environmental science: toward a sustainable future richard t. wright energy from fossil fuels ppt by...
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Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future Richard T. Wright
Energy from Fossil FuelsPPT by Clark E. Adams
Chapter 12
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Energy from Fossil Fuels
Energy sources and uses Exploiting crude oil Other fossil fuels Fossil fuels and energy security
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The Fossil Fuel Dilemma
Primary source of energy for transportation
Supports a drill, spill, and kill legacy More sustainable alternatives are available
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Energy Sources and Uses
Harnessing energy sources: an overview Electrical power production Matching sources to uses
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Harnessing Energy Sources: An Overview
Slaves Domestic animals Wind and water Steam (ships and locomotives) Gasoline (internal combustion followed by
turbine engine) Nuclear
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Energy Consumption in the United States
Sequence of use1. Wood2. Water (steam)3. Coal4. Natural gas5. Oil6. Nuclear power
3, 4, and 5 = 83.5% of U.S. energy consumption
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Global Primary Energy Supply
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Energy Consumption in the United States
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Electrical Power Production: The Beginning
Michael Faraday 1831
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Weekly Electrical Demand Cycle
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Exploiting Crude Oil
How fossil fuels are formed Crude-oil reserves versus production Declining U.S. reserves and increasing
importation Problems of growing U.S. dependency on
foreign oil
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Crude-Oil Reserves versus Production
Estimated reserves: educated guesses about the location and size of oil or natural gas deposits
Proven reserves: how much oil can be economically obtained from the oil field
Production: withdrawal of oil or gas from the oil field
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How Fossil Fuels Are Formed: Part I
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How Fossil Fuels Are Formed: Part II
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Oil Production and Consumption in the United States
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Cost of Oil Imports
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Cost of Oil Imports
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Consumption, Domestic Production, and Imports of Petroleum Products
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What a Barrel of Persian Gulf Oil Really Costs U.S. Consumers
$30 in initial costs + $63 for military support services = $93 per barrel of oil
(January 8, 2014 price per barrel is $93.67)
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Problems from Foreign Oil Dependency
Variations in cost of purchases Threat of supply disruptions Limitations of nonrenewable resource
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Impacts of Foreign Oil Dependence
Trade imbalances Military actions Pollution of oceans Coastal oil spills
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Hubbert Curves of Oil Production
Oil production follows a bell-shaped curve and will peak around 2010.
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Hubbert Predictions
U.S. oil production would peak (1970s)
Dependence on OPEC oil will increase
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Who Has the Oil? Reserves
North America 75.7
South and Central America 89.5
Western Europe 18.9
Former Soviet Countries 58.9
Middle East 673.6
Africa 75.4
Far East and Oceania 43.0
Total 1,033.2
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Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries: OPEC Algeria Indonesia Iran Iraq Kuwait Libya
Nigeria Qatar Saudi Arabia United Emirates Venezuela
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Other Fossil Fuels
Natural gas – 50-year supply Coal – 400-year supply Oil shales and oil sands – complex
extraction technologies
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U.S. Coal Deposits
http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/coal/reserves/coalres.pdf
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Carbon (CO2) Emission Per Capita
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Primary and Secondary Effects from Burning CoalPrimary and Secondary Effects from Burning Coal
Global WarmingGlobal Warming
Acid RainAcid Rain SmogSmog
Burning Coal = CO2 + SO + H20 + Ash +(CxHxSxOx) Light + Noise + Heat
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Fossil Fuels and Energy Security
Security threats Supply-side policies Demand-side policies Development of non-fossil-fuel energy
sources
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Security Threats
Oil dependence: relies too much on OPEC cartel and volatile Persian Gulf states
Energy infrastructure: vulnerable to terrorist attacks
Global climate change: greenhouse gas emissions
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The Potential of the Conservation Reserve
An oil field that has the potential production of 6 million barrels per day, is three times the sizeof the Alaskan oil field, and its exploitation will NOT adversely effect the environment.
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The Elements of the Conservation Reserve
Increasing fuel efficiency in cars (CAFÉ)
Cogeneration (CHPs) Use fluorescent lights Increase home insulation
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Combined Heat and Power: Cogeneration
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Energy Efficient Lightbulbs
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End of Chapter 12