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FEATURES

ISSN-0835-605X • Sept/Oct 2012 Vol. 25 No. 5Vol. 25 No. 5 • Issued October 2012

6 New brownfield regulations have far reaching implications - Guest Comment

10 Ingersoll wastewater treatment plant gets new glass-fused-to-steel roof

12 Examining the long-term health effects of artificial fluoridation

16 Water main leaks located non-invasively in Resolute Bay

18 Simple and efficient multi-stage stormwater flow control

20 Should rich countries pay reparations to poorer ones for the climate crisis?

24 Treating oily wastewater from machining and casting operations

30 Water treatment system removes arsenic, iron and manganese for BC resort village

34 How Ontario’s latest budget is impacting environmental programs

36 Chatham-Kent upgrades five historic road structures

38 Peel regional council says yes to concrete pressure pipe to protect local jobs

40 Proper insurance can ensure equipment failure doesn’t break your business

42 Microtunnelling technology lessens environmental impact at Toronto airport

46 Removing and treating groundwater at a Toronto waterfront project

48 Municipalities proving vital to ensuring climate change mitigation efforts

52 Vancouver’s new approach to sustainable development planning

56 Protecting municipal water supply assets from cyber attack

58 New mobile hardware solutions can increase staff productivity

60 Managing the Kirkland Lake wastewater treatment plant upgrade - Cover Story

62 Strict noise limits require new look at remediation system design

64 Assessing Calgary’s sewers for flow reversal project

66 Protecting ground and surface water at a shuttered explosives facility

69 WRF commissions comprehensive UV disinfection study

ContentsDEPARTMENTS

Product Showcase . . . . . . . . 71-75Environmental News . . . . . 76-82Professional Cards . . . . . . . . 76-81Ad Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

Page 10Page 10

Page 22Page 22

Page 68Page 68

Editor and Publisher STEVE DAVEYE-mail: [email protected]

Consulting Editor TOM DAVEY

Sales Director PENNY DAVEYE-mail: [email protected]

Sales Representative DENISE SIMPSONE-mail: [email protected]

Accounting SANDRA DAVEYE-mail: [email protected]

Circulation Manager DARLANN PASSFIELDE-mail: [email protected]

Production Manager CHRIS MAC DONALDE-mail: [email protected]

Editorial Assistant PETER DAVEYE-mail: [email protected]

Technical Advisory Board

Archis AmbulkarBrinjac Engineering, Pennsylvania

Jim BishopConsulting Chemist, Ontario

Peter Laughton P.Eng.Consulting Engineer, Ontario

Bill DeAngelis, P.Eng.Associated Engineering, Ontario

Marie MeunierJohn Meunier Inc., Québec

Peter J. PaineEnvironment Canada

Environmental Science & Engineering is a bi-monthly busi-ness publication of Environmental Science & EngineeringPublications Inc. An all Canadian publication, ES&E providesauthoritative editorial coverage of Canada's municipal and in-dustrial environmental control systems and drinking watertreatment and distribution.

Readers include consulting engineers, industrial plant man-agers and engineers, key municipal, provincial and federalenvironmental officials, water and wastewater plant opera-tors and contractors.

Information contained in ES&E has been compiled fromsources believed to be correct. ES&E cannot be responsiblefor the accuracy of articles or other editorial matter. Articlesin this magazine are intended to provide information ratherthan give legal or other professional advice. Articles beingsubmitted for review should be e-mailed to [email protected].

Canadian Publications Mail Sales Second Class MailProduct Agreement No. 40065446 Registration No. 7750

Undeliverable copies, advertising space orders, copy, artwork, proofs, etc., should be sent to: Environmental Science & Engineering, 220 IndustrialPkwy. S., Unit 30, Aurora, Ontario, Canada, L4G 3V6, Tel:(905)727-4666, Fax: (905) 841-7271, Web site: www.esemag.com

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Environmental Science & Engineering Magazine6 | September 2012

Guest Comment

But, under the new rules the groundwa-ter would very likely be classed as con-taminated and the site would need anextensive and expensive cleanup or riskassessment. Chlorine-treated drinking

July 1, 2011, marked the imple-mentation of dramatic changes toOntario’s “brownfields regula-tion” (153/04) and now that a year

has passed there hasn’t been much tocelebrate. Even hard-core environmen-talists would have to agree that workingwith the new reg can be summed up inone word: frustrating — extremely so!

That’s bad enough, but the new rulesare creating scenarios that may best bedescribed as ludicrous. Under the newrules, many of the contaminant limitshave been substantially lowered, result-ing in previously cleaned sites nowbeing reclassified as “contaminated”.This is because the cleanup left the sitewith residual contaminant levels abovethese new limits. In addition, we havethe strange situation where groundwaterin many downtown city sites must meetcontamination limits far below drinkingwater standards even if the groundwateris not being drunk!

That may be encouraging news to theenvironmentalists, but it is creating somevery interesting legal questions for mu-nicipalities, land developers, realtors,lawyers and property owners.

Question: What happens if a munici-pal water line leaks drinking water intomy site’s groundwater? Under the oldrules the answer would be “not much.”

water often carries levels of chloroformfar above the allowable limit for indus-trial groundwater, but far below the cur-rent limit for Ontario drinking water.

In other words, the groundwater issafe to drink but definitely not safe toleave where it is unless you can provethis by risk assessment. That should be areal worry for property owners and mu-nicipalities alike, considering the condi-tion of most municipal water supplylines. However, only a few seem to beaware of this issue.

We at A&A Environmental Consult-ants, are already running into such situa-tions on industrial sites in downtownareas. Informing our clients that theirsites’ groundwater is good enough todrink but not nearly good enough to meetthe new downtown groundwater stan-dards does not create warm fuzzy feel-ings about environmental protection.Especially when they are told the siteneeds to be cleaned up or risk-assessedand neither option is cheap or quick! Ofcourse, the next issue raised is who’s re-sponsible for the contamination, andthat’s when things can get legal and nasty.

If the only known source of the chlo-roform is from chlorinated drinkingwater, the client will very likely sue themunicipality for the cleanup costs, the

Watch how you water your lawnBy George Duncan

continued overleaf...

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delayed development costs, the loss inproperty value, etc. And who can blamethem? But guess who gets to pay thecourt costs and the legal settlementcosts, all because treated drinking waterflowed onto a site?

What does all this mean for wateringyour lawn in the summer? The City ofLondon recently had a major water linebreak, spilling millions of litres andcausing a city-wide emergency, butthankfully the water was untreated andstraight out of Lake Huron. I wonder ifanyone analyzed the water to see if itmet the current provincial standards forgroundwater. I predict we haven’t seenthe end of this one.

Even if the client does clean up animpacted site, who’s going to guaranteeit will stay “clean” (i.e., below the in-finitesimally low allowable limits) in thefuture, especially if you can’t identifythe off-site source(s)?

How many city sites out there fail tomeet the limits because of some un-known off-site activity that is none oftheir doing or responsibility? Proving li-ability will be much more expensive andtime-consuming than the cleanup costsor the risk assessment costs, and willtake much longer.

Perhaps we could ignore all of this andsimply decide to go ahead and developthe site anyway because there’s nothingin the regulation that says you must cleanup a site simply because it doesn’t meetthe new limits. That might work if you

have the cash to go it alone and a lawyerwho is unaware of the liabilities. But, itwon’t fly with your bank manager ormortgage lender. It also won’t fly with theMinistry of the Environment if you aretrying to redevelop the site from a less toa more environmentally sensitive use,such as commercial to residential. Underthese conditions you must meet the re-quirements of the regulation in order toget a record of site condition (RSC).

A building permit cannot be issuedwithout having a RSC in place. BeforeJuly 1, 2011, an RSC could be obtainedin a few weeks following completion ofa phase I or II environmental site as-sessment (ESA) showing the site met theold limits. The new regulation is ex-tremely detailed and specifies a host ofdata that must be gathered for phase Iand II ESAs, including extending thearea to be examined to 250 m from eachof your site boundaries. Even then, ifthere’s a mammoth 100-hectare indus-trial complex that just touches your 250-m investigation area, you have to includethat too!

The last stage in all of this is to applyto the MOE for an RSC. This can onlybe done using the Ontario government’sone-window website where you mustupload all your data onto the RSC ap-plication form, which cannot be filled inoff-line. The problem with one-windowshopping is that the window gets prettycrowded and uploading the data takesages. The site is not at all user-friendly

and in the beginning suffered numerousfrustrating crashes that lost all your data.That’s bad enough, but because the reg-ulation is so nit-pickingly detailed, anyinfraction or failure on your part, or any-one else’s, will cause the Ministry to re-ject the application.

The form must be completed by a“qualified person” who is responsible tosee that the lawyer’s letter, the legal sur-vey, the client’s business certificationand the historical title search are allproperly filled in. So far, our success indoing so has been pretty low because thelawyers, surveyors and accountantsdon’t understand what the regulation re-quires and we are very hesitant aboutgiving legal advice to lawyers.

None of us wants to cause harm tothe natural environment, but is all thislegislation solving the real environmen-tal issues or simply putting up more andmore barriers to real progress? When Ihave to tell my staff not to pour their bot-tle of drinking water onto the soil on asite because it may contaminate it, Ithink we’ve gone too far.

Dr. George Duncanis with A & A Environmental Consultants Inc. E-mail: [email protected]

Delcan Water

625 Cochrane Drive, Suite 500, Markham, Ontario, Canada L3R 9R9Tel: 905.943.0500 Fax: 905.943.0400

Sustainable Solutions

Guest Comment

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Wastewater Treatment

Option 1 was to keep the existingconcrete tanks and look at purchasingnew custom-sized glass-fused-to-steelroofs. Option 2 was to replace both thetanks and roofs.

After discussing both options withthe County’s engineering consultants,the decision was made to repair the ex-isting concrete tanks and design and in-stall new glass-fused-to-steel roofs. Thisoption would be more economical in theshort term. In addition, it would allowtime for a complete environmental as-sessment on the projected requirementsof the facility up to 2035.

Oxford County, Ontario, ownsand operates nine wastewatertreatment plants, servingover 65,000 residents and

various industries and commercial insti-tutions. The Oxford County IngersollWastewater Treatment Plant providessecondary treatment for the Town of In-gersoll.

The plant has an approved treatmentcapacity of 10,230 m3/d and includestwo separate facilities fed from a com-mon pumping station and preliminarytreatment works. Both the old and newplants are conventional activated sludgeplants. The first plant was built in 1947and has a design capacity of 3,410 m3/d.The second plant was constructed in1974, retrofitted in 2004, and has a de-sign capacity of 6,820 m3/d.

The WWTP treats both domestic andindustrial wastewater. In 2009, the aver-age daily flow rate was approximately7,276 m3/d, or 71% of the approved ca-pacity.

Over the years, both the tanks and theroofs have experienced wear and weath-ering. Through scheduled maintenance,the concrete tanks continued to be oper-ational; however, the roofs had corroded.Operations staff recognized that the ex-isting roofs were in poor condition andneeded to be replaced. Public Worksconsidered two options to upgrade thedigesters.

Because the existing tanks werebeing kept, the tender required roofs becustom designed to fit tanks 46.19’ indiameter.

Oxford County pre-purchased Great-ario’s custom-designed glass-fused-to-steel covers in early 2011, to be installedin coordination with a general contractorwho would complete the overall digesterupgrades.

Greatario’s externally supported roof(ESR) is built to accommodate higherstatic and dynamic loads, such as mix-ers and for higher pressures and vacuumconditions. VitriumTM glass-fused-to-steel coating is a single, strong, inte-grated glass and steel material fusedtogether at 1,500°C in a climate con-trolled furnace. The subsequent hard,inert barrier on both the interior and ex-terior tank surfaces guards against cor-rosion. Impermeable to liquids andvapours, it controls undercutting causedby corrosion and offers excellent impactand abrasion resistance.

Construction of the roofs began inOctober, 2011. They are now installed,and the digesters were scheduled to beoperational in July 2012.

For more information,E-mail: [email protected]

Oxford County’s Ingersoll WWTP receives a ‘roof lift’

Aerial view of the Ingersoll Wastewater Treatment Plant.

Greatario’s externally supported roof is built to accommodate higher static anddynamic loads.

Sept2012_3_Layout 1 12-09-18 9:01 PM

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Water Treatment

tions' that are especially vulnerable toharm from ingested fluorides.

Increased bone fractures in the elderly

The elderly are at increased risk ofbone fracture injury because of the long-term bio-accumulation of fluoride intheir bones.

Fluoride seeks out calcium in thebody, and there are great calcium re-serves in the skeletal system. Most of thefluoride in the body, about 99%, is con-tained in bone. Where water is fluori-dated, bones are high in fluoride by oldage. Studies based upon autopsies of de-ceased elderly have revealed as much as8000 ppm/kg fluoride in bone ash.

Fluoride will seriously weaken thebone structure of the elderly. The actionof fluoride causes the bone to lose elas-ticity, the tensile strength required to re-sist bending fractures. There is solidevidence that hip fractures increase sig-nificantly in fluoridated communities. In-creases appear to range from 40-100%,depending on the age of the subjects.

The question that we all ask ofourselves is: “What conditionwill I be in when I reach oldage?” The reasonable among

us realize that our own life-choices andactions will greatly determine our healthand our quality of life in those yearsafter sixty five. What we have less con-trol of are the practices and actions ofothers that affect us.

Artificial water fluoridation is one ofthose practices. Ostensibly introduced asa public health measure to reduce thenumber of dental cavities among wholepopulation groups, the practice got un-derway without any rigorous toxicologystudies, or completed clinical trials. Themissing scientific examination was, for-tunately, undertaken by impartial re-searchers.

Their findings paint a completely dif-ferent picture of the safety of fluorida-tion chemicals, and of the claimed healthbenefits of ingesting them for manyyears.There is substantial credible evi-dence that water fluoridation will under-mine the chances of surviving into oldage with a sound body and a sharp mind.

The BoomersThe Baby Boomer generation will, for

the most part, turn 65 in a few years. Thepercentage of elderly in the populationwill grow markedly from that point. Withthat projected increase in numbers, the‘age-related’ problems that commonlyaffect the elderly will soon enough beginto place massive stress on the provincialand municipal health care systems, andon the families of the elderly.

What if many of the age-related ail-ments that we have grown so acceptingof have nothing to do with normalaging? This is no ordinary generationentering its golden years. The birth of allthose Boomers near-exactly coincideswith the introduction of artificial waterfluoridation.

The 2006 National Research Councilof the Academy of Sciences report onFluoride in Drinking Water has desig-nated kidney patients, diabetics, seniorsand babies as 'susceptible sub-popula-

Fluoride, cancer and the elderlyAs a result of water fluoridation, en-

tire communities, not just the elderly,may face more cancers than would oth-erwise be the case. In 1990, the US Pub-lic Health Service’s National ToxicologyProgram conducted a well-designedstudy that showed sodium fluoride tocause cancer at cumulative doses, com-parable to those ingested by humansover a number of years.

The risk of developing cancer in-creases dramatically with age. Indica-tions are that 88% of new cases ofcancer will occur in people over the ageof 50. Approximately 40% of Canadianswill develop cancer in their lifetime.

These are not acceptable figures. A2-out-of-5 chance of developing canceris not a normal expectation of aging.Something is causing this, and many be-lieve the staggering increase of syntheticchemicals created and introduced sinceWorld War II is to blame.

Dr. Dean Burk, Ph.D., former chief

Does artificial water fluoridation mean no goldenyears for the elderly? By Sheldon Thomas


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chemist and head of National Cancer In-stitute Research, believed that thegrowth of cancers was linked to abruptenvironmental change. He was con-vinced artificial water fluoridation wasone of those abrupt changes.

Bone cancer Fluoride's particular affinity for the

calcium reserves in bone explains itslink to bone cancers. Fluoride is a 'mi-togen' - meaning it can stimulate theproliferation of bone-forming cellscalled ‘osteoblasts’. Osteosarcoma is acancer caused by an abnormal prolifer-ation of osteoblasts.

Bone cancer appears to have twopeaks, first in adolescence (15 to 19)and second with the on-set of old age(50+). In 1992, Dr. Paul Cohn con-ducted a thorough, peer-reviewed andlarge human population study for theState Board of Health in New Jersey. Hefound that males aged 10-19 were nearlyseven times more likely to get bone can-cer if they lived in a fluoridated com-munity, than if they lived in anon-fluoridated community.The generalpopulation in Cohn’s fluoridated study

area was five times as likely to developbone cancer. General population wouldinclude the elderly.

Thyroid disease: poor prognosis for the aged

In 1955, a report in the New EnglandJournal of Medicine indicated a 400 per-cent increase in thyroid cancer in SanFrancisco since that city began fluori-dating its drinking water just five yearsearlier. Fluoride is well known to inter-fere with the functioning of the thyroidgland which produces vital hormoneswhich control metabolism. An impairedthyroid will lead to diminished mentaland physical ability.

Fluoride displaces iodine in the thy-roid, greatly depressing thyroid functionand rendering a person hypothyroidfrom iodine deficiency. With age comesa progressively greater accumulation offluoride in the body. Inevitably, thispoints to the elderly as being particularlyaffected by hypothyroidism.

Hypothyroidism has become epi-demic on this continent. One out of threeis likely to suffer from it by mid-life.Those affected can become overly-tired,

cold-sensitive, overweight, and de-pressed. They often endure arthritis-likesymptoms, hair loss, infertility, athero-sclerosis (hardening of the arteries) andperiods of prolonged illness.

In the elderly, thyroid disease is verycommon. At autopsy, finding a "normalthyroid gland" is rare, testifying to theincredible high prevalence of thyroiddisorders among the elderly.

Fluoride and agingIf the human body were likened to an

engine, the engine management modulewould be the body’s enzymes. Fluorideis a powerful enzyme poison. Austrianresearchers proved in the 1970s that aslittle as 1 ppm fluoride concentrationcan disrupt DNA repair enzymes by50%. When DNA can't repair damagedcells, we get old .. fast.

By its corruption of enzymes, fluo-ride robs the body of its natural abilityto fend off external pathogens. Fightinginfection is a battle often lost by the eld-erly. According to the Institute of Medi-cine, “there appears to be a directrelationship between increasing age andsusceptibility to infections. Factors that

Water Treatment

Sept2012_3_Layout 1 12-09-20 12:34 PM

September 2012 | 15www.esemag.com

Water Treatment

ConclusionsThe numbers of reasonably robust,

clear-thinking elders is shrinking. Itseems a rarity to meet someone over 75who is independent, current with worldaffairs and capable of voicing a learnedopinion, and is still able to tend to theirown needs. What we see, instead, is arich and prospering elder care industry,and a health care system that is taxed tothe limit to tend to the numbers of sick,diseased and disabled elderly.

Did water fluoridation cause all ofthe above? The best answer would be no.But too many studies indicate that waterfluoridation may have played a big rolein the surprising frailty of those now en-tering their ‘golden years’.

Sheldon Thomas is the founder of‘Clear Water Legacy’ (www.clearwa-

terlegacy.com), and a former Managerof Water Distribution for the City of

Hamilton, Ontario.

may contribute to the predisposition ofthe elderly to infections include im-paired immune function.” Water fluoridation and Alzheimer’s

The Boomer generation has beentagged with a second nickname, ‘Genera-tion Alzheimer’s’. “Alzheimer’s is a tragicepidemic that has no survivors. Not a sin-gle one,” says Harry Johns, president andCEO of the Alzheimer’s Association. “It isas much a thief as a killer. Alzheimer’s willdarken the long-awaited retirement yearsof the one out of eight baby boomers whowill develop it”.

Why this generation? Why didAlzheimer’s spike so suddenly across asingle generation? What was so differ-ent in that immediate time period afterthe Second World War? Water fluorida-tion was just getting underway as thewar ended. As a never-seen-before pro-gram of fluoride mass medication usingcommunal drinking water supplies, itwas perhaps the one thing that could im-mediately, physically, and permanentlyaffect so many newborn across this con-tinent.

Aluminum accumulation in brain tis-sue has long been linked to Alzheimer’sDisease. Recent studies have shown thatfluoride enables aluminum to enter thebrain, and accumulate in brain tissue.Aluminum is often present in finisheddrinking water. Aluminum salts are thepreferred water industry treatmentchemicals used to help clarify raw intakewater. Invariably, trace amounts of alu-minum remain in the finished drinkingwater.

Unfortunately, it is chemically impos-sible for fluorine not to combine with alu-minum when the two encounter eachother. The formation of fluoride com-pounds is basic chemistry. The fluorineatom is the most chemically reactive andelectronegative of all the elements. Analuminum atom has three extra electronsin its valence shell. The fluorine atom willbind to any atom with a spare electron.That union will form an ‘alumino-fluo-ride complex’ as soon as fluorine ion isadded to the finished water at the plant.Alumino-fluoride complex is neurotoxic.

It is, therefore, a near-certainty thatfetuses, babies, children, adolescents,adults and the elderly will ingest alu-mino-fluoride neurotoxins for as manyyears as they consume fluoridated water.

Sept2012_3_Layout 1 12-09-20 12:34 PM


Infrastructure

and that created by leaks. Unlike with metallic pipes, leaks on

plastic mains are characterized by rela-tively low noise frequencies and ampli-tudes that are almost impossible toaccurately detect with typical leak noisecorrelators.

Desperate for a solution, Nunavutturned to Kudlik Construction Ltd., tohelp remedy Resolute Bay’s water lossproblem. Kudlik Construction researchednumerous leak detection solutions beforepartnering with Mississauga-based Echo-logics. Their decision was the result of areport from the National Research Coun-cil of Canada’s Institution for Research inConstruction. It documented the effec-tiveness of the company’s acoustic-basedtechnologies in providing accurate, non-invasive leak detection, especially in sce-narios involving plastic pipe, multipleleaks and excessive background noise.

Traditional acoustic leak detectionmethods often involve the insertion of hy-drophones (water microphones) into apipe and having the water carry themdownstream as they listen for leaks. How-ever, such intrusive technologies wouldnot work in the case of Resolute Bay, asthe diameters of pipes in its water systemwere too small.

