environmental science (1).ppt

7/29/2019 Environmental Science (1).ppt

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Environmental

Science

By: Ms. Walsh
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Characteristics of Living Things

The world is filled with millions of organisms. An organism is a living

thing. A mosquito is an organism. An elephant is an organism. Mold is an

organism. A palm tree is an organism. You are an organism. All organismshave things in common. Living things have characteristics or traits that make

them different from non-living things. All living things share the following traits:

Living Things are made

up of cells

Living Things Use

Energy

Living Things Grow and

Develop

Organisms respond

and adapt to their

environment

Organisms have a life-

span

Organisms

reproduce
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Needs of Living Things

All living things have needs too. All organisms need:

Energy

Air

Food and Water

Living Space

Acceptable Temperature
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Living Things and the Environment

Organisms get the things they need from their environment

or habitat. Different organisms live in different habitats because

their needs are different. A polar bear has very different needs than

a desert cactus!

There are two factors within an organisms habitat. Biotic

factors are the livingthings in a habitat such as plants, animals,bacteria, etc. Abiotic factors are the non-livingthings in an

environment such as rocks, sand, air, sunlight, water, soil,

temperature etc.

Can you think of some biotic and abiotic factors of your backyard?
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EcologyEcology is the study of how living things interact with each other

and their environment.

An ecosystem is all the living and non-living things in a particular

area.

Within an ecosystem, many different populations of organisms

interact and compete for the things they need.The size of a population of a particular organism can be

influenced by many factors. Organisms compete for food, water

and living space. When there isnt enough to go around, the

population of a species decreases or goes down. These factors

are called limiting factors.they limit populations.
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Adapting to the Environment

In order to survive, organisms must adapt or change to survive in

their environment. Only the strongest organisms survive and the oneswho cannot adapt may not survive. The process in which only the best

suited organisms survive their environment is called natural selection.

When organisms make changes in their behavior or physical appearance,

this is called adaptation.

Living things may adapt in several different ways. A polar bear

grows a thick fur to protect it from the cold. Some animals hibernate

during the winter. A walking stick looks just like a stick and is

camouflaged with its surroundings. A porcupine has sharp quills to

protect it from its enemies and some animals have bright colors to warn

predators off. A skunk has a stinky spray!
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Competition

When there is a limited amount of food, water or space in theenvironment, organisms are forced to compete with each other.

Competition is a situation where organisms struggle with each other

and their environments in order to get what they need to live.

All ecosystems are based on competition. Competition

controls the populations within a habitat so that no one population getstoo large.

Animals that catch and eat their prey are called predators.

The animals the predators eat are the prey.

Q: What would happen if the number of prey in an ecosystem declined?

Q: What would happen if the number of predators in an ecosystem declined?

prey predator
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Symbiotic Relationships

Instead of competing with one another, sometimesorganisms depend on each other by living together

and helping one another.

Symbiosis is a relationship between two organisms

in which one or both of the partners benefit.

There are three types of symbiotic relationships:

commensalism, mutualism and parasitism.
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Mutualism

Mutualism is a relationship in which both organisms benefit.

For example, small birds sometimes piggyback on top of

hippos in order to get their food. They pick off small insectsto eat. The hippo benefits because the insects are removed

and the birds benefit because they got a good supper!


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Commensalism

Commensalism is a relationship between two organisms inwhich one member benefits and the other is neither

harmed, nor helped.

For example, a bird builds a nest in a tall tree The tree

provides protection to the bird from ground predators. Thebird is helped and the tree doesnt even know the

difference!
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Parasitism

In the relationship of parasitism, one partner

benefits and the other is harmed.

A blood-sucking flea is a great example of a

parasite. The flea is the parasite and the unfortunate

dog is its host. The parasite benefits and the host is

harmed.


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Energy Flow in Ecosystems

Organisms get energy in different ways. Someorganisms get energy directly from the sun, while others

must eat plants or animals. Each organism in an

ecosystem fills one of three energy roles: producer,

consumer and decomposer.

The sun is the source of all

energy in an ecosystem! Theenergy must be passed from

one organism to another!


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Producers

Energy enters an ecosystem as sunlight. Plants

absorb that sunlight with their leaves. They combine the

energy with water and carbon dioxide to make food for

themselves. They release oxygen which humans and

animals need to survive. The process in which plants use

sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to make their own foodis called photosynthesis.

