gaza Strip.[103][104][105][106] Several dozen other passengers and seven Israeli soldiers were

injured,[104] with some of the commandos suffering from gunshot wounds. [107][108]

2010–present

Following the latest round of peace talks between Israel and the Palestinian Authority, 13 Palestinian militant

movements led by Hamas initiated a terror campaign designed to derail and disrupt the negotiations.[109] Attacks

on Israelis have increased since August 2010, after 4 Israeli civilians were killed by Hamas militants. Palestinian

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militants have increased the frequency of rocket attacks aimed at Israelis. On August 2, Hamas militants launched

seven Katyusha rockets at Eilat and Aqaba, killing one Jordanian civilian and wounding 4 others.[110]

Intermittent fighting continued since then, including 680 rocket attacks on Israel in 2011. [111] On November 14,

2012, Israel killed Ahmed Jabari, a leader of Hamas's military wing, launching Operation Pillar of Cloud.[112]

Hamas and Israel agreed to an Egyptian-mediated ceasefire on November 21.[113]

The Palestinian Centre for Human Rights said that 158 Palestinians were killed during the operation, of which: 102

were civilians, 55 were militants and one was a policeman; 30 were children and 13 were women. [114][115]

B'Tselem stated that according to its initial findings, which covered only the period between 14 and 19 November,

102 Palestinians were killed in the Gaza Strip, 40 of them civilians. According to Israeli figures, 120 combatants

and 57 civilians were killed.[116] International outcry ensued, with many criticizing Israel for what much of the

international community perceived as a disproportionately violent response.[117] Protests took place on hundreds

of college campuses across the U.S., and in front of the Israeli consulate in New York.[118] Additional protests took

place throughout the Middle East, throughout Europe, and in parts of South America.[118]

However, the governments of the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Germany, France, Australia, Belgium,

Bulgaria, Czech Republic and Netherlands expressed support for Israel's right to defend itself, and/or condemned

the Hamas rocket attacks on Israel.[119][120][121][122][123][124][125][126][127][128][129]

Following an escalation of rocket attacks by Hamas, Israel started an operation in the Gaza Strip on July 8,

2014.[130]

Notable wars and violent events

Time Name

1948–1949 First Arab–Israeli War

1951–1955 Reprisal operations

1956 Suez War

1967 The Six-Day War

1967–1970 War of Attrition

1971–1982 Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon

1973 Yom Kippur War

1978 First South Lebanon conflict

1982 First Lebanon War

1985–2000 Second South Lebanon conflict

1987–1993 First Intifada

2000–2004 Second Intifada

2006 Operation Summer Rains

Second Lebanon War

2008–2009 Gaza War

2012 Operation Pillar of Defense

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2014 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict

Time Name

Cost of conflict

See also: Arab League boycott of Israel

A report by Strategic Foresight Group has estimated the opportunity cost of conflict for the Middle East from 19912010 at $12 trillion. The report's opportunity cost calculates the peace GDP of countries in the Middle East by

comparing the current GDP to the potential GDP in times of peace. Israel's share is almost $1 trillion, with Iraq an

Saudi Arabia having approximately $2.2 and $4.5 trillion, respectively. In other words, had there been peace and

cooperation between Israel and Arab League nations since 1991, the average Israeli citizen would be earning ove

$44,000 instead of $23,000 in 2010.[131]

In terms of the human cost, it is estimated that the conflict has taken 92,000 lives (74,000 military and 18,000

civilian from 1945 to 1995).[8]

See also

Art of the Arab–Israeli conflict

One-state solution

Two-state solution

International law and the Arab–Israeli conflict

Media coverage of the Arab–Israeli conflict

Arab League and the Arab–Israeli conflict

Soviet Union and the Arab–Israeli conflict and Russia and the Arab–Israeli conflict

Foreign relations of Israel

Israel–European Union relations

Timeline of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict

Israeli–Lebanese conflict

Occupation of the Gaza Strip by Egypt

Jordanian occupation of the West Bank

Policide

Israel–Turkey relations

Political status of the Palestinian territories

Jewish-Islamic conflict in the days of Muhammad

Conflict: Middle East Political Simulator

Civil defense in Israel

List of wars involving Israel

Israeli casualties of war

Palestinian casualties of war

Palestinian political violence

Zionist political violence

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionist_political_violencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_political_violencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_casualties_of_warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_casualties_of_warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Israelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_defense_in_Israelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict:_Middle_East_Political_Simulatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_status_of_the_Palestinian_territorieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Turkey_relationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordanian_occupation_of_the_West_Bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Gaza_Strip_by_Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Lebanese_conflicthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflicthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93European_Union_relationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Israelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_and_the_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflicthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_and_the_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflicthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_League_and_the_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflicthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_coverage_of_the_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflicthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_law_and_the_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflicthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-state_solutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-state_solutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_of_the_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflicthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opportunity_costhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Foresight_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_League_boycott_of_Israelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Israel%E2%80%93Gaza_conflict


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89111-0. Retrieved April 21, 2009.9. Jump up ^ "The Palestinian National Charter – Article 6" . Mfa.gov.il. Retrieved 2013-01-19.

10. Jump up ^ Weinberger, Peter E. (May 2004). "Incorporating religion into israeli-palestinian peacemaking:

recommendations for policymakers" (PDF). Center for World Religions, Diplomacy, and Conflict Resolution,

Institute for Conflict Analysis and Resolution, George Mason University.

11. Jump up ^ Avi Beker, The Chosen: The History of an Idea and the Anatomy of an Obsession, New York:

Palgrave Mcmillan, 2008

12. Jump up ^ The State of the Jews[dead link ], Theodor Hertzl, 1896, Translated from the German by Sylvie

D'Avigdor, published in 1946 by the American Zionist Emergency Council. The original German title, "Der

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13. Jump up ^ "Likud – Platform". Knesset.gov.il. Archived from the original on October 6, 2008. Retrieved

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