Echologics’ LeakFinderRT™ technol-ogy is non-invasive, as it uses hydrants,valves or direct attachments to the pipe’souter wall. Surface mounted sensors areplaced at two locations along the suspectwater line, in most cases on valves or hy-drants. Sensors can be placed between120 m and 1,300 m apart. A correlatorcompares the acoustic signature of theleak with the expected speed of sound inrunning water. A computer algorithm thencalculates the data to accurately pinpointthe location of the leak.

Recent developments in leak detec-tion acoustics enable this kind of tech-nology to detect leaks on pipes of variousmaterials. This is a result of an enhancedcorrelation function, which dramaticallyimproves the ability to accurately iden-tify and locate narrow-band leak noise.This was ideal for Resolute Bay’s water

Resolute Bay is an Arctic wa-terway in the Qikiqtaaluk re-gion of Nunavut. Home toapproximately 250 people, it

is one of the most northerly communitiesin Canada. It is also one of the coldest in-habited places in the world, with an av-erage yearly temperature of −16.4°C.

Resolute Bay’s water system wasplagued by underground leaks that wereresponsible for the loss of approximately40% of the town’s drinking water. Thiswas an especially costly problem for thecommunity, because of the significant ex-pense required to treat the water and con-tinuously heat and circulate it through thesystem. This helps prevent freezing andminimizes the expansion and contractionof the insulated, high density polyethylene(HDPE) water mains that are located un-derneath the permafrost.

The government of Nunavut tried nu-merous leak detection technologies. How-ever, none were effective due to theinsulation and plastic composition of thewater mains, the system’s lack of servicefittings and the inability of most leak de-tection technologies to differentiate be-tween noise created by circulating water

system and for others that have plasticpipes, multiple leak situations, and ex-cessive background noise created bywater flows.

During the three day project, engineersacoustically surveyed more than 2,800 mof plastic mains, using surface mountedaccelerometers placed on service shutoffs, on valves, or directly on the pipe. Thetest area was broken down into 39 sec-tions, based on the layout and geometryof accessible fittings.

Engineers non-invasively correlated atotal of 11 leaks in eight of the sections.The leaks were located between the sur-face mounted sensors, which were placedan average of 75 m apart. Each leak wasestimated to be responsible for the loss ofan average of 3.5 gallons of water perminute.

Not only was Kudlik Constructionable to help Resolute Bay reduce waterloss and gain a better understanding of itswater system, but this was carried outwithout breaking ground or disruptingservice.

For more information, E-mail:[email protected]

Water main leaks located non-invasively in Resolute Bay

Resolute Bay is one of the mostnortherly communities in Canada.

Each leak was estimated to be responsible for the loss of an averageof 3.5 gallons of water per minute.

Sept2012_3_Layout 1 12-09-18 9:02 PM

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Stormwater Management

tive, precise, and low maintenance solu-tion for stormwater flow control over theentire range of storm intensities.

In this design, the inlet for each reg-ulator is placed at a discrete height, cor-responding to a specific storm intensity,so that it only begins passing and throt-tling the flow when necessary. This con-figuration ensures precision in flowcontrol since each regulator is operatingin its intended range. This approach canbe used in concrete retention basins, aswell as both dry and wet ponds.

To regulate flow for minor events, liketwo and five year storms, a stormwatervortex flow regulator like the HydrovexVHV flow regulator is proposed. Theinlet is placed below the pipe invert forfloatables control. This equipment usesthe vortex principle to throttle stormwa-ter flows. The main advantage is its abil-ity to offer large openings in the flowpath and thereby reducing the chances ofthe regulator being blocked by solidsfound in the water.

A vortex regulator typically has anopening size four to six times larger thanan orifice plate selected for the same de-sign point. In addition to blockage mitiga-tion, the Hydrovex VHV guarantees a 5%margin of error in its flow curve over acomplete head range.

For medium sized events, such as 10and 25 year storms, the Hydrovex Pondvortex flow regulator may be used. Thisregulator uses the same vortex principalas the VHV, but its inlet is elevated abovethe unit. The inlet pipe acts as an over-flow weir, in that there is no flow throughthe unit until the water level in the basinis above the inlet height. Weir height may

Managing stormwater flowfor a range of events withone control device is notalways possible or effi-

cient, yet several municipalities requireflow regulation for five to 100-yearstorm events.

Conventional design approachA single static flow regulator used to

throttle the outlet of a retention basinwill meet the design point for a specificstorm frequency. However, it will typi-cally release less than the maximumflow permitted in a more intense storm.This approach is inefficient as it forcesdesigners to oversize their retentionbasins to retain extra water and increasesemptying time.

To meet multiple set points, a singleflow regulator must have moving parts,which increases the capital and mainte-nance costs associated with the flowcontrol system. Additionally, using elec-tricity to operate the moving parts in-creases the chances of system failure,since it may not be available during anintense rain storm.

With both static and mobile flow reg-ulators, it is nearly impossible to select asingle flow regulator that will accuratelycontrol water flows from two year stormsup to 100-year storms. In order to main-tain precision, it is obvious that multipleflow regulators are required.The Hydrovex Multi-Stage approach

John Meunier Inc. has developed adesign philosophy for retention basinoptimization that only employs multipleflow regulators that do not require elec-tricity, or moving parts to operate. TheHydrovex® Multi-Stage is a cost-effec-

be adjusted on site thanks to the Pond’stelescopic arm assembly.

This selection is ideal for midrangeflows, because it offers the precision andlarge openings of a vortex regulator, thelevel control of an overflow weir, and theflexibility to adjust the system in the fu-ture.

Finally, for very large flow rates, no-tably 50 and 100 year storms, the rec-ommendation is to use a HydrovexFluidGate (FG). Since the flow rates forthese events are much larger, there is noneed for the large-orifice advantage of avortex regulator for blockage mitigation.The FG uses the orifice-flow principleto throttle stormwater flow. One advan-tage of the FluidGate is that the openingarea can be adjusted on site, in case offuture revisions to design.

There are dozens of options availablefor combining different individual Hy-drovex wet weather technologies for anoptimized flow control system.

Case study: Wet pond designTo illustrate the operation of one Hy-

drovex Multi-Stage configuration, a wetpond was designed following standardsand regulations for stormwater manage-ment in a Canadian province. For the

Simple and efficient multi-stage stormwater flow control By Jeremy Langburt, Gianfranco Maragno, and John Cigana

Table 1: Sample design criteria for astormwater flow control system.

Event Allowable Discharge Rate (L/s)

5 year 925 year 54100 year 277

Table 2: Sample arrangement for a three-staged flow regulation system in a wet pond.

Storm Water VHV Vortex Pond Vortex FluidGate Total flow intensity Elevation (m) Regulator (L/s) Regulator (L/s) Regulator (L/s) leaving basin (L/s)

Wet retention 141.160 0 0 0 0

5 year 141.800 9 0 0 9

25 year 142.150 11.6 42.4 0 54

100 year 143.100 17.5 58.9 200.6 277

Sept2012_3_Layout 1 12-09-20 12:34 PM

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purposes of this article, only three dif-ferent storm intensities are examined.Table 1 lists the maximum allowablestormwater release rates for the threestorm intensities in the modeled wetpond.

Table 2 illustrates how a system com-bining the Hydrovex VHV, Pond, andFluidGate can release the maximumpermitted discharge for each of the threestorm intensities. Since these flow regu-lators have no moving parts, any in-crease in water height will force morewater to pass through them. Therefore,the design point for higher-flow regula-tors is adjusted accordingly.

Since the basin is designed as a wetpond, all water below the elevation of141.160 m is retained in the basin. Oncewater levels rise above the wet retentionheight, flow regulation through the VHVbegins. Even though the pipe inverts forthe VHV and the Pond are at the sameheight, the Pond has no flow through ituntil a water level of 141.800 m isreached in the basin.

The inclinations of the first two sec-tions of the curve are characteristic of

vortex regulators. Having such a steepslope, these regulators are able to reachthe maximum permitted outlet flowunder low pressures. This effect greatlyreduces the retention volume and emp-tying time of the wet pond.

The final section of the curve has amuch shallower inclination since the ori-fice-controlled FluidGate accounts forover 70% of the total out flow. Sinceonly three storm events are examined inthis study, the FG curve is meant to ac-count for all intensities greater than a25-year storm occurrence.

As the last column of Table 2 clearlyshows, this approach enables designersto achieve the allowable 5 year flow (9L/s), the 25 year flow (54 L/s) as well asthe 100 year flow (277 L/s) withoutcompromising precision or basin mini-mization.

Jeremy Langburt, GianfrancoMaragno, and John F. Cigana are with

John Meunier Inc., a subsidiary of Veolia Water Solutions & Technologies.

E-mail: [email protected] The Hydrovex VHV vortex regulator.

Sept2012_3_Layout 1 12-09-20 12:34 PM


Climate Change

States, with Canada right alongside, themore realistic Europeans and the poorerdeveloping countries.

The climate debt proposalThe smartest but most controversial

idea put forward by the developingworld leaders was the idea of ‘climatedebt’. It proposed that rich countriesshould pay reparations to poorer coun-tries for the climate crisis. World Banksenior economist Justin Lin spelled itout: “About 75 to 80% of the damagescaused by global warming will be suf-fered by developing countries althoughthey contribute about one-third of green-house gases.” In fact, the numbers areeven starker; the industrialized nationswith less than 20% of the world’s popu-lation contribute over 80% of globalemissions.

Sharon Loomeata, an advocate forthe Maasai tribepeople in Kenya, states:“The Maasai do not drive SUVs or 4x4sor fly off thousands of miles on vacation,yet they are the ones suffering.” Drought

Just before the Copenhagen con-ference on climate change in2009, Naomi Klein, a Canadianauthor, journalist and environ-

mental activist, wrote an article inRolling Stone entitled ‘Climate Rage.’

Copenhagen was supposed to be themeeting of world leaders that would setthe course to keep global temperaturesbelow catastrophic levels. However, itwas another dismal failure, a stalemate,much the same as the previous 14 ormore international conventions.

Klein’s argument goes as follows. Be-fore the industrial revolution in the 19thcentury, atmospheric carbon dioxide(CO2) levels were about 280 parts permillion. But it has been known for wellover a century that CO2 levels affectglobal temperatures because of itsunique properties to absorb infrared heatradiation. The Swedish chemist andNobel laureate Svante Arrhenius hadspeculated more than 100 years ago thatCO2 levels in the atmosphere werelinked to climate temperature and henceto the occurrence of the Ice Age.

Since the industrial revolution, withmassive amounts of CO2 released fromburning of coal and other fossil fuels, at-mospheric CO2 levels have risen to 397parts per million and are steadily in-creasing. The challenge is to keep theselevels more or less stable; 350 parts permillion is the target in order to constrainthe rise in global warming to below 2 de-grees centigrade by 2050. We have, infact, passed this target and the numbercontinues to grow.

So there were enormous expectationsthat the 190 world leaders at the Copen-hagen meeting would come up with somereal solutions to the problem and not justhalf-measures like carbon offsets andemissions trading — real solutions suchas keeping coal and oil in the ground.

In fact, Copenhagen proved to be thesame as all other climate change con-ventions dating back to the Earth Sum-mit at Rio de Janeiro in 1992. It wasanother standoff between the wealthy in-dustrialized nations led by the United

caused by climate change has killedthousands of cattle on which their liveli-hood depends.

Climate debt is at the heart of theglobal climate change debate. If indus-trialized nations were to put money in a‘Green Fund’, developing world coun-tries could then access these funds tosupport many ways of adaptation. Thiscould mean anything from building seawalls to introducing clean energy solu-tions, such as solar. They argue, con-vincingly, that these funds should not beseen as a loan or a gift but as the repay-ment of debt.

The major opposition to the idea ofclimate debt has come from the UnitedStates with its strongly supported oil andgas lobby.

Two questions need to be answeredhere: What is a fair and equitable solu-tion to fix the climate change problem?What will happen if we just continue onthe same track of ‘business as usual’?

Should rich countries pay reparations to poorerones for the climate crisis? By Dr. Bernard Fleet

Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Levels at the Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii;data posted by National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (Courtesy ofClimatenow.org).


Sept2012_3_Layout 1 12-09-18 9:02 PM

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The United Nations Framework onClimate Change, or UNFCC, ratified by192 countries including the UnitedStates, has already asserted that “thelargest share of historical and currentglobal emissions of greenhouse gaseshas originated in the developed coun-tries”. It also clearly states that actionsto fix the problem should be made “onthe basis of equity and in accordancewith their common but differentiated re-sponsibilities.”

Now we see that millions of peopleon small islands such as the Maldives,poor landlocked communities, and rap-idly developing countries such as India,China and Brazil are suffering from theeffects of climate change.

These countries want to increase theirown standard of living, which means in-creasing the use of fossil fuels. China isbuilding one new coal-fired power plantevery two weeks. To meet rapidly grow-ing industrial demand, India needs to in-crease its energy output seven times overthe next decade.

Activists from the developing worldare actively pushing the climate debt

concept, arguing that rich countriesshould reduce their emissions “to makeatmospheric space available to the de-veloping world.” As Klein points out:“It’s a massive challenge, equivalent toa ‘Marshall Plan for the Earth’.” Climate change and global security

One last point is the link between cli-

mate change and the rise of terrorismand social unrest. It is clear that as sealevels rise and droughts spread, compe-tition for food and water in developingcountries will fuel increasing unrest.This subject was the theme of the veryfirst climate change conference, TheChanging Atmosphere: Implications for

The government of the Maldives holds an underwater cabinet meeting to raiseawareness of climate-induced rising sea levels.

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Climate Change

Global Security, held in Toronto in June1988. We have already seen clear signsof this in the recent Arab Spring, whichwas ignited in a large part by increasingfood prices in the region.

A 2007 U.S. study on global securitypredicted that, in order to keep out mil-lions of climate refugees fleeing hunger,drought and conflict, the United Statesand other rich nations would likely de-cide to “build defensive fortresses

around their countries.” We are alreadyseeing this in Europe, where thousandsof Africans are risking their lives tryingto cross the Mediterranean in leakyboats, and, similarly, where refugeesfrom Central America are trying to reachthe United States.

But now, after the failures of Copen-hagen and more recently at Durban and

the Rio+20 conferences, the U. S. andCanada are behaving as if 200 years ofover-emissions never happened.

Canada’s experience of climatechange is quite mild so far, includingsome melting of sea ice in the Arctic,which is incidentally creating a new fish-ing industry, and some forest fires. It’snothing like the U.S. experience, with itsseries of massive tornados and majordroughts, and nothing like what many de-

veloping countries are facing in the trop-ical regions with storms, floods, droughtsand other weather-related disasters.

So why is there so little interestamong the public in climate change andthe threat of global warming? For Cana-dians, it is the gradual nature of thethreat and the failure to see 10 or 20years ahead. Paul Krugman, economics

advisor to President Obama, says it islike “boiling the frog.” If you drop a froginto a pot of hot water it will jumpstraight out. But if you put a frog in apan of cold water and slowly heat thepan, the frog does not notice and slowlyheats up until it dies.

In a 2009 report to the U.K. govern-ment, Sir Nicholas Stern, former chiefeconomist at the World Bank, warnedthat global warming is “the greatestmarket failure the world has seen andthe seriousness of the risks from inac-tion or delayed action is now over-whelming.” Here in Canada, with our oilsands obsession, it is highly unlikely thatour government will heed this messageanytime soon.

Dr. Bernard Fleet is with Ryerson University, Faculty of Environmental

Applied Science & Management. E-mail: [email protected].

This article is based on a lecture aspart of a graduate course on Our

Energy Future: Climate Change andthe Transition to the Low Carbon

Economy. The full course materials areaccessible at www.fleetec.com/ryerson

Canada’s experience of climate change is quitemild so far, including some melting of sea ice inthe Arctic, which is incidentally creating a new

fishing industry, and some forest fires.

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tergents and surfactants, reducing thesurface tension in the solution, which al-lows for the formation of the micelles.Some examples of surfactants are stearicacid, laurel dodecyl sulphate, alkanolamide and sodium sulphonate fatty acidsalt. These chemicals generate a stableemulsion due to their chemical structure,which has two opposing ends. One is hy-drophobic (water-fearing) and the otheris hydrophilic (water-liking).

The surfactant is contained in theouter surface layer of the micelle, withthe entangled hydrophobic ends directedto the interior of the micelle. The hy-drophilic ends directed into the aqueousphase allow for the micelle to be a stablesuspension in water. The interior of themicelle is a suitable environment for or-ganics and particulates. This results in arelatively high concentration of organicsand particulates suspended in the waste-water. Possible consequences of this arewastewater quality parameters that ex-ceed acceptable sewer discharge by-lawlimits.

Wastewater from machin-ing and casting opera-tions contains a stew offluids, including hy-

draulic oils, die lubricants, mould re-lease agents, cutting fluids, coolants andcleaning agents. It has a milky or cloudyappearance and a high concentration ofanimal and vegetable oil, as well as min-eral oil and grease (MOG), after free oilremoval. Samples of chemically stabi-lized oil-emulsified wastewater areshown in Figure 1.

Emulsified oils can be generated me-chanically and chemically. Mechanicalemulsification is induced by agitationfrom pumping or mixing. This type ofemulsion is relatively unstable and willexist for a relatively short time, allowingfor conventional gravity separation to beused for removing the emulsion.

Knowing whether the oil-emulsifiedwastewater contains an unstable emul-sion is helpful when deciding how totreat it. A simple method for determin-ing an unstable emulsion is to heat asample volume of the wastewater in a jarwith warm water to approximately 70°C.If separation occurs, that means the ther-mal energy has increased the buoyancyof the emulsion, allowing for separation.Another approach is to cool the sampleon ice to increase density difference; theemulsion may float to the surface.

If either of these methods results inthe oils and greases being separated,then conventional gravity separation canusually be applied. Otherwise, the oilemulsion is chemically stable and an al-ternative pretreatment approach will berequired.

Impact of chemically emulsified oil on wastewater

The colour of oil-emulsified waste-water can be explained by the Tyndall ef-fect (scattering). Visible light beingscattered off the suspended “oil droplets”or micelles generates a unique colour orappearance. A cloudy or milky-lookingappearance indicates that the diameter ofthe micelles is 1 µm or greater.

The micelles can be generated by de-

Lubricants contain oils that generallyconstitute 60% to 80% of the mixture.The remainder are chemicals that con-stitute the additive package. The additivepackage may contain detergents (surfac-tants) that aid as friction modifiers andreduce oil deposits (or sludge), viscos-ity modifiers, anti-foam agents, and dis-persants, pour-point depressants thatdisrupt crystal formation of any waxes,extreme pressure agents and anti-wearcompounds.

Water-soluble cutting fluids are gen-erally mineral, animal and vegetable oilsblended with surfactants and then di-luted to a concentration of 5% to 10% inwater. Some cutting fluids may appearto be clear, while still containing oilsand surfactants. Cooling fluids can alsocontain polyethylene glycol (PEG).Cleaning agents applied on the manu-facturing floor may contain chemical de-tergents.

How do all of these chemicals con-tribute to exceedances in sanitary sewer

Figure 1: Photos of chemically stabilized oil-emulsified wastewater in glasscontainers. Wastewater in (a) has a milky appearance and in (b) a cloudy appearance.

A)_ B)


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Sept2012_3_Layout 1 12-09-18 9:02 PM

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by-law quality limits? Chemically stablemicelles can be generated by the deter-gents and surfactants utilized as frictionmodifiers, dispersants, cutting fluid addi-tives and cleaning agents. The biochemi-cal oxygen demand (BOD), chemicaloxygen demand (COD), fats oil andgrease (FOG) and MOG are affected bythe oils and greases in the lubricating flu-ids. Levels of zinc, phosphates and sul-phur are affected by zinc dithiodiphosphate esters (ZDDP), acid phos-phates and sulphurized fats, respectively,that are utilized as anti-wear and extremepressure agents.

Styrene, aromatic compounds andphenol content in the wastewater can beaffected by the styrene esters, alkylenecoupled aromatic compounds, and cou-pled alkyl phenols, respectively, appliedas pour-point depressants. Total sus-pended solids (TSS) of the wastewatercan be affected by dirt, rubber and metalparticulates or fragments that may be en-capsulated by the surfactants. These en-capsulated particles provide additionalsurface area where oils or chemicalagents can reside.

Thus, potential chemical contributorsto the exceedances in the sewer by-lawlimits are chemicals from the fluids andlubricants that make up a necessary partof the manufacturing process.

Pretreatment technologies Typical approaches to dealing with

chemically stable oil-emulsified waste-water, after free oil removal, include:• Chemical treatment with coagulating

and flocculating agents in a dissolved (DAF) or induced (IAF) air flotation system.

• Concentration of the emulsion by ultrafiltration.

• Concentration of the emulsion by evaporation.

Coagulation and flocculation Coagulating reagents generally desta-

bilize the suspension of micelles, by re-ducing the double layer surrounding thecharged surface of the micelle, or neu-tralizing the charges in the double layer.Reduction in the double layer thicknessallows for closer contact of the micelles.Flocculating agents entrap the bridgedmicelles in the sweep floc, generating theorganic float (frothy suspension).

Organic float that is generated by floc-culation can be skimmed off the surface ofthe wastewater. It usually constitutes 5%to 10% of wastewater volume beingtreated. It can be dewatered by a filterpress and roughly 10% of the float volumewill be generated as pressed organics.

Filtrate from the press is returned tothe treatment process. The aqueousphase from the DAF unit contains water-soluble organics that can contribute tothe BOD. Therefore, this phase may re-quire additional treatment to meet localsanitary sewer by-law limits. Otherwise,surcharges will need to be included inthe operating costs.



Total suspended solids (TSS) of the

wastewater can be affected by dirt,

rubber and metal particulates or

fragments.

Sept2012_3_Layout 1 12-09-18 9:02 PM

Sept2012_3_Layout 1 12-09-18 9:03 PM


DAF and IAF systems increase buoy-ancy of the flocs that are generated by thecoagulating and flocculating agents. Thisis achieved in the DAF system by pres-surizing, with air, a portion of the aque-ous effluent that is sent back to the DAFtank. The flocs in the DAF tank are nu-cleation sites for the dissolved air to goout of solution, which subsequently pro-vides increased buoyancy for the flocs.

In the IAF system, a sparger is appliedin the tank to generate air bubbles in thewastewater. These air bubbles prefer to at-tach to a surface such as the flocs, whichincreases the buoyancy of the flocs.

