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15 pages
M10/4/ENVSO/SP1/ENG/TZ0/XX
Monday 17 May 2010 (afternoon)
ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS AND SOCIETIESSTANDARD LEVELPAPER 1
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
• Write your session number in the boxes above.• Do not open this examination paper until instructed to do so.• Answer all questions.• Write your answers in the boxes provided.
1 hour
© International Baccalaureate Organization 2010
Examination code
2 2 1 0 – 6 3 0 1
Candidate session number
0 0
2 2 1 0 6 3 0 1
0 1 1 6
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1. (a) Identifytwosourcesofeachofthefollowinggreenhousegases. [3]
Methane:
1. ..................................................................
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Chlorofluorocarbons(CFCs):
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Carbondioxide:
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(Question 1 continued)
(b) (i) Distinguishbetweennegative feedbackandpositive feedback. [2]
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(ii) Constructadiagramtoshowhowapositivefeedbackprocessinvolvingmethanemayaffecttherateofglobalwarming. [2]
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(Question 1 continued)
(c) Figure1belowshowshowincreasesingreenhousegasemissionsarepredictedtoaffectglobalsurfacetemperaturesbeyondtheyear2000.
Figure 1
Changesinglobalsurfacetemperature
relativetotemperatureinyear2000/
C° 4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
−1.0
Recordeddata PredicteddataKey:
Highincreaseinemissions
Moderateincreaseinemissions
Lowincreaseinemissions
Noincreaseinemissionsafter2010
Possiblerangeofvalues
1900 2000 2100 Time/year
[Source:adaptedfromhttp://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/spm.html]
(i) Explain why the changes in global surface temperature between the years1900 and 2000arelikelyto have some degree of uncertainty,eventhoughtheyarebasedonrecordeddata. [1]
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(Question 1 continued)
(ii) Statetworeasonswhycomputermodelscannotpredictexactlyhowglobalsurfacetemperatureswillchangeduringthetwenty-firstcentury. [2]
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(d) As well as being powerful greenhouse gases, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) affectatmosphericabsorptionofultravioletradiation.
(i) State thename of the atmospheric gas that significantly reduces the amount ofultravioletradiationreachingtheEarth’ssurface. [1]
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(Question 1 continued)
(ii) Figure2belowshowsthestructureoftheEarth’satmosphere.Labelthetwo lowestlayersoftheatmosphereonthediagram. [1]
Figure 2
200km
80km
50km
10km
Exosphere
Thermosphere
Mesosphere
I: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
II: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sealevel
(iii) Stateoneeffectofultravioletradiationonlivingorganisms. [1]
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2. Owls are predators that huntmainly at night.They feed on smallmammals such asmice,voles and shrews. Theowls vomitup pelletswhich contain the parts of the prey that theycannotdigest, suchas jawbones. These jawbonescanbeused to identifypreyspecies.
Barnowl(Tyto alba)
[Source:ReproducedwiththepermissionoftheBarnOwlTrust]
Woodmouse(Apodemus sylvaticus)
[Source:Reprintedwithpermission]
Figure3belowshowshowanowlproducesapelletandFigure4showsthefeaturesofthemammaljawbonesusedtoidentifytheowl’sprey.
Figure 3 Figure 4
undigestedpartsformapelletandarevomitedup
incisortooth(frontofjaw)
toothroots
lengthofjawbone
[Source:Ward’sNaturalScience] [Source:ReproducedwiththepermissionoftheBarnOwlTrust]
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(Question 2 continued)
(a) Using the key, identify the prey speciesA toF from the lower jaw bones found inowlpellets,fromaEuropeanwoodland. [3]
A. B.
1cm 1cmC. D.