Wastewater may require pH adjust-ment prior to addition of the coagulat-ing and flocculating agents as theseagents have a pH range over which theyare effective. Increasing pH can also aidin precipitating dissolved metals in thewastewater.

The effectiveness of the coagulantand flocculant is influenced by chemi-cals in the lubricants, because differentdetergents and dispersants can generatemore stable micelles. The chemicalreagents and/or concentration applied

may require modification if changesoccur in fluids used in the plant, sincethey subsequently end up in the processwastewater.

Ultrafiltration Ultrafiltration (UF) is an approach

that may physically retain the micelles,with water removal of up to 90% orgreater being achieved. Materials ofmembrane construction can be poly-meric, ceramic or metal-based. Themembrane structure can be a compositeor an asymmetric homogeneous mate-rial. Membrane material and manufac-turing process influence average poresize, pore size distribution, and porosityof the UF membrane.

UF membranes are described by aver-age molecular weight cut-off (MWCO),expressed in units of Daltons. The aver-age MWCO corresponds to an averagepore size. The pore size range for UFmembranes is 0.01 to 0.1 µm, with an ap-proximate MWCO of 10,000 to 100,000Daltons, respectively.

As noted previously, the diameter ofthe micelles in the milky wastewater isapproximately 1 µm or greater. There-

fore, a UF membrane with a pore sizesignificantly less than the diameter ofthe micelles can be applied to retain themicelles. The UF membrane cannot re-tain water-soluble organics of molecularweight less than the UF membraneMWCO.

The micelles can reversibly and irre-versibly foul the UF membrane pores. Tu-bular UF membranes are usually appliedin these applications instead of spiral-wound or hollow fibre. The relativelyhigh influent flow, that can be applied intubular membranes, generates turbulentflow radially and axially, which inducesmixing. Further, the surface eddies gen-erated aid in reducing the cake layer andmembrane fouling. To achieve high re-circulation flows, the UF system utilizesrelatively large pumps and piping. Mem-brane life is affected by membrane mate-rials, chemicals present in the wastewater,and cleaning frequency.

Pre-filters are required upstream ofthe UF system to remove emulsifiedparticulates. Generally, filter screens ofmesh smaller than 100 µm are applied inthe pre-filter. Pre-filters add to opera-


Sept2012_3_Layout 1 12-09-18 9:03 PM


tional costs of the UF system, as theycan be spent in a relatively short timedue to the emulsified particulates. Thecost of pre-filter replacement and dis-posal of the spent pre-filters must beconsidered when establishing operatingcosts. The permeate stream may requireadditional treatment, due to water-solu-ble organics with a molecular weightless than the MWCO of the membrane.Otherwise, surcharges will need to beconsidered in the operating costs.

The ability to restore a fouled UFmembrane depends on the cleaning treat-ment that can be applied. The maximumoperating temperature of some poly-meric membranes can be 60ºC. Somechemicals, such as glycols and silicones,can also irreversibly foul polymericmembranes. Ceramic and metallic mem-branes, which have a relatively broadrange of tolerance to operating tempera-ture and solvents, are viable alternatives.

Evaporation Evaporation-based technology has

been successful in concentrating oil-emulsified wastewater with water re-moval of 90% or greater being achieved.Evaporation by mechanical vapour re-compression (MVR) is less energy-in-tensive than atmospheric evaporation.MVR accomplishes this by recompress-ing vapours from the evaporator to ahigher pressure to condense them in aheat exchanger. Latent heat energy ofthe condensing vapours is transferred tothe recirculating bottoms in the evapo-rator. Improved heat energy utilizationis obtained by an additional heat ex-changer, that is applied to preheat thefeed with the higher enthalpy of the con-densed distillate.

Lubricants can contain low boilingpoint organics, which can be present inthe distillate. Therefore, the distillate mayrequire additional treatment to removelow molecular weight organics or the sur-charge costs can be applied to the operat-ing budget. If the evaporation system canutilize waste heat from processes withinthe manufacturing plant, such as furnaceexhaust for heat treatment, there may bereductions in overall operating costs.

MVR systems require regularly sched-uled cleaning, due to the presence of or-ganics in the wastewater that can foul theheat transfer surfaces. The compressoralso requires maintenance. The MVR sys-

tem will require alloy metals for pipingand components if corrosive chemicalsare present in the wastewater. Operatingcosts for residual dewatering and removalwill also need to be considered.

ConclusionThe type of treatment selected for

handling an emulsified oily wastewaterwill depend on many factors. These in-clude available plant footprint, allowablecapital expenditure, personnel availablewith appropriate skills to operate theequipment, future demands on the treat-


ment process, and required downstreamprocessing to provide an acceptable ef-fluent that can be discharged. Each man-ufacturing plant is unique and so are itswastewater treatment issues.

A cost-effective and robust solutioncan be achieved by performing a briefcost analysis of potential pretreatmentsolutions.

Ken Rilling is with Conestoga-Rovers & Associates. E-mail: [email protected]

Sept2012_3_Layout 1 12-09-20 12:35 PM


Water Treatment

In November 2009, AdEdge WaterTechnologies, LLC, was commissioned tosupply an arsenic, iron, manganese andturbidity treatment system for the com-munity. The selected system was an Ad-Edge AD26 oxidation/filtration system,rated for 150 gallons per minute (gpm).

The AD26 treatment train consists ofone skid-mounted, triplex packaged treat-ment system with three vessels. A designfiltration rate of 3.98 gpm/sq ft was chosento allow for filtration of the high level ofcontaminants, including turbidity in a rangeof 6.34 – 12.0 NTU. Prior to the treatmentsystem, a continuous feed of sodiumhypochlorite and polymer is injected intothe raw water, using an ADINTM chemicalfeed system to help achieve the designedtreatment goals. Sodium hypochlorite is fedprior to the polymer to oxidize iron, man-ganese and any arsenic (III) to arsenic (V)for optimal removal. Polymer is injected

Elevated levels of arsenic, ironand manganese prompted theResort Village of Kannata Val-ley in Saskatchewan, approxi-

mately 50 km northwest of Regina, toseek a treatment solution for its drinkingwater.

The water system is served by an arte-sian well that provides drinking water forapproximately 250 residents. Raw waterlevels of arsenic, manganese, iron andturbidity exceeded the SaskatchewanDrinking Water Quality Standards andObjectives (SDWQSO) that came into ef-fect in 2010, as well as federal drinkingwater quality guidelines. The incomingconcentration of arsenic was 31 ppb, iron1.7 mg/L, manganese 0.09 mg/L and tur-bidity 10.0 NTU. These were all above thestandards set by the SDWQSO of 10 ppbfor arsenic, 0.3 mg/L for iron, 0.05 mg/Lfor manganese and 1 NTU for turbidity.

into the raw water to assist in the floccula-tion of turbidity and colour.

Dosing of the chemical feed pumps ispulse controlled by an InGeniusTM pro-grammable logic controller (PLC). Thefeed rate of the chemicals is set manually;however, the frequency of pulsing is ad-justed based on system flow rates due tomultiple variable frequency drive (VFD)supply pumps. The PLC performs auto-mated functions needed for operation ofthe control valves. This includes systempressure and differential pressure acti-vated backwashing, flow rate, backwashrecycle, air wash and filter drain down,and total gallons processed.

Each 48-inch carbon steel vessel con-tains 25 cubic feet of AdEdge AD26 ox-idation/filtration media and 12 cubicfeet of Anthracite #1.5. AD26 is a highlycatalytic manganese dioxide media used

Resort village’s water treatment system removes arsenic, iron and manganese By Richard J. Cavagnaro


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Sept2012_3_Layout 1 12-09-18 9:16 PM

Sept2012_3_Layout 1 12-09-18 9:16 PM


for the removal of arsenic, iron, man-ganese and hydrogen sulfides. The sys-tem is equipped with sample ports, flowmeters and totalizers, differential pres-sure gauges, and flow control valves.

The featured H2ZeroTM Backwash/Re-cycle system conserves water by storingand treating contaminated backwashwater from the treatment system. Liquidor solid residuals, resulting from the fil-

tration process, require regular back-washing to remove suspended solids andiron particulates that accumulate in thebed. Kannata Valley’s treatment system isdesigned to backwash once or twiceweekly to prevent excessive pressure lossfrom the system. Air-wash occurs beforethe backwash cycle.

Water exiting the treatment systemfeeds two 25,000 gallon hydro-pneumaticstorage tanks and is distributed to the endusers.

The system was commissioned in Au-gust 2010 and is treating approximately100,000 gallons per day. It has met all theSDWQSO maximum contaminant levelsfor arsenic, iron, manganese and turbid-ity. Arsenic in the treated water has beenrecorded consistently below detection (<2ppb) and turbidity to 0.014 NTU. Moni-toring and periodic sampling of the sys-tem is performed by the site’s certifiedoperator in accordance with the operatingpermit.

Richard J. Cavagnaro is with AdEdgeWater Technologies. E-mail:

[email protected]

The AD26 treatment system.

Water Treatment

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Government Affairs

waste were increased by approximately$10 million.

Water takingPhase 1 of the province’s Water Tak-

ing Charges Program was implementedin April 2007. At that time, a set chargeof $3.71 per million litres for high-con-sumption water users was put in place.High consumers are typically those pro-ducing beverages such as bottled wateror other products such as ready-mix ce-ment or fertilizers. It is worth noting thatthis charge is assessed against the totalamount of water taken annually, not justthe amounts incorporated into the highlyconsumptive processes.

The Water Taking Charges Programutilizes a “user-pay” model. This is toprovide incentive to the approximately100 applicable commercial and industrialfacilities in Ontario to, first, improve

The 2012 Ontario budget, passedon June 20, was touted as an“austerity budget” even prior toits release, in light of its fee in-

creases and aim to balance the budget infive years. Although its main focus is onhealthcare and education, industry canexpect to be affected by this budget.

Earlier in the year, the provincial au-ditor general and the Drummond Com-mission on the Reform of Ontario’sPublic Services recommended thatgreater priority be placed on preventionand the “polluter-pay” principle. This isdirectly applicable to contaminated sites.It was emphasized that those responsiblefor creating pollution and waste shouldbear the costs of environmental programsand services. Bearing this in mind, feesfor water taking, Environmental Compli-ance Approvals (ECAs), and hazardous

water conservation, and, second, explore,incorporate and develop more efficientand sustainable methods into their dailyprocesses. In this way, the program isalso expected to create opportunities forclean-technology jobs in Ontario.

Money collected from these chargesis used to cover a portion of theprovince’s costs for water quantity man-agement activities and programs, such aspreparing water budgets, monitoring,and controlling takings and their im-pacts.

Implementing Phase 2 of the programwill expand the user-pay base and applythe charge to most of the remaining in-dustrial and commercial significant waterusers in Ontario not previously includedin Phase 1. Some of the affected sectorsare construction, petroleum, mining, foodproduction and recreational facilities.

How Ontario’s latest budget is affecting environmental programsBy Sandra Tavares and Marisa Reynen

Sept2012_3_Layout 1 12-09-20 12:35 PM


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The provincial government is currently completing a five-year review of the program to determine the efficacy of thecurrent charge framework and to assess whether adequaterates are charged to ensure the program costs are covered.Upon completion of this review, the charge rate to be paid byfacilities identified in Phase 2 of the program will be deter-mined. It is estimated this initiative will generate $3.5 mil-lion in 2013/14 and $6.0 million in 2014/15.

Environmental Compliance ApprovalsIn an effort to move towards full cost recovery, the gov-

ernment will revise the fee structure for ECAs (formerly Cer-tificates of Approval or C of A) and the related EnvironmentalActivity and Sector Registry (EASR). The fee structure forthis approvals system has not been revised since 1998. It is es-timated this initiative will generate $3.8 million annually.

In the past, a business had to apply for multiple approvalsfor individual processes and pieces of equipment. Currently, abusiness can register on the EASR, or apply for a single ECAthat addresses all of its emissions, discharges and waste.

If the activities of a business impact the natural environ-ment by releasing pollutants into the air, onto land or intowater, that business needs permission from the Ministry ofthe Environment to operate legally. ECAs are the vehicle todo so in Ontario.

Hazardous wasteHazardous waste fees, which have not been updated since

2002, will also be revised. The government tracks the gener-ation, movement and disposal of hazardous and liquid indus-trial waste. Fees are based in part on tonnage of wastegenerated and the records of goods being shipped, typicallycalled manifests.

The province has indicated that raising tonnage fees willimprove program cost recovery and will provide greater in-centives to reduce or recycle waste. In addition, the increase infees will be borne by the larger generators of hazardous waste,in line with the “polluter-pay” principle mentioned earlier.Furthermore, the fee for paper manifests will be increased, en-couraging the switch to a paperless system and greater use ofthe lower-cost electronic manifesting system. The governmentestimates this initiative will generate $2.5 million in 2014/15.

In light of the fact that fees for hazardous waste are in-creasing, corporations can benefit by targeting reductions inthis area.

“Reducing hazardous waste generation can have signifi-cant economic, environmental and social benefits,” saysBruce Taylor, of Enviro-Stewards Inc. “For example, haz-ardous waste reduction work combined with energy, waterand waste reduction at 19 small to medium-size facilities inthe Greater Toronto Area eliminated 424 tonnes per year ofhazardous waste, while generating collective savings of $3million per year with a 1.1 year payback.”

Sandra Tavares and Marisa Reynen are with Tavares Group Consulting Inc. E-mail:

[email protected]

Sept2012_3_Layout 1 12-09-20 12:35 PM


Infrastructure

and organized the completion of a 480 kmlong, good quality road, the Talbot Trail,running from Lake Ontario to the DetroitRiver. This helped to make the Talbot Set-

The Municipality of Chatham-Kent in Southwest Ontario hasa long history in agricultureand trade. The Chatham dock-

yards (est.1790) supplied food stocksand implements to the British Navy’sLake Erie fleet and Tecumseh’s largetribal confederacy throughout the War of1812. It was here on Oct 5, 1813 at theBattle of the Thames, that Tecumseh waskilled while waiting for reinforcementsto come by road from distant FortBurlington. The road was poor, rein-forcements didn’t come and our historytook a turn.

During the same period, ColonelThomas Talbot organized the develop-ment of the Region. He stipulated that allpersons who received land must constructand maintain a road in front of their farmwithin three and a half years of settlement.By the late 1820s he had linked the roads

tlement the most prosperous part of On-tario.

Since then the roads have improved.Two hundred years later, Chatham Kentcontinues to find innovations in road con-struction and to produce high qualitymeats, fish, fruits, maple syrup and veg-etables, that are shipped by road to mar-kets throughout North America.

As agriculture and roads have mod-ernized, Chatham-Kent industries havenot only kept up but have led the way withnew developments. In 1878, E.S. Hubbell,a young tin-smith, established a hardwareand metal fabricating business inThamesville. In his time, roads were cor-duroy and bridges were simple woodenstructures. Culverts were typically ofwood stave construction.

The business thrived and continues tosupport farming and road-building intothe fifth generation of Hubbells. In theearly 1930s, his sons embraced the mod-ern technology of corrugated steel pipe(CSP) and established a steel culvert man-ufacturing facility. Early CSP was madeby hand riveting galvanized and corru-gated sheets together. Today the companyproduces high volume, high quality spiralpipe on modern equipment in a variety ofcorrugations and coatings.

Some of the oldest corrugated steelpipe in Canada was installed in Chatham-Kent as culverts and bridges were re-

Chatham-Kent upgrades five historic road structures By David J. Penny

Glen A Hubbell with 9.75m long riveted corrugated steel pipe (circa 1949).

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Sept2012_3_Layout 1 12-09-18 9:27 PM


Infrastructure

placed on the development roads. An ex-tensive network of drainage canals createdthe need for many crossings, as they al-lowed farmers to work this flat fertile landearly in the season.

Intense farming, fertilizers, flat terrain,standing water, road salt on paved roadsand general growth in the Region have allcreated unique challenges for road de-signers and builders. Many of the earlyroads, culverts and bridges are reachingthe next phase of their natural service lifeand must be upgraded or replaced. The re-placements, however, must safely handlelarger farm equipment, heavier and fastertrucks and, because of the significant in-vestment in and complexity of new infra-structure, must be sustainable over alonger period of time.

One of the ways that Chatham-Kenthas met the demands is by embracing newtechnologies in CSP. Deeper corrugationsand thicker steels have made it possible toconstruct economical wide span and lowprofile box culvert shapes that fit the chal-lenges of flat terrain and heavy loads.Polymer laminates and polymer coatingson steel have dramatically increased the

service life of culverts often affected byfertilizers and salt.

In the winter of 2009-2010, fivestructures along a scenic stretch of theTalbot Trail (Hwy 3 from Blenheim toEatonville) required replacement. Thecommencement of bridge projects is typ-ically subject to the receipt of approvals

from the Department of Fisheries andOceans (DFO), Coast Guard, Conserva-tion Authority and other agencies, to en-sure the overall interests of thecommunity are identified.

All permits and approvals were met forthis project and, as DFO required that all“in water work” must be completed byMarch 15, 2010, a precise and rapid con-struction plan that could be implementedin winter was necessary. Large diameterpolymer laminated corrugated steel pipeand polymer coated structural plate cor-rugated steel pipe (SPCSP) were selectedfor the replacement structures, mostly fortheir installed economy. The contract forthe five structures, which was largelyfunded by the citizens of Chatham-Kent,was in fact awarded at a price 31% lowerthan the engineers’ estimate.

All structures are expected to still beperforming when the Talbot Trail cele-brates its 300th birthday several moregenerations from now.

David Penny is with the CorrugatedSteel Pipe Institute. E-mail:

[email protected]

Laminates and coatings have increased the service life of culverts.

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Sept2012_3_Layout 1 12-09-20 12:35 PM


Infrastructure

ciated fittings and valve chambers.This project is representative of the

province at large: “Ontario today has oneof the most dynamic markets for infra-structure in the world” according to theOntario government’s long-term infra-structure plan - Building Together: Min-istry of Infrastructure Ontario, 2011.

It is no wonder that American com-panies are interested, says OCPA.

The US company’s delegation said“it’s not about Canada; it’s not about theUnited States”. They asked councillorsto “allow fair competition (in materials)for the region’s rate payers”. OCPA feelsthis might be acceptable if Canadian in-frastructure manufacturers were allowedto compete in the United States. How-ever, various “Buy American” legisla-tions, attached to US federal funding formunicipal water infrastructure projects,prevent this.

As an example, the current version ofthe 2013 Appropriation Bill for the En-vironmental Protection Agency, whichis still pending a House/Senate confer-ence, contains a new Buy American pro-vision that would be applied to all waterand wastewater projects funded by thismeasure. The amendment was unani-mously approved by Republicans andDemocrats alike.

In addition, a number of US states andmunicipalities impose domestic contentrestrictions for water infrastructure proj-ects, therefore preventing Canadian com-panies from participating in theseprojects. In many infrastructure bid doc-uments, there is the statement: “Manu-facturers limited to Made in USA only”.All of these Buy American restrictionsbased on domestic content usually requirethat all products must be manufactured inthe US, and that more than 51% of thecomponents used come from the US.

While many Canadian companiesthink that NAFTA has created open ac-cess to the US markets for Canadianmanufacturers, an examination of gov-ernment procurements shows this to befalse. The US has exempted from thecoverage of NAFTA the transfer of funds

Council in Ontario’s Peel Regionwas recently asked to decidewhether to allow steel pipesupplied by a company from

the US as an alternative to concrete pres-sure pipe for its Hanlan Water Project.

The Hanlan Water Project is thelargest and most extensive watermainproject the Region has ever designed andconstructed. It will require a combinationof open-cut construction and tunnelling.This project includes installation of 14.5kilometres of 2,400 mm diameter feeder-main and 6 kilometres of 1,500 mm di-ameter subtransmission watermain. Thisis needed to meet the water demands offuture population growth in Peel Region.

Representatives from the OntarioConcrete Pipe Association (OCPA),Munro Ltd., and Hanson Pipe and Pre-cast gave a presentation to council, enti-tled ‘Protect Ontario Jobs’. Concretepressure pipe is manufactured in Ontarioby Hanson Pipe and Precast and MunroLtd. Combined, these two companiesrepresent over 1,000 direct manufactur-ing jobs. Cement, steel (plate and coil),aggregates (stone and sand), gaskets,couplings, plugs, and welding suppliesare all sourced from Ontario companies.In addition to the 1,000 direct manufac-turing jobs at Hanson and Munro, thereare 3,000 to 4,000 indirect jobs in thesupply chain.

Councillors were asked to contrastthese statistics with those of the UScompany, which has no jobs or supplychain in Canada. If it supplied steel pipefor the Hanlan project, Canadian manu-facturing jobs would be at risk.

Every dollar invested in infrastructurecreates as much as $1.11 in economicgrowth, according to a Conference Boardof Canada analysis of recent investments.But, OCPA believes that is only truewhen infrastructure is built in Ontariowith Ontario-supplied products andlabour. The Hanlan Water Project repre-sents large quantities of pipe, almost2,400 pieces of 2,400 mm diameter pres-sure pipe and close to 1,000 pieces of1,500 mm pipe. Also, there are the asso-

from the federal to other levels of gov-ernment. This allows the US governmentto impose domestic content requirementseven if the actual entity buying the prod-ucts is a state or municipality. It is alsoworth noting that only 37 states havesigned on to the WTO-Government Pro-curement Agreement, and that munici-palities are not covered by any of thetrade agreements signed by the US gov-ernment.

Some business associations, such asthe Canadian Manufacturers and Ex-porters (CME), have called for aCanada-US agreement on governmentprocurements, which would give com-panies from both countries an open andfair access to each other’s governmentprocurements. OCPA says that it toowould support such an agreement.

Mayor Hazel McCallion of Missis-sauga concluded at the July 5th Peel Re-gional Council meeting that, based onthe arguments that she had heard, shewould choose concrete pipe. She wenton to state: “I do not support importingmaterial from the United States for thisline...Orion Bus has just been closeddown in Mississauga. Every bus that ismanufactured in Canada can only bemanufactured fifty per cent here. It thenhas to be shipped across the border to befinished in the United States because theUS government will not give subsidiesto any city that buys buses completelymanufactured in Canada...We talk aboutfree trade, but it really isn’t and it neverhas been, certainly as it applies tobuses.”

Ultimately, Peel Regional Council-lors voted to allow only concrete pres-sure pipe to be used on the Hanlan WaterProject.


Peel’s council says yes to concrete pressure pipe and‘Protect Ontario Jobs’

Sept2012_3_Layout 1 12-09-18 9:28 PM

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Insurance

tions rely on functioning equipment inorder to turn a profit, having the rightmachinery is a no-brainer. Nonetheless,in times of economic difficulty, it is cer-tainly tempting to take shortcuts and gofor discounts or secondhand equipment.Regardless of whether you’re buyingbrand name, brand new, or secondhanddiscounted equipment, it is important tobe familiar with the suppliers and man-ufacturers of the machinery you are pur-chasing. This way you know what youwill be facing when it comes time to re-pair or replace the equipment or parts.

Short term savings could mean astro-nomical expenditures over the long term,especially if your equipment requiresconstant repair, or if the suppliers forspecific replacement parts are limited innumber and/or located overseas.

Presumably, you have some knowl-edge of the equipment manufacturersand suppliers you’re dealing with, and

In the industrial world, running asuccessful business has everythingto do with making sure your equip-ment is operating efficiently. Equip-

ment breakdown can lead to anythingfrom a lost business opportunity to addi-tional expenditures and even bankruptcy.

It is important to recognize that,while a standard property insurance pol-icy will protect your business againstlosses related to natural disasters (suchas flooding, wind damage or fire causedby a storm), it does not cover the suddenand accidental breakdown of equipment.These losses can be debilitating to youroperations, but you have more controlthan you may think. While it’s almostimpossible to predict when or how a po-tentially devastating loss will strike,there are several things you can do to beproactive in protecting your business.

Choosing the right equipmentFirst and foremost, when your opera-

don’t discount the importance of expertadvice. Rely on your business networkto help you identify experts who can rec-ommend good quality machinery, partssuppliers with good track records, anddependable warranties or guarantees.They can also potentially help you ne-gotiate good prices, payment options, orterms and conditions. This is somethinga good insurance partner or broker willbe able to do as well. They deal with awide network of engineering firms andother similar businesses on a daily basis.

Preventive maintenanceIt is extremely important to keep up

regular maintenance on your machinery.Dealing with ongoing maintenance mayseem like a hassle, but it’s a lot more af-fordable to run a regular maintenanceprogram than it is to have to replace yourequipment.

As well, sometimes you’ll find thatthe one part you need to replace is noteasily obtained. You could find yourselfneeding to replace something that’s outof stock, discontinued, or only availablefrom a supplier located overseas. The re-pair, replacement and shipping costs areone concern, but the additional cost toyour operations in terms of lost produc-tivity could be financially crippling.

Long-term effects and cost comp-arisons usually favour preventive mainte-nance over performing reactive mainte-nance actions.

Making sure you have the right insurance

A common misconception amongproperty insurance policyholders is thattheir machinery is protected against anytype of loss. This is not the case. Mostproperty policies exclude loss arisingfrom the explosion, bursting or ruptureof boilers and pressure vessels and me-chanical or electrical breakdown.

Equipment breakdown insurance(EBI) specifically fills these gaps in aproperty policy. EBI is simply a form ofproperty insurance, with the purpose ofinsuring against financial losses such asproperty damage, business interruptionand spoilage that can result from an ‘ac-

Make sure equipment breakdown doesn’t breakyour operation By Louis Vatrt

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what you specifically need in order tomaintain viable operations. They shouldalso have a good knowledge and under-standing of what types of insurance poli-cies are available and what your optionsare, not only from a pricing standpoint,but a quality perspective.

Typically, as a commercial industryplayer you should be looking to dealwith insurance companies with strongfinancial ratings (A-rated or higher) byreputable rating agencies, such as Stan-dard & Poor’s, Moody’s and AM Best.

Insurance

cident’ to an ‘object.’An ‘object’ is defined in an EBI pol-

icy as: • Any boiler, any fired or unfired

vessel. • Any refrigerating or air conditioning

pressure vessel. • Any mechanical machine, electrical

machine, or electrical apparatus, including fibre-optic cabling and apparatus used for the generation, transmission or utilization of mechanical or electrical power.

• Any electronic equipment, including the data or media contained therein, used primarily to control, monitor or operate one or more objects.The definition can be expanded to

provide coverage for production ma-chinery. Some examples of objects arelow and high pressure boilers, com-pressed air receivers, steam cookers andhot water tanks. Mechanical equipmentincludes compressors, pumps and inter-nal combustion engines, and gas turbineengines. Electrical equipment includestransformers, electric motors, genera-tors, cabling and electrical distributionpanels. Production machinery includescrushers, SAG and ball mills, mixers,CNC equipment and ship loaders.

When it comes to finding the rightinsurance policy, make sure you aredealing with an insurance broker whounderstands the business you’re in and

Insurers will be looking at what you’redoing to prevent equipment breakdownwhen they underwrite your business. Useyour broker as your partner, and makesure they work closely with the insurancecompany in managing, mitigating and ad-equately transferring your risks.

Louis Vatrt is Vice-President & Director of Equipment Breakdown

Insurance at RSA Insurance. For more information, visit:

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Sept2012_3_Layout 1 12-09-18 9:28 PM


Infrastructure

material to enter a crushing cone, whereany large rock, cobbles, or gravel piecesare broken down for transport to the sur-face via a water circuit for separation.

Water-based slurry is pumped to thehead of the MTBM at a pressure matchingthe in situ ground stresses, where it mixeswith excavated material. The slurry mix-ture is then pumped back to the surface,where spoil is removed in a separationplant comprised of a series of vibratingscreens, hydrocyclones, and centrifuges.To maximize resource efficiency, water isre-used and re-circulated to the head of themachine in a continuous cycle.

Forward thrust of the MTBM is pro-vided by a pipe-jacking operation, wherethe pipe is jacked or pushed into thenewly created tunnel. Concrete reinforcedmicrotunnelling pipes, 2.5m or 3m long,are pushed from a launch shaft until theMTBM reaches the exit shaft. Operationof the MTBM is controlled remotely atground level. Pipes are installed in thelaunch shaft, eliminating the need forman entry or work in the tunnel.

Microtunnelling is particularly suited

How do you build tunnels fortwo new jet fuel lines at amajor international airportwith minimal environmental

and operational impact? By microtun-nelling.

That’s exactly how they did it at Tor-onto’s Lester B. Pearson InternationalAirport. The new fuel lines run underAirport Road and the Terminal 3 en-trance/exit highways. They were builtwithout digging a single trench, mini-mizing environmental impact and caus-ing zero disruption to airport operationsor local traffic and commerce. The onlyvisible evidence of this major infrastruc-ture project was a small jobsite next toTerminal 3, with a launch tunnel shaft, acontrol room to operate the tunnel bor-ing machine (TBM), a separation unit toscreen soil fines from suspension, andthe stock of microtunnelling pipe itself.

Microtunnelling, also known asslurry pipe jacking, is not a new method.It continues to grow every year, espe-cially as urban density increases alongwith the demand for more environmen-tally responsible practices. It is, however,a relatively new practice in Ontario.

So what is microtunnelling? Simply put, it’s an automated system

for small-bore-diameter tunnels. Boringis directed from a control room atground level, using a laser-guided sys-tem to stay in alignment. Equipmentconsists of the AVN 1200 micro tunnelboring machine (MTBM), a control con-tainer, jacking frame, separation, watercircuit, and ancillary equipment and abentonite lubrication system.

A preference for slurry shield TBMshas emerged in areas with difficultground conditions, as the excavationface can be stabilized through the use ofpressurized water-based slurry. Thesemachines have the option of varioushead arrangements – scrapping teeth toshear softer soils, cutting discs to splitrocks/boulders, or a mixed head com-bining the properties of the two headsfor challenging, variable ground. Open-ings in the cutter head allow excavated

to wet ground conditions and in areashighly sensitive to settlement, such ashighly populated cities, under criticalutility services, or under railway linesand roads. The MTBM is sealed, pre-venting the possibility of water or soilentering the tunnel. Therefore, soil de-watering is not needed with the system.As an added advantage in Ontario, theMTBM head is designed to break downthe boulders that are so frequently foundin the glacial till conditions.

Specially engineered and manufactured for the job

Microtunnelling drive lengths canrange from only 20m to over a kilometre.Due to the need to advance longer dis-tances than conventional jack and boreoperations, the pipe has to be specificallydesigned by the manufacturer for eachparticular microtunnelling project. Thepipe Munro Ltd. manufactured for thePearson airport project was specificallydesigned for a slurry MTBM from Her-renknecht AG, owned and operated byWard and Burke Microtunnelling.

Based on the required tunnel lengthand diameter of the jet fuel line, Wardand Burke determined that the tunnellining pipes had to be 1200mm insidediameter. The outer diameter of the jack-ing pipe was based on the standard di-mensions of the Herrenknecht MTBM.Reinforcement requirements based onthe required wall thickness and loadingconditions were calculated by Munroengineers, and the pipe was manufac-tured to these specifications.

The joints of microtunnelling pipeare different from conventional rein-forced concrete pipe and reinforced con-crete jacking pipe.

In traditional reinforced concretejacking pipes, there is a concrete bellthat reduces the bearing area at pipejoints and, therefore, reduces the jackingforce the pipe can withstand. In micro-tunnelling pipe, the bell is replaced witha steel band which is tied into the rein-forcement cages inside the pipe walls.The result is a pipe that maximizes the

Munro pipe in tunnel launch shaft.

Microtunnelling two new jet fuel lines at Pearsonminimizes environmental and operational impactsBy Theresa R. Erskine


Sept2012_3_Layout 1 12-09-18 9:28 PM

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bearing surface at pipe joints, providingmuch greater jacking capacities. Thesteel band has a waterstop that is castinto the concrete, so the pipe can with-stand water pressures greater than 20mbelow the water table.

This special design requirement ne-cessitated retooling at Munro Ltd. Pipefor the Pearson project was hydrostati-cally tested in the manufacturing processto ensure it met design requirements andtunnel boring conditions. The steel bandwas coated with a red epoxy coating toprevent corrosion.

A very important feature with the mi-crotunnelling system is the ability to lu-bricate the 25mm overcut annuluscreated by the MTBM. Munro manu-factured special pipes with three lubri-cation ports, installed every 15 metres inthe tunnel alignment. These ports al-lowed Ward and Burke to effectively lu-bricate the overcut annulus throughoutthe drives. Lubrication prevents groundclosure, settlement, and minimizes skinfriction on the pipe. Once the tunnel iscomplete, the ports in these pipes can beused to grout the annulus.

Ground level control room for micro tunnel boring machine.

A new record setTwo 318m parallel tunnels, 0.5m

apart, were tunnelled at Pearson Inter-national airport. The proximity of thetwo parallel tunnels is a testament to themicrotunnelling process, which causesminimal settlement issues in the groundwhile maintaining excellent alignment.The tunnel lengths have also created a

new pipe-jacking record in Canada. Theentire project took less than two months.

Lower impact, less disruptionMicrotunnelling is an environmen-

tally sound way to approach installationof pipes for many applications. Concretemicrotunnelling pipe is designed towithstand the forces of the pipe jackingoperation and can act as a tunnel liner

Infrastructure

Sept2012_3_Layout 1 12-09-20 12:35 PM


Infrastructure

(in the case of the jet fuel lines), or aspipe to convey fluids directly.

Microtunnelling minimizes the amountof material excavated, as the diameter ofthe tunnel bored is very close in diameterto the pipe being installed. As there is lessmaterial to take away from the job site,there is less air pollution from the dumptrucks used.

The expense is greater than open cut.But, when the environmental cost of opencut construction and the cost of disrup-tion to traffic and businesses, is factoredin, microtunnelling becomes a more at-tractive option.

Theresa R. Erskine is with Munro Ltd.E-mail: [email protected]

Equipment required at the site is min-imal, making it possible to microtunnelin urban areas, while minimizing or eveneliminating the possibility of traffic dis-ruption. There’s also less dust and noisebecause only an entrance shaft and anexit shaft are excavated. Pipes can bejacked underground, passing over, orunder, existing pipes in the ground.

The joints of microtunnelling pipe are different from conventional reinforced concrete pipe.

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Sept2012_3_Layout 1 12-09-20 12:36 PM


Remediation

out of the hole and, if left unchecked, ontothe ground. Concrete slurry water is noteasy to treat quickly to meet municipalguidelines for disposal into storm or san-itary drains.

Atlas proposed the use of an 8 ft (2.4m) high Aqua-Barrier installed on a gen-tle (2%) uphill gradient. This would allowapproximately 901 US gal per lineal footto be stored on-site. The uphill gradientallowed cementitious slurry to settle tothe lower sections of the Aqua-Barrierand the clean water to be pumped off ona daily basis.

Eductor and wellpoint dewatering systems

Along the water’s edge at this locationis a man-made seawall, which is gener-ally comprised of sheet pile wall at thelake, cable tie from the sheet pile, andwooden pile “tri-pod” cable tie approxi-mately 20 metres northward. The seawallis designed to contain Lake Ontario to thesouth and the land on the north. The de-sign of the anchor system takes into ac-count the hydrostatic loading of theseawall by groundwater.

Cutting through the development isQueen’s Quay Blvd. E. Buried underneaththis is a myriad of sewer systems, telecom-munication duct banks, gas services and

The newly developed EastBayfront area is the first ofthree neighbourhoods to betransformed by Waterfront

Toronto, a joint initiative of the govern-ments of Canada, Ontario and Toronto.

Prior to the redevelopment, this areahad become one of the least used parts ofthe city’s waterfront, with over 800hectares of undeveloped and unusableland. A large percentage of the area iscomprised of “fill” and was identified ascontaining some contaminates at levelsbeyond that of normal residential soil pa-rameters. When soil contains contami-nates, groundwater has a tendency tohave the same ones.

During the different phases of con-struction, Atlas Dewatering Corp. de-signed, installed, implemented andoperated several environmentally soundtechniques to assist with the ongoing con-struction activities. Among these tech-niques were:• The use of Atlas Aqua-Barriers to con-tain and filter tremie concrete runoff.• Specifically designed eductor andwellpoint dewatering systems.• Atlas Enviro/Weir tanks for reductionof total suspended solids (TSS) inpumped water.• Carbon vessels for the reduction andremoval of volatile organic compounds(VOCs).

Tremie concrete runoffThe Aqua-Barrier is a water-filled

dam that utilizes a patented internal baf-fle for stability. This barrier replaces old-style constructed earth and rock cofferdams, that tend to leave siltation trailswithin environmentally sensitive lakes,rivers and streams. Water from the exist-ing watercourse is pumped into the bar-rier to “inflate” it. Upon completion ofthe work, the same water is returned tothe watercourse, causing no damage tothe local habitat.

In the East Bayfront development, thecontractor needed to drill and pour large-diameter friction caissons utilizing tremieconcrete. The use of tremie mix forceswater contained within the caisson up and

hydro duct banks. As dewatering systemsare operated, a zone of influence on thewater table emanates from that system.

Infrastructure that falls within thezone of influence could be affected byground loss or settlement of the sur-rounding soils as water is removed. Thiscould be extremely detrimental and po-tentially catastrophic if not taken into ac-count at the time of the dewateringdesign.

Atlas’ initial dewatering system beganwith the construction of Corus Quay.Lowering of the ground water table be-came a fine balance between obtainingexcavation depths for the contractor, en-suring that the pumping system was notdrawing soil “fines” out from underneaththe aforementioned structures, and mon-itoring the seawall anchor system andsheet pile face. When groundwater wastaken away from the inside face of theseawall, the loading dynamics changeand there was potential for the wall tostart an inward creep.

Reduction of TSSAccording to the city’s sewer use by-

law, any elements/compounds that are inexcess of their acceptable discharge stan-dards must be reduced to acceptable lev-els before the water will be discharged

Dewatering and remediation in the redevelopmentof Toronto’s shoreline By Steve Brett

Concrete slurry water is not easy to treat quickly to meet municipal guidelinesfor disposal into storm or sanitary drains.

Sept2012_3_Layout 1 12-09-18 9:29 PM


Remediation

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into any sewer system.Monitoring and mitigation plans were

designed and implemented by Atlas toensure compliance with City of Torontomunicipal by-laws and with both the On-tario Ministry of the Environment and thefederal Department of Oceans and Fish-eries regulations.

Enviro tanks are typically utilizedwhere pumping discharge water needs tobe detained for short periods to allow par-ticulate settlement. It is usually this par-ticulate that contains a large quantity ofthe identified contaminates. Once flowrates have been slowed down sufficientlyenough to allow TSS reduction, waterexits the tank and travels on to either thefinal discharge point or to carbon vesselsfor VOC treatment.

Carbon vesselsSeveral technologies exist to perform

VOC reduction in vapour streams. Atlasaccomplished VOC reductions throughthe use of granular activated carbon(GAC) in contained adsorber vessels.Many VOCs readily adsorb onto GAC,and the spent GAC can often be sent forthermal reactivation as an effective, envi-ronmentally friendly means of disposal.

Atlas began the initial testing of thesite with the installation of a small educ-tor system. It was operated for a short pe-riod in order to obtain factual informationon the drawdown, zone of influence andwater quality.

Steve Brett is with Atlas Dewatering, E-mail: [email protected]

Sept2012_3_Layout 1 12-09-20 12:36 PM


Climate Change

the necessary action to meet their tar-gets, for a variety of reasons. Unstableeconomic conditions, a lack of resourcesand knowledgeable personnel, aversionto risk, and internal resistance to changecan put an end to efforts by municipalmanagers.

At a time when national effortsto curb climate change arefailing, there are encourag-ing signs that our local gov-

ernments are filling the void. Cities,towns and regional governments are tak-ing up the challenge and developing ini-tiatives to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG)emissions.

The Conference of Parties (COP)talks in Copenhagen, Cancun, and mostrecently Durban, have seen limited suc-cess. Negotiations have stalemated be-tween developing and developedeconomies over who should take action.Meanwhile, experts warn that averagesurface temperatures will rise by at least2°C by 2050.

This year alone, many areas ofCanada have seen unusual weather, witha mild winter and early spring, extremeheat and humidity in central Canada,damaging floods in the west, anddroughts and wildfires in the north.These extreme weather events are onlyexpected to increase, taxing municipalinfrastructure and likely costing billionsof dollars. A changing climate will putimmense strain on Canadian municipal-ities.

Estimates suggest that municipalitieshave control or influence over approxi-mately 50% of national GHG emissions.About 80% of Canadians are now clas-sified as urban, presenting a tremendousopportunity to tackle a significant per-centage of Canada’s emissions. If we areto meet the 2020 Copenhagen targets ofreducing emissions by 17% from 2005levels, municipalities must play a role.

Municipalities across the country arelearning from the experiences of othersand moving forward with adaptation andmitigation plans. The Federation ofCanadian Municipalities operates thePartners for Climate Protection program.It has been largely successful and a ma-jority of Canadians now live in munici-palities that have committed to formalGHG reduction targets.

Unfortunately, research suggests thatmany municipalities are failing to take

Comparing municipal GHG emissions

In 2010, the Toronto Region Conser-vation Authority launched the Town HallChallenge, which ranked participants onthe energy consumption of their munic-

How municipalities will help Canada reduce GHGemissions By Dan Beare

Estimates suggest that municipalities have control or influence over approxi-mately 50% of national GHG emissions.


Sept2012_3_Layout 1 12-09-18 9:29 PM

Sept2012_3_Layout 1 12-09-18 9:29 PM


ipal town halls. Interestingly, municipal-ities insisted that they be included in therankings, even if they placed relativelypoorly. To help municipal governmentsto reduce their emissions, a new tool isneeded to encourage action and findvalue in projects.

With these findings in mind, I de-signed a template to compare municipalGHG emissions as part of my graduatethesis research. The template can beused by municipalities to assess areas ofimprovement and best practices, learn-ing from the experience of others with-out having to invest valuable resourcesto reinvent the wheel. By fostering co-operation (and some friendly competi-tion) it is hoped that municipalities canshare resources, learn from one another,and reduce GHG emissions.

Through a series of interviews withexperts, 19 peer-developed indicatorswere crafted to measure municipal emis-sions. Currently, there is no standardizedset of indicators, and many existing ini-tiatives use conflicting emission factorsand assumptions. Research has shownflaws in the current development of in-

dicator sets, such as a lack of trans-parency in the selection of particular in-dicators and arbitrary decision-making.For that reason, the indicators were de-veloped openly by consulting with ex-perts and municipalities.

The indicators measure emissionsfrom seven categories: buildings and op-erations, transportation, streetlighting

and traffic lights, residential land densi-ties, water/wastewater treatment, andsolid waste. Municipalities have themost control over these sectors and can,therefore, find the best returns on in-vestment.

To demonstrate how the templatewould work, a survey was distributed to

municipalities in Ontario. The questionshelped to gather data needed for the in-dicators. Despite barriers to action suchas the current economic crisis, munici-palities were interested in participating.Eight answered the survey and con-tributed the necessary data for a com-parison.

The survey produced interesting re-

sults and provides a glimpse of whatmunicipalities are currently working to-wards. Emissions from buildings andoperations and solid waste were foundto be the greatest overall contributors.Municipal vehicle fleets and publictransportation systems were moderatelyhigh, while water treatment and distri-

Municipal vehicle fleets and public transportation systems were moderately

high, while water treatment and distribution, wastewater and sewage

treatment, and streetlighting and trafficlights were relatively low.

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Climate Change

bution, wastewater and sewage treat-ment, and streetlighting and traffic lightswere relatively low.

A secondary indicator set helped tomeasure municipal programs and effortsto reduce emissions. Almost all of themunicipalities in the study are activelypursuing green buildings, especiallyLEED (Leadership in Energy Efficiencyand Design) certification. Some arefinding value in new building automa-tion systems that reduce energy con-sumption by controlling temperatureand lighting. Others are investing in re-newable energy, or purchasing clean en-ergy from companies such as BullfrogPower.

Many municipalities are greeningtheir corporate vehicle fleets by right-sizing vehicles and purchasing biofuels.In recent years, Ontario has passed leg-islation governing development, such asthe Places to Grow Act and the Green-Belt Act. Other acts have tackled brown-fields, wastewater treatment and solidwaste. The new legislation has greatlyinfluenced municipal operations andplanning.