1cm 1cm
E. F.
1cm 1cm
[Source:ReproducedwiththepermissionoftheBarnOwlTrust]
Key to lower jaw bones found in owl pellets Diagram letter
1 Largeupward-pointingincisortoothatfrontofjaw Goto2
Nolargeupward-pointingincisortoothvisibleatfrontofjaw Goto3
2 Sixormoretoothrootsvisible Goto4
Fiveorfewertoothrootsvisible House mouse
3 Lengthofjawisequaltoormorethan1cm Common shrew
Lengthofjawislessthan1cm Pygmy shrew
4 Lengthofjawisequaltoormorethan1.5cm Field vole
Lengthofjawislessthan1.5cm Goto5
5 Toothrootsareallofequalsize Wood mouse
Secondtoothrootfromfrontofjawissmallerthantheothers Harvest mouse
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(Question 2 continued)
(b) To estimate the populations of smallmammals in awoodland, ecologists set traps intheareabeforesunsetandthefollowingmorningmarkedallthecapturedanimalsbeforereleasingthemagain.
(i) Statewhatinformationtheecologistsmustrecordbeforereleasingtheanimals. [1]
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(ii) Aweeklaterthetrapsaresetagainasbefore.Statewhatdatamustberecordedwhenthetrapsareopenedandexplainhowthesedatamaybeusedtoestimatethesmallmammalpopulationsinthearea. [2]
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(ii) A student suggests that the relativeabundanceof jawbones fromdifferentpreyspecies found in owl pellets might be proportional to the relative sizes of thepopulationsofthosespecies.
Suggesttworeasonswhydatafromowlpelletsmaynotreflecttherelativesizesofthesmallmammalpopulationsinanarea. [2]
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3. (a) Distinguish between the termsecological footprint andcarrying capacity of a humanpopulation. [2]
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(b) For the resources listed below, identify whether each is considered to be renewable,non-renewableorreplenishable.Groundwaterisshownasanexample. [2]
Groundwater: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Replenishable.............
Ricecropfromapaddyfield: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Coppermineralsinrocks: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Animalwool: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ozonelayer: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) (i) Distinguishbetweentransfer processesandtransformation processes. [2]
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(Question 3 continued)
Figure5belowshowsafreshwaterlakeinatemperateforestbiome,closetoanocean.
Figure 5
[Source:PhotobyPeterMoore.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wast_Water]
(ii) Annotate the diagram below to show the natural transfer and transformationprocesseswhichmovewaterfromtheoceantothelake. [2]
ocean
lake
snow-cappedmountains
(iii) The land around the lake is used for livestock farming. State and explainone impact thismayhaveon the lakeecosystem. [2]
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(Question 3 continued)
(iv) Suggest two reasons why fresh water supplies may be insufficient to meet thedemandsofhumansocietiesinthefuture. [2]
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4. Figure6belowshowstheestimatedsizeofsomeglobalenergyflowsforoneyear.
Figure 6 Energy type Total energy flow / joules × 1020 yr–1
SunlightreachingsurfaceofEarth 30000
Netprimaryproductivity(NPP) 30–50
Humanfoodconsumption 0.2
[Source:EINewman,2002,AppliedEcologyandEnvironmentalManagement,Vol.2,BlackwellScience,Oxford.CopyrightWiley-Blackwell,reproducedwithpermission.]
(a) State two processes that reduce the amount of sunlight reaching the Earth’s surface,asthelighttravelsthroughtheatmosphere. [1]
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(b) UsingthedatainFigure6,calculate,asapercentagerange,theproportionofglobalNPPusedforhumanfoodconsumptioninoneyear. [2]
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(c) Suggesttworeasonswhyfoodisinshortsupplyinsomesocieties. [2]
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5. (a) Definethetermenvironmental impact assessment. [2]
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(b) Figure7belowshowsthreealternativelocationsforalandfillsite(A,BandC).
Figure 7
Key: Contourlines Roadnetwork Railnetwork River Landfillsites
B
C
A
Highground
Highground
Highground
300 m
300 m
400 m
200 m
200 m
Wildlife reserve 200 m
Ocean
City
100 m
100 m
100 m
1 km
Prevailing winds
Scale:
N
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(Question 5 continued)
Chooseonelandfillsiteandstatetwoadvantagesandtwodisadvantagesofyourchoice. [2]
Landfillsitechosen: ..................................................
Advantages: 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Disadvantages: 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) (i) Listthreetypesofsoliddomesticwaste. [1]
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(ii) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of one namedmanagement strategy,otherthanlandfill,fordealingwithsoliddomesticwaste. [2]
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Pleasedo notwriteonthispage.
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