For example, municipalities are nowrequired to intensify population densi-ties in existing urban areas. As a resultof highway congestion and air pollution,many are planning and constructing newpublic transportation systems such asbus rapid transit (BRT) and light-railtransit (LRT) routes. Many of these proj-ects will have co-benefits that go beyondclimate change. For example, green

buildings are healthier for employeesand increase productivity. Expandedpublic transportation services improvequality of life, allow for mobility, and in-crease property values.

Results of the municipal comparisonalso help municipal managers to makeimportant decisions about directing re-sources and efforts. There remain manyareas of uncertainty where future re-search is necessary. Research into howthe new legislation is influencing growthand sustainability would be useful.

In 2012, Ontario Regulation 397-11,which is part of the Green Energy Act,came into force, requiring municipalitiesto report their corporate (government)energy emissions by July 2013. By2014, they will be required to have plansin place to address emissions from thecommunity at large. Participants in thestudy are already gathering the neces-sary information to meet the new regu-lations. With readily available data, thetemplate described above can be easilymodified and expanded to meet theneeds of municipal managers, perhapsproviding an annual comparison of mu-nicipalities to track success.

The biggest challenge will be address-ing community GHG emissions. Theseare often very difficult to control or influ-ence, with educational or promotionalcampaigns achieving mixed results. Theyrequire behaviour modification and do nothave simple solutions.

One municipality has begun to take amulti-stakeholder approach to solving

this dilemma. Waterloo Region hasteamed up with Sustainable Waterloo Re-gion, a non-profit organization, to createthe Climate Collaborative. This initiativewill measure the Region’s communityGHG emissions. Sustainable WaterlooRegion also operates the successful Re-gional Carbon Initiative program, whichbrings together organizations and busi-nesses to voluntarily commit to GHG tar-gets and reductions. Partnerships withNGOs and local businesses provide anexcellent opportunity for municipalitiesto share resources and expertise, whileengaging the community.

How municipalities react today to therisks posed by climate change will havelong-term consequences. For example,buildings and infrastructure are designedto last decades and they may fail becauseof extreme weather events. Experts warnthat delays in taking action will costmuch more in the future. By beingproactive, learning from the experiencesof others, and undertaking initiatives toreduce emissions, municipalities can po-sition themselves to best confront thechallenges of the future.

Dan Beare is completing a master’s degree in Environmental Applied

Science and Management at Ryerson University, Toronto.

E-mail: [email protected]

Sept2012_3_Layout 1 12-09-18 9:29 PM


Watershed Management

shed planning, land development plan-ning, and financial modelling were con-ducted concurrently. This deviated fromthe current approach to land develop-ment, which is to first develop land useplans and then engage civil engineers tomitigate the impacts of development.

Such a reactive approach limits themitigation opportunities and solutionsavailable. The end result has often been

inadequate and costly mitigation plans,and urban developments that signifi-cantly harm adjacent watercourses andtheir aquatic life. In the case of the Part-ington Creek development, engineers,planners, and financial analysts wereable to develop plans that not only pro-vide a high level of environmental pro-tection, but also meet the financial andsustainability objectives of the project.

Greater Vancouver’s popula-tion is projected to growfrom 2.2 million (2006 cen-sus) to 3.4 million by 2041.

This puts incredible pressure on localgovernments to meet developmentneeds, while maintaining the liveabilityof their communities and protecting theenvironment, The City of Coquitlam’syet-to-be-developed Partington Creektown centre in British Columbia is anexample of a new approach to sustain-able development planning.

The Partington Creek watershed is anundeveloped and ecologically rich wa-tershed located on Burke Mountain inCoquitlam. Most of its 625 hectares arecovered by diverse second-growth for-est. Partington Creek is one of the lastecologically healthy streams in MetroVancouver, a prolific salmon spawningstream and home to many aquaticspecies-at-risk such as white sturgeon,Dolly Varden and coastal cutthroat trout.Black bear, mule deer, river otter, mink,and great blue heron are frequently ob-served in the watershed, and terrestrialspecies-at-risk such as the Pacific WaterShrew are found in the riparian zone sur-rounding the main channels.

As part of Metro Vancouver’s Re-gional Growth Strategy and Coquitlam’sOfficial Community Plan, the lowerthird of the Partington Creek watershedis planned for greenfield development.Over the next 20 years, what is now

forested land will become a new towncentre, home to about 12,000 people.

Development objectives and approach

Coquitlam’s goal was to create a sus-tainable, economically viable, and low-impact development that would preservethe natural creek system and environ-mental values in the Partington Creekwatershed. To accomplish this, water-

Collaborating to create better outcomes

The project proceeded in severalphases and involved extensive stake-holder consultation, as well as the con-current preparation of an IntegratedWatershed Management Plan (IWMP)by lead engineering consultant, KerrWood Leidal Associates, and a Neigh-bourhood Plan (NP) by lead planningconsultant, HB Lanarc. Raincoast Ap-plied Ecology provided environmentalservices to both studies.

The study groups collaborated witheach other and with stakeholders to de-velop watershed and neighbourhoodplans with common goals. Stakeholdersincluded City departments, regulatoryagencies (Fisheries and Oceans Canada,BC Ministry of Environment, and Agri-cultural Land Commission), environ-mental groups, developers, and localresidents.

New topographic survey informationrevealed a network of small, seeminglyinsignificant watercourses located under

Watershed planning, land development planning, and financial modelling were

conducted concurrently.

Greater Vancouver tries new approach to sustainable development planningBy Crystal Campbell and Dana Soong

The Partington Creek watershed is mostly covered by second-growth forestand has sparse rural development.

Sept2012_3_Layout 1 12-09-18 9:29 PM



the proposed town centre. They were, infact, a network of ephemeral headwaterstreams that provide an important foodsource to downstream aquatic life. TheIWMP study team recommended thatthe proposed town centre be moved tobetter protect the watershed’s ecology.Because engineering, land use, and fi-nancial decisions were being made con-currently, the planners could respond tothis recommendation. In fact, the engi-neering and environmental recommen-dations of the IWMP team had such aprofound effect on the land use planningprocess that planners redrafted the landuse plan.

To address environmental concerns,planners moved the village core to theeast and modified land use densities.Collaborating with engineers, plannersincreased the proposed building heightsand forms, and the scale and intensity ofthe development, so that more spacecould be set aside for environmentalprotection and sustainable infrastruc-ture. Land use designations were re-drafted and refined, and road layoutsamended to strategically minimize im-

pacts to Partington Creek and optimizestormwater infrastructure.

In areas where source controls couldnot be implemented, engineers incorpo-rated underground baseflow augmenta-tion facilities, which will mimic thenatural hydrologic processes in a water-shed and sustain aquatic life. This new

technique uses water quality treatmentfacilities, underground storage facilities,and specialized flow splitters so thatbaseflows, low flows and flushing flowscontinue to the natural creek system. Ex-cess impervious area flows are conveyedby a diversion pipe to the Deboville

A 1.5 billion greenfield development, future home to some 12,000 people, isbeing planned for the lower third of the Partington Creek watershed.


Sept2012_3_Layout 1 12-09-18 9:29 PM



Slough at the mouth of Partington Creek,where excess energy is quickly dissi-pated.

Unlike surface ponds, which arecommon practice in stormwater man-agement and are heat sinks that can

warm creeks to fish-harming levels,these underground storage tanks willkeep water temperatures cool for fish.The land area above them can be usedfor practical and recreational purposes.

Collaboration among disciplines en-

abled the City of Coquitlam to imple-ment measures that will best protect thewatershed as a whole. For example, theIWMP will allow some losses in a lesssensitive tributary, Star Creek, in favourof bolstering and enhancing the bestfisheries habitat areas on the main stemof Partington Creek. The main stem willbe enhanced by moving a 1.5 km sectionof road 30 metres away from the creekchannel to accommodate channel worksand create a riparian corridor.

This has multiple benefits such asfloodplain creation, an increased sedi-ment management area, increased ripar-ian setbacks, and instream complexing.Floodplain forest and marshes will becreated. The works will benefit allaquatic species, with the greatest benefitto the spawning habitat for chum salmon.

Sustainability and financial objectives met

By using this progressive approach ofiterative collaboration among planning,engineering, environmental and finan-cial professionals, and stakeholders, itwas possible to create a more sustain-able and economically viable commu-nity. The resulting development willreflect stakeholders’ most strongly de-sired outcomes for the watershed, whichinclude protecting watercourses, andmaximizing forest cover, green spaces,and conservation areas.

This will be accomplished while stillmeeting the financial objectives of thedevelopment and preserving the devel-opment’s pro forma. By creativelychanging the land use to accommodateenvironmental objectives, the City’spopulation plan was maintained and itsdevelopment cost charge (DCC) revenuepreserved. The total value of the devel-opment once built out will be approxi-mately $1.5 billion. The $30 million instormwater management and environ-mental enhancement works are fullyfunded through DCCs.

This project received an Award ofExcellence from the Association of Con-sulting Engineering Companies –British Columbia in 2012.

Crystal Campbell, P.Eng., is with KerrWood Leidal Associates. E-mail:[email protected]. Dana Soong,

P.Eng., is with the City of Coquitlam.E-mail: [email protected]

New and innovative baseflow augmentation facilities and diversions with flowsplitters will mimic natural creek flows. These will be located underground.

Sept2012_3_Layout 1 12-09-18 9:29 PM


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Drinking Water Safety

The North American water sup-ply and distribution networkfaces increasing threats fromforces both inside and outside

distribution systems. Some enemies havealready struck. In 2006, a foreign hackerused the Internet to plant malicious soft-ware in a water-filtering plant in Pennsyl-vania. The next year, a former employeeof a canal authority in Northern Californiawas charged with damaging the computerused to divert river water to farmers’fields.

Not all security breaches are mali-cious. When a large Southern Californiawater system recently hired a profes-sional hacker to probe the vulnerabilitiesof its computer networks, he needed justone day to seize control of the equipmentused to chemically treat drinking waterfor millions of people. The hacker got inthrough a gaping security hole: Countyemployees had been logging into the net-work through their home computers.

Fortunately, none of these cyber inci-dents caused cascading problems. But ex-perts are warning that security surroundingwater systems must be substantially tight-ened to help prevent bioterrorism andother potential disasters.

Experts say that the industrial controlsystems (ICS) currently used by mostmunicipal and private systems have left

the water sector vulnerable to cybercriminals and accidental threats.

“Today’s industrial control systemsare incredibly complex assemblages oftechnology, processes and people,” theAmerican Water Works Associationnoted in a 2008 report on water-systemweaknesses. “Increasing connectivity, theproliferation of access points, escalatingsystem complexity, and wider use of

common operating systems and plat-forms have all contributed to heightenedsecurity risks.”

The evolution of riskTo take advantage of digital advances,

water-process control systems havechanged dramatically in the last twodecades. Once isolated and proprietary,most water-control systems today arepart of a converged network that con-

Protecting critical infrastructure and cyber assets inmunicipal water systems

By connecting to the larger web of networks, water-control systems are exposed to the myriad threats that lurk in cyber space.


Sept2012_3_Layout 1 12-09-18 9:30 PM

Drinking Water Safety

nects plant operations to the administra-tive environment. The migration fromsingle-purpose supervisory control anddata acquisition (SCADA) systems to in-dustry standard, network-based systemsprovided numerous benefits. These in-clude increased information-sharingacross the operation, and remote accessto control systems.

But those advances also created secu-rity gaps. By connecting to the larger webof networks, water-control systems are ex-posed to the myriad threats that lurk incyber space, including viruses, wormsand trojans. Poor control-system architec-ture, unfettered user access, and lax over-sight of security policies and procedureshave all combined to heighten the risk.

Meanwhile, manuals and trainingvideos on ICS are publicly available, andmany hacker tools can be downloaded orpurchased on the Internet. Cyber crimi-nals need little systems knowledge to in-filtrate ICS operations.

For all these reasons, the number ofcontrol-system cyber-security incidentsin the water/wastewater industry has es-calated sharply, according to the Repos-

itory of Industrial Security Incidents(RISI). It reported a 300 percent increasein reported events between 2004 and2009. RISI is a subscription-only data-base that collects, analyzes and shares in-formation regarding cyber-securityincidents that directly affect SCADA andprocess control systems.

According to RISI, almost half of allcyber incidents across all industries dur-ing that five-year period were caused bymalware, including viruses, worms andtrojans. But unauthorized access, or sab-otage by internal sources, such as dis-gruntled workers or contractors usingaccess privileges to cause harm, roseconsiderably at the same time. Networkanomalies also triggered failures in con-trol-system equipment.

The threats to water systems extendwell beyond technology. Most municipalsystems include miles and miles of pipesthat carry water from the main plant tohomes and businesses. Along the way arepumping stations and numerous other es-sential apparatus. If left unsecured, thesephysical components could provide ac-cess for anyone with the motive and the

means to contaminate the water or oth-erwise sabotage the system.

In today’s world, where social-engi-neering and savvy reconnaissance areeasily combined with state-of-the-artcyber technology, new threats are beingcreated to prey on human nature and cu-riosity and ever-present weaknesses oroversights in control system design. Thecontemporary, wired-world must antici-pate new threats like a Stuxnet 2.0. Fur-thermore, threats and potential attacksfrom both inside and outside the sixwalls of a facility must be consideredand mitigated in order to help assuresafety and operational integrity of thesystems on which so many rely.

Rockwell Automation offers security-enabled products and systems, innova-tive software, and expert consultation oneverything from control system design,deployment and maintenance to estab-lishing comprehensive disaster and re-covery plans.

For more information, visitwww.rockwellautomation.com/security


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Computers

gineering team being deployed onsite forthe full length of the project, and the mon-itoring and maintenance that follows.

Eurocom has defined three levels ofEngineering-on-the-Go implementation:consulting, projects-based, and organiza-tional-wide.

The consulting level can be applied byany size of engineering company and onlyrequires a relatively small investment. Amobile workstation is acquired for an en-gineer or environmental worker, allowingthe individual to perform on-the-go con-sulting activities or test his draft designwith final users in the field.

The mid level of implementation is theact of applying the strategy on a projectbasis. By equipping an engineering teamwith mobile workstations for each indi-vidual engineer and a mobile server tocontain the master file set, back up thedata and provide a network for the teammembers, the company can provide itscustomers with the extra service of apply-ing the team at a customer’s site. This in-creases speed to market and reducesdevelopment costs.

The ultimate form of Engineering-on-the-Go implementation is to integrate itinto the competitive strategy of the organ-

Around the world, mobile de-vices are becoming increas-ingly popular and widespread.Look around and you will see

tablets, smartphones, ultrabooks and net-books being used by everyone.

But what if you are a professional,managing large data sets, running multi-ple virtual machines, designing the nextgeneration of products or technologies,collecting and analyzing environmentaldata or monitoring large amounts of in-coming variables? You will clearly needmuch more capable and powerful hard-ware than the average consumer.

The work of engineers, designers, op-erators and managers of municipal waterand wastewater treatment systems,stormwater management, industrial/haz-ardous waste management and air pollu-tion can be made easier and moreproductive by the use of capable mobilehardware. Teams, working with mobileworkstations on their customers’ sites oranywhere outside their offices, need a sys-tem to run multiple applications on multi-ple operating systems.

Eurocom has assisted many organiza-tions with a strategy called “Engineering-on-the Go”. When utilized properly, it cangreatly reduce organizational costs whileimproving a company’s ability to adapt tochallenges.

Its advantages include: 1. Being able to design new products

or address production problems anywherein the world.

2. Offering customers engineering ca-pacity onsite, anywhere.

3. Being able to receive feedback andmaking adjustments face-to-face withfinal users, customers, co-developers andother third parties.

4. Reduced time to market, downtimeand development costs of projects.

5. Increased profitability and marketshare.

6. Improved compliance, timelinessand auditability of field-collected data.

Engineering-on-the-Go can be appliedfrom a single engineer visiting a customerfor a consulting session to a complete en-

ization. This requires the organization toprovide all its engineers with mobileworkstations and have mobile serversavailable to apply to every project. Thisgreatly increases the company’s ability toadapt to changes in the global market.Case study: Mechanical engineering

In the design and development of amassive development project, engineersbenefited from the capacity and mobilityof mobile workstations to adjust the orig-inal design, based on the feedback theyreceived while face-to-face with cus-tomers, co-developers, final users andothers.

Traditionally, engineers, product de-velopers and designers are used to work-ing on their office desktop workstations.Due to the limited capacity of laptops, en-gineers were unable to display or adjusttheir designs in real life on three-dimen-sional software programs during their vis-its. To process the feedback gathered inthe field, the engineer would be forced toreturn to the office, adjust the design andreceive feedback — a lengthy and ineffi-cient process.

With capable mobile workstations,users are able to visit their different mar-keting and sales units (MSU) all around

New mobile hardware solutions can increase staffproductivity

Having powerful mobile workstations that are used to diagnose, simulate and solve issues are a must for companies that do not and cannot acceptdowntime.

Sept2012_3_Layout 1 12-09-18 9:30 PM


Computers

the world and show their design to them intheir CAD and 3D modeling programs.Engineers can process the feedback to theoriginal designers and move on to the nextMSU instead of having to stop by the of-fice to make adjustments.

Case study: InfrastructureA user in the infrastructure engineer-

ing industry deployed a whole team of en-gineers to customers’ sites to design,construct and service such projects as astate-of-the-art power generation facility.

For the design process, this companyhad chosen to send a full team of engi-neers to the customer site for optimalcommunication between the client and theengineers. The design team for the devel-opment of a power plant consisted of var-ious types of professionals.

The IT department of this companywas pleased that the engineers all workedon a single hardware platform that madetheir support much easier, and they werestill able to provide the engineers withmobile workstations that could be config-ured to fulfill their individual needs.

As well as the mobile workstation foreach of the engineers, this team was

equipped with a Eurocom mobile server,making it possible for the different engi-neers to work together on location in anoffice-like environment. The direct com-munication with the client reduced the de-sign process by 30%, compared to theirtraditional estimate.

During the construction phase of thisproject, mobile workstations replacedpaper drawings normally used in the tra-

Eurocom has assisted many organizations with a strategy called“Engineering-on-the Go”.

ditional construction process. Blueprintswere no longer printed but were vieweddirectly on the screens of the mobileworkstations. After completion of the con-struction phase, the mobile workstationswere used to monitor the power plant’sperformance.

Emergency preparedness Organizations with emergency relief

operations and maintenance crews have tobe prepared to get to a location on veryshort notice. These organizations needportable high-end computing to co-ordi-nate relief activities while on location.

Maintenance crews for engineeringand environmental monitoring compa-nies, large power generation installations,and factories, for example, need to be ableto get to the scene within minutes of aproblem or sign of a possible issue. Hav-ing powerful mobile workstations that areused to diagnose, simulate and solve is-sues are a must for companies that do notand cannot accept downtime.

For more information, E-mail: [email protected]

Sept2012_3_Layout 1 12-09-18 9:30 PM



and systematic co-ordination with theMinistry of the Environment (MOE). As aresult, only a desktop assimilative capac-ity study was required.

Project management approachOCWA Engineering Services con-

ducted a condition assessment, which de-termined that reconstructing the existingsystem would not serve Kirkland Lake’slong-term goals. To help the Town in se-curing grant funding, project estimatesand a business case were prepared andsubmitted to funding agencies. After thefunds were secured, the project’s firstphase began with consultant selectionthrough a competitive request for propos-als (RFP) process. With the project’s reg-imented timeline, the scope of Phase I wasclearly defined. Completing the ESRwithin a year was a good start, but withonly 2½ years to complete design andconstruction and have an operating plant,there was much work to be done.

A detailed evaluation matrix was de-veloped to identify the preferred plant lo-cation. Murdock Creek is a small tributarythat receives stormwater and treated ef-fluent from the plant. There is a power

The Town of Kirkland Lake On-tario’s Wastewater TreatmentPlant (WWTP) is a secondarytreatment plant, originally con-

structed in 1972. It uses a contact stabi-lization process with aerobic digestionand has a design flow of 13,630 m3/day.

In February 2009, the roof covering theWWTP collapsed, damaging variouscomponents and equipment. The age ofthe existing system, along with buildingcode requirements and proximity to resi-dential areas, did not warrant its recon-struction. Significant changes to theexisting system were implemented toallow the plant to function temporarily inthe outdoor environment.

With an approved application to theFederal/Provincial Green InfrastructureFund ($32 million in total) and an addedmunicipal contribution, the Town was suc-cessful in obtaining funding for a totalproject value of $35.5 million for con-struction of a new wastewater treatmentsystem.

The challenges of constructing a newsystem included:• Selecting the new site in proximitywith the existing receiver.• Revising wastewater effluent criteria.• Completing the Class EnvironmentalAssessment (EA), given that the existingplant was grandfathered so no EA wasever conducted.• Project scheduling, given the comple-tion/funding deadline (March 2014).

As the Town’s professional projectmanager, the Ontario Clean Water Agency(OCWA) Engineering Services Depart-ment assisted in streamlining the processfrom the day the roof collapsed. OCWAidentified the need for reconstructing theexisting system through a condition as-sessment of the plant, as well as the de-sign requirements for the new system.

The Schedule “C” Class EA processwas initiated in September 2010 fromscratch as no prior Environmental StudyReport (ESR) work had been completed.A comprehensive ESR was filed in Au-gust 2011. Completion of the ESR tookjust under a year, largely due to rigorous

plant downstream, that takes water fromthe creek for cooling purposes. Duringdry months, the power plant depends onWWTP effluent as a water supply. Locat-ing the new plant downstream of thepower plant would cause significant chal-lenges for its operations. One of the siteselection criteria included addressing thisstakeholder’s needs. Following carefulanalysis of engineering feasibility, safety,environmental impact and relative costs,the preferred plant location was identifiedon a site approximately 200 m southwestof the current WWTP.

Effluent criteriaMurdock Creek is a low-flow receiver

that has been degraded over the years. Ef-fluent total phosphorus (TP) for the newplant was the parameter of concern. TheMOE was of the opinion that MurdockCreek is a Policy 1 receiver with respect toTP. This meant that water quality with re-spect to TP had to be maintained at, orabove, provincial water quality objectives.

Subsequently, the MOE suggested a0.2 mg/L monthly effluent compliancelimit for TP, which is relatively low for anorthern community. The design team,

Fast tracking the Kirkland Lake wastewater treatment plant upgrade By Asim Masaud and James Su

Contact tank during clean up of roof collapse.

Sept2012_3_Layout 1 12-09-18 9:30 PM



however, recommended a 0.5 mg/L of TPeffluent criteria, along with 15 mg/L ofBOD5, 15 mg/L of TSS and non-acutelethal ammonia compliance limits. It de-termined that, based on historical data andmodeling results, the receiver body is aPolicy 2 receiver. The Town’s position wasto adopt the BATEA (best available tech-nology economically achievable) ap-proach for the TP design objective of 0.3mg/L.

After numerous discussions, it wasagreed to adopt a 0.5 mg/L monthly com-pliance limit for TP, with in-stream re-ceiver monitoring for one year. The MOEwill review the data collected and deter-mine if further improvements are to bemade in the receiver.

Value engineering sessionA value engineering (VE) session was

organized and held after preparation of apreliminary design report (PDR), inwhich the proposed design and estimatedcost of the new Kirkland Lake WWTPwere laid out. The purpose of the VE ses-sion was to obtain an experienced third-party review of the concept plans andcapital cost for the new plant.

Experienced operator inputs werevaluable to the session, especially thenorthern climate experience. The sessionreviewed major design ideas and pro-posed potential cost-saving avenues, iden-tifying potential savings of approximately

$7 million. Although not all ideas couldbe fully implemented, the exercise identi-fied available options that could prove tobe valuable in later design stages.

Wet well area after roof collapse.


Sept2012_3_Layout 1 12-09-18 9:30 PM



Detailed designFollowing the completion of Phase I

(Class EA and preliminary engineering),another RFP was issued for the selectionof a consulting engineer to completePhase II (detailed design and constructioncontract administration). The intent for thesecond RFP was to obtain competitivepricing and other innovative design ideas.OCWA’s project management methodol-ogy was to obtain the best value for theclient while not losing sight of projecttimeline and cost. The detailed design wasmuch more comprehensive and ideas inthe PDR were refined.

Ultimately, JLR, CH2M HILL andStantec were the design consultants chosen.

Table 1 provides a summary ofchanges made from preliminary designto detailed design. These changes werebased on the perspective of loweringcapital cost and providing greater oper-ational flexibility. Worth mentioningwas the reusing of existing tankages

(clarifiers) as peak flow treatment. Thisallowed the new WWTP and equipmentto be sized smaller and the flow to bebetter controlled.

Also important was changing the sec-ondary treatment process from biologi-cal nutrient removal (BNR) to extendedaeration. It was determined that the rawsewage influent did not require fullBNR. A simpler and less costly nitrifica-tion/denitrification process would read-ily meet the proposed effluent limits. Theprocess would include a smaller anoxiczone with approximately 10-20% of thebioreactor volume, followed by 80-90%aerobic zone. Clarification occurs in theinner radius of the carousel, eliminatingthe need for separate clarifiers.

There are challenges in every project,especially one the size of the KirklandLake WWTP upgrade, given the scale andschedule of the project. These challengeswere examined, categorized and ad-dressed proficiently with the help of the

project team. For the Town’s professionalproject manager, there is a responsibilityto support the Town’s interests. All optionsavailable and their financial and environ-mental implications were presented to en-sure the Town could make an informeddecision.

With 1½ years left and constructionnot yet begun, priority is to set the stagefor smooth construction with as littledelay as possible by refining the designdetails and carrying out all due diligencewith the regulatory and approval agencies.

Having met and worked through a se-ries of challenges already, the project teamis confident that the new Kirkland LakeWastewater Treatment Plant will be sub-stantially completed by March 2014 andin operation soon after.

Asim Masaud and James Su are withthe Ontario Clean Water Agency.

E-mail: [email protected]

Process Preliminary design Final design

Raw sewage pumping station New raw sewage pumping Retrofit wet well in the existing station at the existing WWTP. WWTP.

Stormwater/peak flow All flow to be treated at the Reuse existing tankages. treatment new WWTP. Lower the design peak flows.

Preliminary treatment 2 mechanical bar screens, each 2 mechanical bar screens (each sized for peak flow capacity. sized for lower peak flow 1 vortex grit tank sized for peak capacity). 2 vortex grit tanks sized flow capacity. for 50% peak flow capacity.

Primary treatment None, as sewage is relatively low None, as sewage is relatively low strength. strength.

Secondary treatment 2 train biological nutrient removal 2 circular extended aeration(BNR) bioreactors (2 aerobic trains bioreactors “carousel units” with and 1 pre-anoxic/anaerobic/anoxic aerobic and anoxic zones. The train). 2 rectangular clarifiers. inner radius of each carousel unit

provides secondary clarification.

Tertiary treatment 3 disk filters, each with capacity to 2 disk filters, each with capacity totreat maximum day flow. treat 66% of peak flow.

Disinfection 2 Ultraviolet (UV) disinfection units, 2 Ultraviolet (UV) disinfection each with capacity to treat 50% units, each with capacity to treat peak flow. 100% peak flow (peak flow is

lower than preliminary design).

Sludge treatment 1 aerobic digester with 3 cells. 2 smaller aerobic digesters.

Table 1. Summary of process changes made from preliminary design to detailed design.

Sept2012_3_Layout 1 12-09-18 9:30 PM


committee as the International Coordi-nating Committee (ICC). Under thatstructure, Evans served as Vice Chairfrom 2006 to 2009 and as Chair from2009 to 2012.

He organized the WEF New andEmerging Technologies Specialty Con-ference in Toronto in May 1995 andserved on the Organizing Committee forthe WEFTEC Asia Conference in 1998.

His service to the WEF internationalcommittees has been long and exemplary.Evans was instrumental in proposing andfostering the establishment of the WEF e-membership category, designed to en-courage less affluent members fromaround the world to participate in WEF.He is also actively working toward mak-ing WEF documents more available elec-tronically for global benefit. He hasinitiated discussions on the global out-reach of WEF through electronic meanswith the goal of providing WEF with vis-ibility in the developing countries.

For more information on the award winners, visit wef.org

Water For People is dedicated to creating reliable access to safe drinking water, improved sanitation facilities, and hygiene education programs in Africa, Asia, Central America, and South America.

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ES&E editorialboard

appointment

Environmental Science & Engineer-ing Magazine has appointed ArchisR. Ambulkar of Brinjac Engineering(www.brinjac.com) to its EditorialAdvisory Board. Mr. Ambulkar hasmore than 10 years of research andconsulting experience in the environ-mental and chemical engineeringfields.

He has been involved with basicand detail engineering for municipalwater/wastewater treatment plantsand sanitary sewer systems.

In addition to contributing severalarticles to ES&E in recent years, Am-bulkar has worked with several otherindustry publications.

WEF announces its 2012Excellence Awards

The Water Environment Federation(WEF) has announced the winners of its2012 Excellence Awards. The awards willbe presented this October at the WEFAwards and Presidential Celebration Re-ception during WEFTEC® 2012, WEF’s85th annual technical exhibition and con-ference in New Orleans, Louisiana.

Brian Evans, from the United ArabEmirates, has been awarded the Engel-brecht International Achievement Award.Evans was President of the Water Envi-ronment Association of Ontario in 1993.

He became a member of the WEF In-ternational Committee in 1989 and as-sisted in organizing and moderating theGlobal Sessions at the WEF Annual Con-ference. He subsequently chaired the In-ternational Committee in the 1990s.

In the late 1990s, the InternationalCommittee was reorganized with separatecommittees for each global region. Evansserved as the Middle East and Africa rep-resentative after the reorganization. A sub-sequent reorganization renamed the

Sept2012_3_Layout 1 12-09-20 12:46 PM

Wastewater Infrastructure

options for the expansion and optimiza-tion of the City of Calgary’s collection andtreatment facilities,” says Andy Dutton,Lead Project Engineer at BonnybrookWastewater Treatment Plant.

Pure Technologies was contracted toperform an electromagnetic (EM) inspec-tion and subsequent condition assessmentof the two force mains. The AndersonForce Main is a 750-mm prestressed con-crete cylinder pipe (PCCP) manufacturedin 1985, while the Fish Creek Force Mainconsists of 762-mm bar-wrapped pipe(BWP) manufactured in 1993.

For the inspection, Pure Technologiesused PipeDiver®, a free-swimming toolthat collects pipe wall condition data as ittraverses the pipeline, using sensors at-tached to fins. Specifically, the EM col-lects data on the condition of theprestressing wire within PCCP, as well asthe bars and steel cylinder in BWP.

Conducting a non-destructive inspec-tion using the PipeDiver platform, thework was completed in two days. Addi-tionally, the force mains remained in serv-ice during the inspection, causing minimaldisruption to normal operating procedures.

Although BWP looks similar to PCCPin cross-section, their design and materialsare significantly different. PCCP is a con-crete pipe that remains under compressionbecause of the prestressing wires. WithBWP, the cylinder plays a much largerrole in the structural integrity of the pipe.BWP is essentially designed as a steelpipe, with mild steel used to manufacture

Accurate and regular conditionassessment of large-diameterpressure pipelines has be-come increasingly more im-

portant as these assets continue to ageand the risk of failure increases. How-ever, data from over 12,500 km of pres-sure pipe condition assessment by PureTechnologies indicates that only a smallproportion of these pipes (less than 5%)need repair, and they, therefore, have asignificant remaining useful life.

Wastewater force mains are typicallymore challenging to assess than watertransmission mains because they lack re-dundancy. This means the pipeline cannotbe shut down for comprehensive condi-tion assessment. However, failure of awastewater force main can have more cat-astrophic results than a water transmissionmain, since there may also be an environ-mental impact from wastewater release.

Calgary has had significant populationgrowth in recent years, becoming one ofCanada’s major economic centres. Thisgrowth has led to a shift in population dis-tribution throughout the region and theneed to adjust buried infrastructure net-works to meet new demands.

In 2011, the City of Calgary’s Ander-son Force Main and Fish Creek ForceMain flowed north, feeding the Bonny-brook Wastewater Treatment Plant. Due tolimited capacity for growth at the Bonny-brook facility, the City had to explore newoptions for wastewater treatment due to thesteady population growth in the southernpart of Calgary. The end result was a proj-ect to build a new wastewater treatment fa-cility south of the City and investigatepotentially reversing the direction of flowwithin the Anderson and Fish Creek ForceMains to direct flow to the new plant.

Proactive condition assessmentBefore enacting such a major opera-

tional change, the City needed to assessthe force mains proactively to ensure aflow reversal was possible and would notincrease the risk of failure.

“A comprehensive assessment of theexisting force mains in our network is anessential part of the ongoing analysis of

the steel cylinder and steel bars. PCCPutilizes mild steel for the cylinder, buthigh-strength steel for the wire, which iswrapped under high tension.

As a result, the bar in BWP and wirein PCCP respond differently to corrosiveforces. The high-strength steel wire inPCCP is smaller in diameter and wrappedunder higher tension, therefore corrosionmakes it quite vulnerable to breakage.The mild steel bars in BWP are thickerand wrapped under less tension, so cor-rosion takes significantly longer to leadto breakage.

The type of failure is also much differ-ent. PCCP tends to fail suddenly with alarge dispersion of energy. This type offailure is less likely in BWP, where fail-ures are similar to steel pipe with long pe-riods of leakage occurring prior torupture. Although in some cases, BWPhas experienced sudden failure.

Over the past decade, Pure Technolo-gies has done extensive research and de-velopment to build on its traditional EMtechnology and provide utilities with theability to perform assessments of BWPand other ferrous materials.

“The challenge with accurately assess-ing BWP, and the main difference be-tween assessing BWP and PCCP, is thatyou have to evaluate the condition of notonly the prestressing wire and/or rein-forcing bars but also the steel cylinder,”says Travis Wagner, engineering managerat Pure Technologies. “The cylinder playsan important structural role when it comes

Non-destructive assessment of Calgary wastewatermains needed for flow reversal projectBy Tim Ross

PipeDiver® collects pipe wall condition data as it traverses the pipeline, usingsensors attached to fins.


Sept2012_3_Layout 1 12-09-18 9:30 PM


Wastewater Infrastructure

to the integrity of the pipe. Our latest EMsolutions provide exactly that capability.”

The EM inspections spanned just over12 km (7.5 km of PCCP, 4.5 km of BWP)and were conducted between Dec. 13 and15, 2011. The PCCP portion of the in-spection started at the Anderson Lift Sta-

tion and concluded at the BonnybrookWastewater Treatment Plant. Two dayslater, the BWP portion of the inspectionbegan, with the insertion at the Fish CreekWastewater Treatment Plant and finishingat the Bonnybrook Treatment Plant.

Results of the inspectionThe inspection results showed five of

1,022 pipes on the Anderson Force Mainhaving EM anomalies that were consistentwith wire break damage, and one pipewith a signal consistent with a cylinderdefect. On the Fish Creek Force Main,two of the 583 inspected pipes showedEM anomalies consistent with bar breaks,and one pipe showed an anomaly consis-tent with a cylinder defect. In addition tothe anomalous pipes, the inspection de-tected several pipe sections with lengthsdifferent from what was shown on the laysheets.

This data is valuable for the City as itmoves forward with the flow reversalproject and for future management of thispipeline. The information about thepipeline will be now more accurate, al-lowing for more precise results onpipeline condition.

Based on the inspection results, PureTechnologies and the City of Calgary dis-cussed several options for future manage-ment of these force mains. In order tomonitor the condition of pipeline effec-tively, hydraulic modeling, including tran-sient pressure monitoring, was presentedas an option. This would ensure that theactual operating conditions of the pipelinedo not exceed the remaining capacity ofthe force main determined during the con-dition assessment.

For the PCCP force main, acousticfibre-optic monitoring may be an optionto track future prestressing wire breaksalong the Anderson Force Main. This willallow for intervention on pipe sections be-fore they fail.

The inspections yielded no recom-mendations for pipe section replacement,and allowed the comprehensive assess-ment of the force mains to continue withinthe flow reversal project.

Tim Ross is with Pure Technologies. E-mail: [email protected]

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Water Quality

allow innovative and appropriate reme-diation of ammonia and nitrate concen-trations in soil.

During the mid to late 2000s underNorthgate Minerals Corp., the mine ex-tracted an average volume of 300,000ounces of gold and 75 million pounds ofcopper per year. The current owner is ac-tively reclaiming portions of the KemessSouth Mine area, which is located ap-proximately 300 km northwest ofMackenzie, BC.

Nature of contaminationThe main ingredients of ANFO ex-

plosives were granular ammonium ni-trate and diesel fuel, which were storedin separate areas. During operations,ammonium nitrate can be accidentallyreleased to soil from storage facilities asa result of tracking by or spillage fromheavy equipment handling, lossesthrough any large cracks in the founda-

The Kemess South Mine innortheast British Columbia op-erated between 1998 and2011.The former bulk explo-

sives fabrication (BX) facility within themine area produced ammonium nitrate-based explosives (ammonium nitrate/fueloil — ANFO) to support mining opera-tions. Explosives fabrication and han-dling caused significant accumulations ofammonia and nitrate (AN) in shallowsoils surrounding the BX facility, andgroundwater concentrations of AN wereidentified beneath the site.

Soil-based environmental qualityguidelines or standards for AN do notexist federally or provincially, so, inorder to facilitate protection of ground-water for drinking water purposes, andto protect aquatic life in the adjacentKemess Creek, site-specific remedialobjectives (SSROs) were developed to

tion of the storage shed, or dustfall in thesurrounding areas.

These ingredients can decompose andremain in soil as AN for a period of timeafter deposition, depending on site-spe-cific environmental hydrological, hydro-geological and biogeochemical processes.As a result, AN released from the soil intogroundwater and surface water can po-tentially affect the quality of water usedfor human consumption and/or affectaquatic life in nearby water bodies, suchas the adjacent Kemess Creek.

Investigations at the BX facility dididentify AN in soil and groundwater sam-ples. Concentrations in soil varied acrossthe site and with depth, depending on theinvestigation location relative to histori-cal storage and mixing operations. Thehighest soil concentration was measuredat 540 μg/g ammonia-N and 700 μg/gtotal ammonia-N plus nitrate-N.

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Sewage Treatment Systems

Communal & Residential

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Together, meeting the challenges of clean water

Canada Tel. 800 465 6171 or 450 652 0665

[email protected]

Kemira is committed to being a leading water chemistry company. We are a global leader in process know-how offering an extensive range of high-quality products for environmentally responsible and cost-effective water and wastewater treatment. Our broad product portfolio covers multiple applications for municipal and industrial facilities.

Water Quality

Groundwater samples were collectedon several occasions. The highest meas-ured concentrations were 33 mg/L am-monia-N and 101 mg/L nitrate-N, withconcentrations in several wells exceed-ing the applicable Contaminated SitesRegulation Aquatic Life and/or Drink-ing Water Standards. Compared to ni-trate-N in the tens of mg/L, measurednitrite-N concentrations in groundwaterwere small, with concentrations typi-cally much less than 2 mg/L.

Further management of the risks,based on the combined sum of the twoanions, did not add any value to theoverall risk management objectives.

Regulatory reviewThe Kemess South Mine is currently

undergoing closure as governed by theMinistry of Energy and Mines under theMines Act, which regulates the core areasof a producing mine, such as the Pit. TheMinistry of Environment, under provi-sions in the British Columbia Environ-mental Management Act, also providesregulatory oversight through the WaterStewardship Division (permitting anddams) and the Environmental Protection

Division (human health and the environ-ment, including contaminated sites). TheContaminated Sites Regulation (CSR)and the Hazardous Waste Regulationapply to the non-core areas of a produc-ing mine, including the BX facility.

Currently, there are no provinciallyadopted or federally endorsed genericsoil quality guidelines for ammonia, ni-trate or nitrite developed for protectionof groundwater or aquatic life. Forprovincial water quality, the CSRGroundwater Standards (Schedule 6)and the BC Water Quality Guidelinesdefine values that can be used to informthe development of leaching-based soilvalues. BC CSR Aquatic Life Standardsare applicable to groundwater prior toentry into waters frequented by aquaticlife. BC Water Quality Guidelines areintended to be applicable to the ambientenvironment.

Since there is no BC CSR Schedule 6Standard, BC Water Quality Guideline(or Canadian Drinking Water QualityGuideline) for ammonia for the purposeof drinking water protection, it is notpossible to calculate a leaching-based

soil value for ammonia based on thepotable water exposure pathway. CSRSchedule 6 groundwater standards doexist for ammonia for aquatic life pro-tection, and for nitrate and nitrite for bothdrinking water and groundwater protec-tion. Hence, SSROs for soil values weredetermined for ammonia and nitrate.

Calculation of leaching-based soil values

The leaching-based SSROs for soilvalues were calculated using the simpli-fied soil/water partitioning model thatdescribes the ability of contaminants tosorb to soil (EPA 1996) and accounts forthe aerial extent of soil contamination.More complex and less conservativemodels use additional site specific datafor the calculation of leaching-based soilvalues for ammonia and nitrate. How-ever, the data required to use these mod-els at the BX facility site was notavailable. Using the soil/water partition-ing model, the BX facility SSRO soilammonia leaching-based value for pro-tection of groundwater to surface waterused for aquatic life was calculated.


Western Regional Office 100, 18130-105 Avenue NW

Edmonton, AB T5S 2T4 Phone: 1-800-560-4402

[email protected]

Supplying a wide range of test kits and instrumentation for the detection and quantification of contaminants in soil, waste, water and air; ensuring your data quality objectives are met.

DO pH

ORP COND TDS

SRB CO2 H2S LEL

TEMP

PCP PAH PCB BTEX

TPH

Pesticides Turbidity Toxicity Salinity

Nutrients

Eastern Regional Office 3620B Laird Road, Unit 7 Mississauga, ON L5L 6A9

Fax: 1-877-820-9667 www.ospreyscientific.com

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Water Quality

value of zero essentially indicates thatnitrate in a soil/groundwater system willoccur in predominantly dissolved phase,with little to no sorption to soil surfaces.Biological uptake and N conversionsplay a far greater role in N partitioningthan physical sorption-desorption reac-tions. Since a soil-water partitioning co-efficient for nitrate or nitrite that departsfrom zero could not be defined, a leach-ing-based soil value for nitrate or nitritecould not be derived using the soil/waterpartitioning model (EPA 1996).

Instead, an alternative approach forthese contaminants was selected for thesite. The state of Kansas developed a setof risk-based soil standards (updatedOctober 2010) for nitrate, nitrite and am-monia as these are common soil con-taminants due to agricultural fertilizerspills, feedlots and animal wastes, sep-tic systems and other sources.

Kansas has developed Tier 2 soilclean-up guidelines for many substancesbased on potential to leach into ground-water, using methods very similar tothose presented above for the ammonialeaching-based soil value. The Kansassoil clean-up guidelines were developed“in consultation with Kansas State Uni-versity agronomy experts to providenon-site specific soil clean-up goals thatare generally protective of groundwaterand capable of sustaining vegetativegrowth.”

Hemmera, an environmental consul-tancy firm involved in the project, wasunable to find in the published, peer-re-viewed literature any Kd values for ni-trate that departed from zero (0). A Kd

Attenuation considerationsBased on sampling conducted at the

site, the areas excavated to remove am-monia contamination in soil would alsoresult in the removal of nitrate contami-nation. Once the major source of nitrateand ammonia contamination is removedfrom the site, it is reasonable to anticipatean appreciable reduction in the levels ofammonia and nitrate in groundwater.

It should be noted that calculationswere conservatively applied for ammo-nia-N. Remediation of soils using theleaching-based soil values describedabove do not consider additional envi-ronmental fate mechanisms that wouldreduce ammonia and nitrate flux intogroundwater, and during groundwatertransport to Kemess Creek.

For example, significant naturallyoccurring biological processes are not ac-counted for in the derivation of leaching-based soil values. The biological processesinclude assimilation (inorganic to organicN by plants and bacteria), nitrification(ammonia-N to nitrate-N mediated bybacteria), and denitrification (reduction ofnitrates to nitrogen gas by bacteria).

Therefore, appreciable reductions inthe dissolved concentrations of ammo-nia and nitrate would be expected basedon abiotic and biotic reactions occurringalong the transport pathway and at theoutflow face for groundwater to surfacewater (i.e., slope face water seeps and/orKemess Creek).

Applying the soil SSROs, meant onlytargeted areas of AN-impacted soil wereremoved from the site. Rather than bulkremoval of all soils impacted with am-monia-N and nitrate-N (>1,200 m3),cost-effective targeted excavations of re-moved soil contamination providedvaluable efficiencies in effort and en-ergy to complete the remediation.

Doug Bright and Mike Choi are withHemmera. E-mail: dbright@hem-

mera.com or [email protected]

Mine site during clean-up.

Canadian Distributors ofWorld-leading

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ardia inactivation, 12% for virus inacti-vation based on a “UV dose” of 40mJ/cm2, and 9% for heterotrophs, totalcoliform, or bacteria inactivation.

Twenty-four percent of the UV sys-tems were treating ground waters, while76% were treating surface waters. De-sign flow rates ranged from 0.03 mgd to2,200 mgd and the total design capacitywas 6.1 bgd. Seventy-three percent ofsystems used MP lamps and 27% usedeither LPHO or amalgam LPHO UVlamps. The nominal power of LPHO andMP lamps ranged from 240 to 427 Wand 2.4 to 21.6 kW, respectively. The av-erage ratio of amalgam to MP lamps was10 to 1.

MP UV systems were typicallyequipped with automatic wipers, whileLPHO systems used automatic mechan-ical or physchem wipers, offline acidcleaning, or manual cleaning. Offlineacid cleaning chemicals included phos-phoric or citric acid. Utilities indicatedthat 25% of LPHO systems and 53% ofMP systems required additional manualcleaning.

UV systems used either DVGW orÖNORM-compliant or proprietary UVsensors. ÖNORM sensors were used

Ultraviolet (UV) disinfectionfor drinking water hasevolved considerably overthe last 10 years in terms of

regulations, science, and technology.The Water Research Foundation has re-leased a study, which involved the fol-lowing components:• Identify issues and questions regard-ing drinking water UV disinfection fromparticipating utilities, regulators, andconsultants.• Collect and analyze UV system datathrough surveys of participating utilitiesand field evaluations of installed sys-tems.• Conduct an evaluation of mercury re-lease from the breakage on low-pressurehigh output (LPHO) and medium-pres-sure (MP) lamps and develop engineer-ing approaches for mitigating mercuryrelease.

Survey data collected during thespring of 2008 indicated that 161 utili-ties in Canada and 148 in the UnitedStates have installed or are implement-ing drinking water UV disinfection atplant flows greater than 0.5 mgd. Sev-enty-eight percent of UV systems wereinstalled for Cryptosporidium and/or Gi-

more with LPHO systems while DVGWsensors were used more with MP sys-tems. Only 69% of utilities stated thatthey used reference UV sensors to checkduty UV sensors, and a majority of util-ities reported having only one referenceUV sensor.

Forty-eight percent of the utilitiesused flow meters on each reactor train,while 40% used a single flow meter onthe combined flow. Sixty-three percentof utilities reported using an on-lineUVT monitor, and only 52% reportedconducting UVT monitor checks.

The data indicates a need for im-proved QA/QC with operating UV sys-tems. Forty and 25% of U.S. andCanadian systems have off spec require-ments. Reporting with U.S. systems in-cludes UV dose and flow rate (78%),UV sensor readings and check data(55%), UVT and check data (44%), andoff spec performance (33%). In contrast,Canadian systems report UV dose andflow rate data (90%), UVT data (60%),UV sensor data (10%), UV sensor andUVT monitor check data (5%), andnone report off spec performance.

The differences between U.S. and

WRF commissions comprehensive UV disinfection study

Drinking Water Disinfection


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Drinking Water Disinfection

Mercury release following a lampbreakage event was evaluated using apilot reactor and showed that mercurytransport following a lamp break de-pends on lamp type and operation. Dur-ing a lamp break, the vapor phasemercury dissolves into solution and iscarried downstream of the reactor,whereas liquid and amalgam mercurysettles to the bottom of the reactor. Themass of vapor phase mercury with oper-ating LP and LPHO lamps is orders ofmagnitude less than an operating MPlamp because the former operate atmuch lower temperatures.

A mercury mitigation plan should in-clude prevention, detection of lampbreaks, modeling of mercury release andtransport, capture and containment,sampling, treatment and disposal of con-taminated water, and cleanup and re-com-missioning of the UV reactor. Resonantsleeve vibration is a cause of lamp breaksnot mentioned in the UVDGM. The mer-cury concentrations in piping and basinsdownstream of the reactor following alamp break can be predicted using ad-vective-dispersion equations, CFD-mod-eling, or residence time distributionsobtained from tracer studies.

RecommendationsThe project team and the participat-

ing utilities identified numerous recom-mendations for utilities planning toimplement UV disinfection. Theyshould consider the UV dose require-ments specified within the 2006UVDGM, based on optimized validationtest microbes as an alternate to an MS2dose of 40 mJ/cm2. Utilities should col-lect a robust data set on UVT to definedesign criteria. Lamp aging and foulingfactors used for design should also beclearly defined by the design team.

UV design recommendations includeproviding a redundant reactor for main-tenance, using high flow reactors to min-imize the number of reactor trains, usinglarge drain lines with large reactors, bal-ancing building capital with require-ments for upstream and downstreamstraight pipe lengths, using automaticmotorized isolation valves, sending offspec water to the plant headworks,equipping MP systems with wipers evenwith waters with low iron levels, provid-ing dedicated space for spare parts andmaintenance tasks, and having operators

Canadian systems likely reflect the in-fluence of the LT2ESWTR andUVDGM, which is greater with U.S.systems.

The labour hours per month as 10thand 90th percentiles ranged from 1 to 20hours per month with LPHO systemsand 1 to 10 hours per month with MPsystems. Fifty percent of LPHO systemsand 41% of MP systems observed sleeveand UV sensor port window fouling. Themedian ratio of spare lamps, sleeves,ballasts, and UV sensors was 12:2:3:1with LPHO systems and 4:2:1:1 withMP systems.

While utilities have observed issues withUV disinfection, overall they report that theirUV systems are effective and simple to useand maintain, with UV component perform-ance exceeding warranties and vendors pro-viding good service.

UV system performance was alsoevaluated with eight installed UV sys-tems. Many of those systems did nothave access to validation reports and didnot understand their UV dose-monitor-ing algorithm. One system used an un-validated algorithm. Over dosing wascommon (e.g., factor of 2 to 3), due touse of unnecessary safety factors, inef-ficient implementation of UV sensor setpoint monitoring approach, or limita-tions on reactor turndown.

The combined lamp aging and foul-ing (CAF) index, calculated as the ratioof the observed UV sensor readings tothose predicted using the UV sensorequation, was used to quantify lampaging and fouling. Data showed lampaging well within design criteria. Foul-ing was site specific with some locationsexperiencing little if any fouling, evenwith MP lamps, while others showedsignificant fouling over time. At loca-tions where fouling was observed, theautomatic mechanical and physical-chemical wipers used with MP lampskept the sleeves and UV sensor port win-dows clean.

However, internal sleeve fouling wasan issue with MP systems. Significantfouling was observed with LPHO sys-tems using offline acid cleaning. It ap-pears operators may not be motivated toclean the reactor if the PLC indicates thereactor is delivering the required UVdose even though the fouling signifi-cantly impacts O&M costs.

and plant personnel participate in allphases of design and construction.

Off-site validation is recommendedover on-site validation due to challengesobtaining required flows and UVTs, andwater disposal.

Utilities should have clear documen-tation describing the UV dose-monitor-ing algorithm used by their UV systemsand confirm the algorithm programmedinto the PLC matches that provided inthe validation report. Utilities shouldevaluate and improve the efficiency ofUV dose monitoring and control to re-duce over-dosing and associated O&Mcosts. Utilities need to improve UV sys-tem operational QA/QC, including UVsensor and UVT monitor checks.

Wet UV sensors are not recom-mended and reference UV sensorsshould use electronics independent ofthe reactor. Criteria for UVT monitor ac-curacy should be based on the impact ofthat error on UV dose monitoring. UVsystem operators should calculate theCAF index for their reactors on a weeklybasis and use the results to optimize UVsystem operation and maintenance suchas manual cleaning or lamp replace-ment. Operators should inspect sleevesfor internal fouling.

Utilities reported that UV disinfec-tion requires regular maintenance ― itis not a low maintenance technology.Utilities did not plan for enough opera-tional staff, and recommended having adedicated maintenance technician.Overall, the project identified a need forimproved training with UV system op-erators.

Utilities should implement a mercuryresponse plan that accounts for the trans-port of mercury expected with LPHOand MP lamps. The plan should preventresonant sleeve vibration and addressdetection of the lamp and sleeve breaks,response time of valves and water ham-mer, sampling locations and method de-tection limits, and discharge limits andthe need to treat mercury contaminatedwater.

For more information, visit www.waterrf.org

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American Public University

Online education

American Public University is a leadingprovider of quality online education.APU offers more than 170 undergraduateand graduate degree and certificate pro-grams for environmental science, policy,and management professionals. Whenyou’re ready to learn more, visit Studyat-APU.com/ESE.Tel: 877-777-9081E-mail: [email protected]: StudyatAPU.com/ESE

American Water

American Water provides beneficialreuse of biosolids; advanced technolo-gies - Class A biosolids; mobile dewa-tering; digester, reactor, tank and lagooncleaning; confined space entry; treat-ment plant by-pass; vacuum andhaulage services; custom, mobilescreening; and free assessments andquotations. Tel: 800-846-2097E-mail: [email protected]: www.terratec.amwater.com

Biosolids management

Canadian Safety Equipment

Foam plug for leaks

Fluid Metering

Fluid Metering, Inc. has introducedtheir NEW Chloritrol™ valveless me-tering system for accurate, mainte-nance-free injection of liquid sodiumand calcium hypochlorite for purifica-tion of municipal drinking water andother sanitizing operations.Tel: 800-223-3388, 516-922-6050E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.chloritrol.com

Liquid hypochlorite injectionsystem

The SS Geosub, available through Con-cept Controls, is the most versatile sin-gle stage 12 Volt DC pump available.Designed with all stainless steel compo-nents, the SS Geosub allows you tosample with confidence even in theharshest well conditions.Tel: 888-207-2212E-mail: [email protected]: www.conceptcontrols.com

Pump and controller

Concept Controls Denso

Proven worldwidefor well over 100years, DensoPetrolatum Tapesoffer the best,most economical,

long-term corrosion protection for allabove and below ground metal surfaces.Requiring only minimum surface prepa-ration and environmentally responsible,Denso Petrolatum Tape is the solution toyour corrosion problems in any corro-sive environment. For applications inmines, mills, refineries, steel mills, pulp& paper, oil & gas, and the waterworksindustry. The answer is Denso!Tel: 416-291-3435, Fax: 416-291-0898E-mail: [email protected]: www.densona.com

Denso Petrolatum Tapes

Endress+Hauser

Multiparameter controller

Memosens sen-sor technologyand the newdigitalLiquilineCM442 plat-form make"plug & play"online analyz-

ers and samplers a true reality. Modulardesign allows for any combination of in-puts (DO, TSS, pH, conductivity, chlo-rine, nitrate, Ion Selective and blanketlevel). All are easily customized to yourspecific process. Tel: 800-668-3199, Fax: 905-681-9444E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.ca.endress.com/analysis

Process mixing system

The HYDRAULIXmixing systems featurea unique double nozzledesign which allows foreven energy distribu-tion. This process opti-mizes solids suspensionand contact to promoteefficiency in a widerange of wastewater andbio-fuels applications.E-mail:[email protected]:www.greatario.com

Greatario Engineered Storage Systems

Syntho-Plug is a foot-ball-shaped,polyurethane impreg-nated, water activatedfoam plug used to tem-porarily stop the flowfrom a leak in anythingfrom a pipe to a tanker,to a railcar and even aboat hull.

It is initially pliable to insert into a voidand quickly expands and hardens to fillthe void; it can even be applied belowthe water line.Tel: 800-265-0182, 905-949-2741Fax: 905-272-1866E-mail: [email protected]: www.cdnsafety.com

The new CSF48fromEndress+Hausersets the bench-mark in waterquality monitor-ing. Choose be-

tween vacuum or peristaltic pumping,and multiple sampling routines. Opt forthe two industrial digital sensors (expand-ing to eight in the future) and connect tothe SCADA with the latest communica-tions protocols. A complete monitoringand collection solution responding totoday’s industrial requirements. Tel: 800-668-3199, Fax: 905-681-9444E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.ca.endress.com

Water sampler

Endress+Hauser

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Environmental Science & Engineering Magazine72 | September 2012PPro

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H2Flow

H2Flow offersPinnacle’s revo-lutionary Zenithozone systems,producing up to600 lbs/day (5%wt.) per unit.With their highlyefficient design,they can be

turned up/down for 100% dosage vari-ability. They are built with solid compo-nents, are rugged, proven, extremelycompact, and water cooled, with noyearly maintenance.Tel: 905-660-9775, Fax: 905-660-9744E-mail: [email protected]: www.h2flow.com

Ozone systems

Multi-parameter monitoring

Hoskin Scientific

The HOBO Dissolved Oxygen Logger –U26-001offers DO monitoring with 0.2mg/L accuracy, optical DO sensor tech-nology, optical USB interface and aneasy-to-replace DO sensor cap. The soft-ware corrects for measurement of tem-perature and dissolved oxygen drift fromfouling. Tel: 604-872-7894, Fax: 604-872-0281E-mail: [email protected]: www.hoskin.ca

Dissolved oxygen logger

Hoskin Scientific

The YSI EXO AdvancedWater Quality Multi-Pa-rameter Monitoring Plat-form features: wirelessBluetooth communica-tion; smart sensors; wet-mateable sensor/cableconnectors; built-in GPS;extended battery life (90days). New parametersinclude fDOM & totalalgae.Tel: 604-872-7894, Fax: 604-872-0281E-mail:[email protected]: www.hoskin.ca

Huber Technology

Huber Technology’s RoS3Q InclinedScrew Press provides high performancesludge dewatering in a compact, en-tirely enclosed machine. The RoS3Qprovides efficient and reliable operationwith minimal operator attendance. Theslow rotational design is simple and en-ergy-efficient. E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.huberforum.net/ESE

Screw press

Huber Technology

The Strainpress® Inline Sludge Screenfrom Huber Technology is designed toeffectively screen sludge in pressurizedlines. Reduces maintenance costs andincreases the operating reliability ofdownstream sludge treatment systems.The Strainpress is precision manufac-tured of stainless steel. There are morethan 700 installations. E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.huberforum.net/ESE

Sludge screen

The latest ad-dition toHydro Interna-tional’s line ofadvanced gritremovalequipment, the

GritCup™/SpiraSnail™ Grit Washing& Dewatering System combines princi-ples employed in other successfulHydro products. The result is an eco-nomical, high-performance alternativefor smaller plant grit removal upgrades,retrofits, or new installations. Tel: 503-615-8130, Fax: 503-615-2906E-mail: [email protected]: www.hydro-int.com

Grit washing and dewatering

Hydro International IPEX Management

New technical reference blog

IPEX has launched ABetterSewer.com, anew blog for wastewater engineers, de-signers and operators. It will cover tech-nical issues related to drop structures,sewer hydraulics and odor control, andwill inform on technology and opinionsof industry experts with a specific focusupon the Vortex Flow Solution. Tel: 905-403-0264E-mail: [email protected]: www.abettersewer.com

John Meunier

Physicochemical pretreatment

HYDREX™water treat-ment chemi-cals areformulated tomeet the indi-vidual specifi-cations ofcustomers inthe industrial

and municipal sectors. They are key com-ponents in physicochemical pretreatmentof water, including clarification, anti-scaling, anti-fouling and corrosion miti-gation applications.Tel: 1-888-LINKVWS (546-5897)E-mail: [email protected]: www.johnmeunier.com

Greyline Instruments

The new PSL 5.0 Pump Station LevelController from Greyline Instrumentsfeatures redundant level sensing. It in-cludes a non-contacting ultrasonic sen-sor and you can also connect aloop-powered pressure sensor for re-dundant sensing in applications withfoam or grease. Tel: 888-473-9546E-mail: [email protected]: www.greyline.com

Redundant level sensing

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seWastewater pumpstations are facingan influx of sewerclogging rags anddebris, so JWC En-vironmental engi-neers developed abreakthrough verti-cal Auger Monster®screening system tofit inside crampedpump stations andprovide complete

pump protection.Tel: 800-331-2277, Fax: 949-833-8858E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.jwce.com

Screening system

JWC Environmental

The Honey Monster® SRS-XE is an im-provement to JWC Environmental’saward-winning Honey Monster. This au-tomated septage receiving system uses acombination of grinding, solids removal,washing and dewatering to remove un-wanted trash before septage is allowedto enter a wastewater treatment plant.Tel: 800-331-2277, Fax: 949-833-8858E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.jwce.com

Septage receiving system

JWC Environmental

Standardized booster pumps

KSB Pumps

KSB has added theMOVITEC line ofhigh-pressure, in-line pumps to itsCanadian portfolio.Coming in a range

of sizes (up to 90 mm pipe diameter),these proven off-the-shelf pumps providestraightforward and cost-effective solu-tions for mid-capacity, high-pressurebooster systems. Applications includefirefighting systems in high-rise build-ings, water supply/treatment, condensatetransport, boiler feed and reverse osmo-sis desalination systems.Tel: 905-568-9200E-mail: [email protected]: www.ksb.ca

Interpreter register

Master Meter'sInterpreter Regis-ter System, basedon proven Dia-log® 3G technol-ogy, is a universalAMR upgradethat replaces theexisting register

on almost any brand of meter in minutes,without service interruption. It deliversAMR technology without wires orconnections.Tel: 514-795-1535E-mail: [email protected]: mastermeter.com

Ultrasonic meter

Octave® offers the latest in ultrasonicmetering technology and is anexcellentalternative to mechanical compound,single-jet, and turbine meters with nomoving parts. Octave excels at maintain-ing sustained accuracy for the life of themeter while providing smart AMRcapabilities.Tel: 514-795-1535E-mail: [email protected]: mastermeter.com

Master Meter MSU Mississauga

MSU MGSafety Hatches- the open andshut case forhatch stan-dards. With single, doubleand multi-doorconfigurationsin aluminum

and stainless steel, they are made righthere in Canada. Check us out on the web www.msumississauga.comTel: 800-268-5336, Fax: 888-220-2213 E-mail: [email protected]

Safety hatches

National Ground Water Association

NGWA Summit

A call for abstracts is under way for the2013 National Ground Water Associa-tion Summit, which is taking place April28-May 2 in San Antonio, Texas. Formore details on the 2013 NGWA Sum-mit and to submit your abstract, visitwww.GroundwaterSummit.org.Tel: 800-551-7379, 614-898-7791Fax: 614-898-7786Web: www.GroundwaterSummit.org

National Ground Water AssociationMyers Engineered Products

Satisfying pumping needs at the lowestcost over the life cycle of the system,Myers optimizes system efficiencieswith complete engineering services,providing cost-effective solutions andimmediate cost savings when planning apump station. Myers software programsprovide the engineering tools to prop-erly design the ideal station. Tel: 604-552-7900, Fax: 604-552-7901E-mail: [email protected]

Pumping system solutions

MSU Mississauga

MSU MG Safety Hatches set the standard in Canada for fall-through protection. They withstand pedestrian and occasional traffic loads. With single,double and multi-door configurations inaluminum and stainless steel, they aremade in Canada. Tel: 800-268-5336, Fax: 888-220-2213 E-mail: [email protected]: www.msumississauga.com

Safety hatches

Master Meter

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ProMinent Fluid Controls

Metering pump

The award-winning delta® with optoDrive®

provides di-verse controland operatingcapabilities ina capacity

range of 7.5 - 75 l/h, 362 psi - 29 psi.The delta from ProMinent has many ad-vanced features: pulsed or continuousdosing; automatic detection of airlock,low pressure and high pressure; and anautomatic degassing option.Tel: 888-709-9933, Fax: 519-836-5226E-mail: [email protected]: www.prominent.ca/delta

ProMinent Fluid Controls

Metering pumps

Feature-richand dependableSigma seriesmeteringpumps fromProMinent helpkeep yourchemical feedunder control.

Sigma pumps operate in capacities of upto 1000 LPH and pressures up to 174psi. Microprocessor controls are easy touse, with backlit LCD for rapid and reli-able adjustment.

Tel: 888-709-9933, Fax: 519-836-5226E-mail: [email protected]: www.prominent.ca

Schneider Electric

Solution architecture

Schneider Electric is the only global spe-cialist providing EcoStruxure, an inte-grated systems architecture unifyingprocess management, energy manage-ment and security management for waterand wastewater. Our solutions can saveup to 30% in operating and design costs.Tel: 800-565-6699E-mail: [email protected]: www.schneider-electric.com

Energy-reduction andlimiting downtime forlift station and WWTPprocess pumps arecritical to reducing

utility power and maintenance costs.Long-lasting S&L Super Non-ClogPumps with exclusive oversized bear-ings and stainless steel shaft offer supe-rior wire-to-water efficiencies comparedto leading submersible and self-primingpumps. The result saves end-users thou-sands of dollars annually on power de-mands, long-term maintenance andassociated CO2 output emissions. Tel: 913.888.5201, Fax: 913.888.2173E-mail: [email protected]: www.smithandloveless.com

S&L Super Non-Clog Pump

Smith & Loveless

PISTA®Works™ provides four head-works processes on one skid package. Itcombines screening, grit removal andgrit washing into one integrated systemwhich is pre-assembled and shipped di-rect to the job site, significantly reduc-ing field installation costs whileallowing for a compact footprint. Tel: 913-888-5201, Fax: 913-888-2173E-mail: [email protected]: www.smithandloveless.com

Screening and grit removal inone package

Smith & Loveless

A Solinst TLC Meter measures waterlevel, temperature, and conductivity. Toensure accuracy of readings, the usercan easily calibrate the meter for con-ductivity. To simplify the process,Solinst has a practical video that guidesthe user through a two-point calibration.Tel: 905-873-2255, Fax: 905-873-1992E-mail: [email protected]: www.solinst.com/Prod/107/107ins/ 107insd3.html

TLC meter "how-to" video

Solinst

Portable test for TPH

The PetroFLAG system is a fieldportable test for determining total petro-leum hydrocarbon in soil by quantifyingall fuels, oils, and greases as total hydro-carbons. The test is ideal for site assess-ments, tank removal procedures, oil spillclean-up and remediation activities. Tel: 800-560-4402, Fax: 877-820-9667E-mail:[email protected]: www.ospreyscientific.com

Osprey Scientific

The NETZSCHTORNADO® posi-tive displacement,self priming, valve-less pumps, offerhigh performance

and are selected and configured for therequirements of each application. Theyare designed for intermittent or continu-ous operation, provide gentle pumpingof the pumped product and are ideallysuited for transfer, process and dosingapplications. There are highly abrasionresistant and replaceable protectionplates on both faces of the housing. Tel: 705-797-8426, Fax: 705-797-8427E-mail: [email protected]: www.netzsch.ca

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The YSI IQ SensorNet water qualitymonitoring and control system is specif-ically designed for wastewater applica-tions. With a variety of sensors, many ofthem available with advanced self-clean-ing technology, the IQ SensorNet helpsoptimize your process while loweringenergy costs. Tel: 905-678-2882, Fax: 905-293-9774E-mail: [email protected]: www.spdsales.com

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have been “fabricating solutions since1916” with over 160,000 sq ft of manu-facturing space. This allows them tooffer the best lead times in the industry.Their friendly and knowledgeable staffis committed to providing customerswith the right product for their applica-tion and shipping it when they need it.Tel: 604-552-7900, Fax: 604-552-7901E-mail: [email protected]

Peristaltic pumps

The PegasusAlexis® PeristalticPump from Wa-terra is a self-con-tained samplingstation that in-cludes all the bestfeatures of thesedevices. Packagedin the rugged Peli-

can™ 1430 case and incorporating itsown power supply and charger, this pumpwill keep you sampling in the field allday long. Tel: 905-238-5242, Fax: 905-238-5704E-mail: [email protected]: www.waterra.com

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Waterra currently has three Inline Dis-posable Filter options available: the 0.45Micron high turbidity FHT-45, the 0.45Micron medium turbidity FMT-45, andthe 0.2 Micron CAP300X2. All our fil-ters use high quality polyethersulphonefilter media (which offers excellent par-ticle retention above the target micronsize range) and are pre-rinsed with 1Lof de-ionized water to ensure purity. Tel: 905-238-5242, Fax: 905-238-5704E-mail: [email protected]: www.waterra.com

Groundwater sampling

The HydraSleeve Dis-creet Interval No-PurgeSampler provides a for-mation quality samplewith very little effortand cost. In independ-ent studies, the Hy-draSleeve was found tobe 50%-80% morecost-effective thanother sampling meth-ods.Tel: 905-238-5242,Fax: 905-238-5704E-mail: [email protected]:www.waterra.com

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Mechanical actuators

The portable, elec-trically operatedHydrolift has beenone of the mostpopular mechani-cal actuators forthe Waterra InertialPump, and we've

been working to make it better. Today,the improved Hydrolift is more durableand easier to use and, most importantly,more affordable than ever.Tel: 905-238-5242, Fax: 905-238-5704E-mail: [email protected]: www.waterra.com

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Xylem

Xylem’s newWEDECO EC-ORAY® ultravi-olet lamps offersignificant sav-ings in opera-tion and lifecycle costs. The UV lamps incorporate anew long-life coating and improvedoverall stability and performance. Aninnovative gas and amalgam mixture inthe lamp utilizes up to 80 percent lessmercury. Corresponding electronic bal-last cards have been fine-tuned to thespecific requirements of ECORAY lampaging characteristics.Tel: 514-695-0100, Fax: 514-697-0602Web: www.xylemwatersolutions.com/ca

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WEDECO Ozone Generators fromXylem eliminate pollutants, colouredsubstances, odours and micro-organismswithout creating harmful byproducts.They are compact in design to reduceoverall footprint, and provide reducedenergy consumption per unit of ozoneproduction.Tel: 514-695-0100, Fax: 514-697-0602Web: www.xylemwatersolutions.com/ca

Chemical-free water treatment

Waterloo Barrier

Waterloo Barrier is alow permeability cutoffwall for groundwatercontainment and con-trol. It is a new design ofsteel sheet piling, fea-turing joints that can besealed after the sheets

have been driven into the ground, andwas developed by researchers at the Uni-versity of Waterloo. It has patent/patentpending status in several countries.Canadian Metal Rolling Mills assisted indeveloping the product. Tel: 519-856-1352, Fax: 519-856-0759 E-mail: [email protected]: www. waterloo-barrier.com

Controlling contaminated groundwater

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Xylem announces scholarship winners

Xylem, through its Goulds Water Tech-nology Professional Dealers Association(GPDA) has awarded fourteen $1,000.00post secondary scholarships to Canadianand US high school students. All recipi-ents are children of Goulds ProfessionalDealers Association members. The GPDAis the industry’s oldest and largest associ-ation comprised of more than 7,000 inde-pendent water systems professionals.

Since the GPDA scholarship programwas formed, nearly 150 high school sen-iors have been awarded scholarships basedon academic achievement, communityservice and leadership. This year’s Cana-dian recipients are: Jenna Cassidy, Mi-ramichi, New Brunswick, and TravisClelland, Loring, Ontario.

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WesTech acquires Microfloc and General Filter

WesTech Engineering, Inc. has signed anagreement with Siemens Industry, Inc. topurchase its conventional water treatmentbusiness that includes the Microfloc andGeneral Filter product portfolios. Theagreement includes all active projects, as-sociated assets and liabilities, inventory,and associated patents and trademarks, aswell as the facility in Ames, Iowa.

“The Microfloc and General Filterproduct lines are solid businesses with ex-cellent employees, a rich history, andstrong brand recognition,” said Dr. LukasLoeffler, CEO Water Technologies,Siemens Industry Automation Division.“But these products are not a fit with ourfocus on portfolio differentiation, whichis a key driver of our business overall.”

Research building has “net positive” footprint

Stantec engineers have designed sustain-ability systems at the University of BritishColumbia’s Centre for Interactive Re-search on Sustainability (CIRS) that havehelped make it one of the “GreenestBuildings in North America.”

Stantec’s Vancouver-based engineersprovided mechanical and electrical engi-neering design for the project, employing

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extensive photovoltaic panels, rainwaterharvesting, a living wall, an eco-roof anda host of innovative sustainable features.The result is a building that is net-positivein four categories: energy, water, opera-tional carbon (emissions from opera-tions), and structural carbon (emissions ordamage from creation of the building).

Every drop of the building’s watercomes from rainfall which is stored andtreated on-site. Low-flow fixtures de-crease water usage. CIRS is the firstbuilding in Canada approved by munici-pal health authorities to use rainwater asdrinkable water. Wastewater and sewageare treated, without the use of chemicals,to be reused for irrigation around the site.

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OCWA to use Hydromantis software

The Ontario Clean Water Agency(OCWA), a provider of water and waste-water services, has announced its collab-oration with Hydromantis EnvironmentalSoftware Solutions, Inc. on enhancementsto OCWA’s training program for waste-water operators. OCWA will be incorpo-rating Hydromantis’ SimuWorks™, anadvanced training and development plat-form based on their industry leadingGPS-X 6.1 simulation technology. Itshould be available starting early fall andwill be incorporated into existing and newOCWA training courses. For more infor-mation, E-mail: [email protected]

Black & Veatch chosen tolead research

Energy costs are a significant part of util-ity operating budgets, and a growingnumber of utilities endeavor to becomeenergy neutral, or even net-energy pro-ducers, by recovering more energy fromthe treatment process than what they use.

The Water Environment ResearchFoundation (WERF) has contracted withBlack & Veatch, in partnership withAECOM, the North East Biosolids andResiduals Association, and HemenwayInc., to explore energy balance, reduction,recovery and production opportunities.The research project – Energy Balanceand Reduction Opportunities, Case Stud-


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ies of Energy-Neutral Wastewater Facili-ties and Triple Bottom Line (TBL) Re-search Planning Support (ENER1C12) –will help transfer industry knowledge andexperience among utilities and provideguidance for achieving energy self-suffi-ciency.

Co-sponsored by the New York StateEnergy Research and Development Au-thority, the 18-month study will includeparticipation by 23 utility partners fromthe U.S. and Australia. The research teamwill identify ways for utilities to reducedemand, increase energy efficiency, re-cover energy and produce energy onsiteby developing baseline energy flows forcommon wastewater treatment processes.The team will also document successesand obstacles at energy-neutral or near-net-neutral facilities and identify sustain-able options for managing biosolidsthrough TBL assessment of biosolids-to-energy recovery processes and otherbiosolids management practices.

Completion of WERF’s Barriers toBiogas Use for Renewable Energy(OWSO11C10) report in late July pre-ceded the new study.

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CEO commends Ontarioʼsinfrastructure strategy

Consulting Engineers of Ontario (CEO)has commended the Ontario governmentfor its launch of the Municipal Infrastruc-ture Strategy. The program will foster anew era in long-term planning in theprovince and will help communities buildthe capacity to manage their infrastruc-ture.

At an address to the 2012 Associationof Municipalities Ontario conference inOttawa, Minister of Infrastructure BobChiarelli spoke about the launch of theMunicipal Infrastructure Strategy andshared details with the municipalities inattendance. He outlined that, within the$60 million investment, $9 million will beset aside for small and medium-sized mu-nicipalities to develop asset managementplans, and the remaining $51 million willbe available in 2013 for capital invest-ments for the most pressing infrastructureneeds.

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campaign in 2010 to encourage all levelsof government to plan according to infra-structure lifecycles and not election time-frames. Asset management was presentedas a critical tool to achieve this objective.Asset management plans help municipal-ities to map the infrastructure in theircommunities, to better understand whatneeds maintenance and renewal and howto plan the sequence of work so that pub-lic safety and quality of life are optimized.Recent numbers estimate that there is a$60B infrastructure deficit in Ontario.

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WFP honors its outstanding volunteers

Water For People (WFP), an internationalnonprofit organization dedicated to pro-viding safe water and sanitation servicesfor people living in poverty, has an-nounced the 2012 recipients of the Ken-neth J Miller Founders’ Award. Presentedannually, the Founders’ Award gives vol-unteers special recognition for their serv-ice and leadership in advancement of theWFP mission at the local committee andregional levels.

Recipients of the award are selected byeach local WFP committee of the AWWASection or WEF Member Association.The 2012 honoree from Canada is Car-olyn Stewart from British Columbia.

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Arctic sea ice levels hitrecord low

Arctic sea ice has hit record lows withweeks still to go in the melt season, an in-dication of accelerating global warming.It has reached the lowest level ever ob-served in the three decades since polar capobservations began, according to scien-tists from NASA and the National Snowand Ice Data Center.

“The Arctic is already warming attwice the global average, and the loss ofsea ice and its ability to reflect heat backto space is now starting to melt the per-mafrost, which is releasing still more cli-mate-warming gases,” said DurwoodZaelke, President of the Institute for Gov-ernance and Sustainable Development(IGSD). “This feedback loop is pushing


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us closer to one of the first tipping pointsthat could cause irreversible climate dam-age.”

Scientists last year predicted that theArctic could be free of summer sea ice inthe next thirty to forty years and sea-lev-els could rise up to 5 feet by the end of thecentury, with melting snow and ice in theArctic making a significant contribution.

“In addition to a crash course to cutblack carbon in the Arctic,” Zaelke saidthat “we also need to phase down HFCsthrough the Montreal Protocol, which isone of the biggest and fastest and cheap-est ways to mitigate climate change.”

Other efforts to reduce short-lived cli-mate pollutants are underway in the newClimate and Clean Air Coalition to Re-duce Short-Lived Climate Pollutants,launched by U.S. Secretary of StateHillary Clinton earlier this year. There arenow 27 members of the Coalition. IGSDsits on the Steering Committee of theCoalition as the representative of non-governmental organizations.

According to a recent UNEP/WMOreport, full implementation of a packageof sixteen emission reduction measurestargeting black carbon and ozone precur-sors, including methane, can cut the rateof warming in the Arctic by two-thirdsand the rate of global warming by half forthe next 30 to 60 years.


Banning plastic bags not asimple issue

Plastic bag bans may make people feelthey are supporting environmentallyfriendly policies, but these bans are bad forthe economy, bad for public health and badfor the environment, according to the Na-tional Center for Policy Analysis (NCPA)

“Reusable bags are making peoplesick,” said Senior Fellow H. Sterling Bur-nett. “When they are used to carry meatand dairy products, reusable bags pick upbacteria that can cause illness in bag usersand contaminate anything else they touch.Unfortunately, washing makes reusablebags deteriorate quickly.”

Using plastic bags also supports man-ufacturing. “Imposing plastic bag bans issimply handing China one more industry,”said Burnett. “The plastic bag industry in

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Organic waste treatmentproject receives funding

The Quebec and federal governments arecommitting some $25M for the secondphase of a project to install complemen-tary infrastructure for the treatment of or-ganic waste through biomethanization inthe City of Saint-Hyacinthe. The Quebecgovernment is contributing $14,389,571under the Program for the Treatment ofOrganic Matter through Biomethanizationand Composting (PTMOBC) and supple-ments the $5,666,667 allocated to com-plete the first phase of the project. Thefederal government could provide up to$11,387,011 in funding under the GreenInfrastructure Fund.

With the new facilities, the city will beable to boost its biogas production signif-icantly. This second phase of the projectalso marks the beginning of a co-opera-tive effort between the city and GazMétro, which has committed to purchasethe city’s surplus biogas production. Theannual biogas production could reach upto 6 million cubic metres in the first yearsand could ultimately reach up to 13 mil-lion cubic metres per year.

The city’s waste treatment capacity willbe increased by installing two hydrolyzers,two digesters, two centrifuges and onefood and green waste receiving station.

WaterRF report forecastsfuture water utility trends

The Water Research Foundation (Wa-terRF) has published a research report thatwill help water utilities better understandwhat the future may hold. Forecasting theFuture: Progress, Change, and Predictionsfor the Water Sector identified and ana-lyzed social, political, economic, environ-mental, and business trends that areexpected to influence the water industryover the next 20 years.These include:1. Uncertain economy, financial

instability 2. Decreased availability/adequacy

of water resources 3. Aging water infrastructure/capital

needs 4. Shifting water demands (per capita

reduction) 5. Changing workforce, dynamic talent

life-cycle 6. Expanding technology application 7. Mass/social media explosion 8. Increasing/expanding regulations 9. Efficiency drivers, resource

optimization 10. Climate uncertainty

Potential strategies to manage and eventake advantage of these trends were alsodeveloped by analyzing each and deter-mining the possible range of impact fromlow to high. The strategies address thetrends in a broad, multi-faceted mannerrather than in a narrow approach.

The report analyzes research data andthe top trends to develop a desired visionof the future for the industry. Known as the“Water Sector Blueprint,” it providesseven key strategic imperatives, or priori-ties for the water utilities industry to pur-sue in order to attain the desired future: 1. Communication: multi-faceted

engagement 2. Collaboration/partnerships 3. Total systems view 4. Rate making/financing 5. Applied technology 6. 21st century leadership skills 7. Adaptive planning

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Ontario lauded for clean air,water and energy actions

Ontario has been named Canada's greenestprovince in the latest Green Provincial Re-port Card from the Corporate Knights.The report card evaluated provinces andterritories on their progress in seven cate-gories including air and climate, water, na-ture, transportation, waste, energy andbuildings, and innovation.

Ontario earned the highest grade inthe 2012 report card. The province wasrecognized for reducing greenhouse gasemissions and the phasing out of coal-fired electricity generation -- the singlelargest greenhouse gas reduction initiativein Canada. Recently, the province also in-troduced the proposed Great Lakes Pro-tection Act that, if passed, would ensurecleaner Great Lakes for the future.

The Corporate Knights is a Canadiancompany, focused on green capitalism.

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Mercury concentrations infish remain stable

Environment Canada scientists have pub-lished a new study showing that mercuryconcentrations in fish in the AthabascaRiver watershed are not increasing. Thestudy sought to verify whether mercuryconcentrations in fish were changing overtime in the oil sands region.


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Scientists from Environment Canadaconducted a comprehensive study ofmercury trends in fish using extensivedata from provincial, federal, and indus-try funded sources. It was based on de-terminations of mercury concentrationsin fish caught from 1975 to 2011 in theAthabasca River, Clearwater River, thePeace-Athabasca Delta, Lake Athabasca,and other surrounding lakes. More than1,600 fish samples were analyzed.

The study revealed that mercury con-centrations in fish are not increasing overtime. In addition, concentrations in theAthabasca River ecosystem water and sur-face sediments are relatively low and ap-pear stable at levels that are similar toconcentrations observed outside the oilsands development areas in earlierdecades.

Brownfield grants will helpB.C. communities

The British Columbia government hascommitted $1.64 million for 24 projectsthrough its Brownfield Renewal FundingProgram. Each of the projects has been se-lected for its redevelopment potential.

Sites like old gas stations, industrialstorage facilities or former industrial sitesare often located in prime areas for rede-velopment and can help revitalize the sur-rounding community once the issue ofcontamination is addressed. The B.C.Brownfield Renewal Funding Programencourages brownfield redevelopmentacross British Columbia by providing theinitial funding to help property owners,businesses and local governments betterunderstand the extent of contamination sothat they can remediate it.

www.brownfieldrenewal.gov.bc.ca

Report shows B.C. on trackto meet 2012 target

From 2007 to 2010, British Columbia re-duced greenhouse gas emissions by 4.5per cent or 2.9 million tonnes, which is theequivalent to eliminating emissions fromall the homes in Metro Vancouver (almostthree million). The province also achievedGDP and population growth above theCanadian average during the same period.At the same time, according to a recent re-port, B.C.’s green business opportunitiesare providing 117,160 direct jobs and its

clean tech sector sales growth was 48 percent over this period.

Also noted in the report is a reductionin B.C. sales of the main types of fossilfuels (natural gas, diesel, motor gas andlight fuel oil) since 2007, and in each caseby a greater degree than the rest ofCanada.

While data remains limited, making itpremature to directly attribute lower fueluse results to climate change policies,B.C.’s experience so far is exceptional inCanada and could be the result of in-creased efficiency, switching to other fuelslike electricity, and North America’s mostcomprehensive, revenue neutral carbontax. The tax is designed to work with otherpolicies to promote energy efficiency, be-haviour changes and the adoption of newclean technologies.

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Rio Tinto Alcan receivesamended licence

After consultation with local municipali-ties, the government of British Columbiahas issued an amendment to its 1950agreement, as previously amended in 1987and 1997, with Rio Tinto Alcan under theIndustrial Development Act to allow forthe company to complete its KemanoBack Up Tunnel Project.

Under the 2012 Amendment, Rio TintoAlcan has been granted the authority toput in the second tunnel, connect the sec-ond tunnel to the first tunnel and existingpenstocks, and complete the partially builtintake for the second tunnel at West TahtsaLake.

The 2012 Amendment does not au-thorize the addition of any other works. Itdoes not provide any increase in waterrights, and no other new works (including,but not limited to, the addition of new pen-stocks and related generators) are author-ized by the agreement.

As part of its commitment to open gov-ernment, the B.C. government, along withRio Tinto Alcan, consulted with municipalgovernments in Kitimat, Vanderhoof andPrince George, before issuing this amend-ment. As well, Rio Tinto Alcan has con-sulted with local First Nations.

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septage, screenings & wastewater�• Channel Monster® grinder for pump sta�ons and

sewage treatment plant headworks• Honey Monster® septage receiving sta�on• Auger Monster® fine screen system• MOST fine screen & band screen perforated plate

fine screens with 2, 3 & 6mm perfora�ons• Screenings washer/compactors• Rota�ng drum screens �down to 2mm perus�• Raptor screenings washer press

SECONDARY TREATMENT• Aqua�Jet® direct drive floa�ng aerator• Aquarid mechanical floa�ng mixer• Fine bubble aera�on systems using membrane or

ceramic diffusers with gas cleaning systems• Stainless steel coarse bubble aera�on systems• Mul� stage acted biological process �MSABP�• Two & three rotary lobe P/D blowers• Centrifugal mul�stage blowers• Floa�ng diversion curtains �for aerated lagoons,

activated sludge systems & clear wells�• Subsurface jet aera�on/mixing systems

�for high rate & low rate treatment systems�• Drop in jet aerators/mixers• Spiraflo & Spiravac peripheral feed clarifiers• Closed loop reactor oxida�on ditch systems• Rotary brush aerators• LemTec™ cover system �floa�ng modular cover

for lagoons & tanks/basins�• LemTec™ lagoon biological treatment process• High efficiency single stage integrally geared

blowers• Direct drive turbo type blowers• Aera�on system controls & instrumenta�on• Chain & flight clarifier systems & components

�plas�c, cast iron or stainless steel�

Two Companies • Many LinesOne Number To Call

Formerly Bay Odor Control

and more…

TERTIARY TREATMENT• AquaDisk® � cloth media tertiary filter

DISINFECTION• UV disinfec�on systems• Package & custom ozone systems

BIOSOLIDS PROCESSING/HANDLING• Sludge storage bins & live bo�om dischargers• GBT & RDT for sludge thickening• Belt filter presses & screw presses• Centrifuges for thickening & dewatering

ODOUR CONTROL• Biofilters• Bioscrubbers• Carbon adsorbers• Chemical wet scrubbers

CONVEYANCE• Shaftless & shafted screw conveyors• Screw pumps �open & closed designs�

FLOWMETERS• Open channel flow metering �portable and

permanent; wireless data transmission�• Inser�on mag flow meters with wireless

data transmission• Data loggers with wireless data transmission• Octave ultrasonic flow meter �2", 3", 4", 6"

& 8" pipe sizes�

INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT• PCl Series DAF with corrugated plates• PWl Series DAF low profile, from 20800 GPM• Pipe flocculators• Industrial wastewater treatment systems

STORMWATER TREATMENT• Downstream Defender® advanced hydrodynamic

separator• First Defense® enhanced hydrodynamic separator• Up�Flo™ filter• Reg�U�Flo® vortex flow controls

WATER TREATMENT• Pressure filtra�on systems �removal of iron

and manganese, arsenic, f luoride, radium,uranium�

Sept2012_2_Layout 1 12-09-14 7:43 PM

Sept2012_2_Layout 1 12-09-14 7:43 PM

environmental science & engineering magazine september-october 2012

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