Plants are known as producers or

autotrophs because they

produce or make their own

food.


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Consumers

Consumers, or heterotrophs are organisms that cannotmake their own

food. They must rely on producers or consumers that eat producers for

energy.

Consumers that eat only plants are known as herbivores. A cow is an

example of an herbivore.

Consumers that eat animals are known as carnivores. A wolf is a

carnivore.

Omnivores are consumers that eat both plants and animals. Most

humans are omnivores.

herbivore carnivore omnivore
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Decomposers

Decomposers are organisms that get their energy by

breaking down waste or dead organisms into nutrients. Thenutrients are then recycled back into the environment.

Fungi and bacteria are examples of decomposers. A log on

the ground disappears over time, it has decomposed. A

dead animal will eventually decompose.

Decomposers are natures recyclers!!!
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But We Cant EAT the sun!!??

Q: The sun is the source of energy, but we dont eat the

sun! We need energy to live so how do we get it?

A: We sit down and eat a juicy cheeseburger. Where did

the burger come from? Exactly, a nice juicy cow. And what

did the cow eat? Grass. Where did the grass get its

energy? The sun! Now do you get it?

So, next time when you sit down to eat a cheeseburger, you

can say mmmmthats good sun!
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Food Web

A food web is a way to show how the energy from the

sun gets passed around different organisms in theenvironment.


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Energy Pyramid

The energy pyramidshows how energy

moves from one level

to another. The sun

provides energy to the

plants, the mice eat the

plants and the snake

eats the mice. Energy

travels from one level

to another. A little bitof energy gets used at

each level.


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The Water Cycle

The water cycle isimportant to life.

Water evaporates

from the Earth,

condenses in the

clouds and then

falls back to Earth

in the form of rain,

sleet, snow or hail

(precipitation).


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Carbon Dioxide and Oxygen Cycle

Plants take in carbon dioxide andproduce oxygen. Animals

and humans take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide.

Plants and animals need each other for survival.


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Nitrogen Cycle

Animals eat plants, that contain nitrogen. The animalsproduce waste which goes into the ground. Decomposers

(bacteria) break down the waste and release nitrogen back

into the air and soil. Plants use the nitrogen rich soil and

the process begins again.


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Biomes of the World

Rainforest

Desert

Grasslands

Deciduous Forest

Boreal Forest and Taiga

TundraBiomes are determined based on their climate-temperature

and precipitation.


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Rainforest

There are two types of rainforests: temperate rainforest and tropical

rainforest

A temperate rainforest has medium to low temperatures, but a lot of

precipitation. The northwestern part of the United States has a

temperature rainforest.

Tropical rainforests have hot climates and a lot of precipitation.

Tropical rainforests are found mostly near the equator and have a hugevariety of plants and animals.

There are major tropical rainforests in South America (Amazon

Rainforest), middle Africa and in Indonesia.


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Deserts

A desert is an area that gets little or no precipitation each year.

A hot desert becomes very cool at night.

Some deserts are cooler and actually get low temperatures.

Organisms that live in the desert must adapt to dry situations in order to

survive. A cactus can hold a large amount of water when it rains

because it has to conserve it during dry times.

Most desert animals are active at night when it is not so hot.


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Grasslands

There are two kinds of grasslands: prairie grasslands and savanna

grasslands.

Prairie grasslands get little rain, not enough for trees to grow.

Because of the dry climate, many fires start. North America has a

large area that is prairie grasslands.

Animals such as bison, rabbits, prairie dogs, hawks, mice, fox, ferrets,

snakes and owls live in the prairie grasslands.Savanna grasslands receive more rain than prairies and are home to

animals such as the elephant, zebra, antelope, giraffe, and rhino.

Africa has large areas of savannah grasslands.
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Deciduous Forest

Deciduous trees are trees that lose their leaves and grow new ones

each year. A deciduous forest is a forest with many deciduous trees.

Deciduous forests have enough rain to support the growth of trees.

The temperatures in deciduous forests are quite different during the

seasons of the year, spring, summer, winter and fall.

Animals like skunks, squirrels, chipmunks, birds, deer, fox and bear livein deciduous forests. Many of these animals have to adapt to cold

winters or migrate to warmer areas during that time.


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Boreal Forests or Taiga

A boreal forest is a forest where most of the trees are coniferous. Aconiferous tree is a tee that produce cones and needles instead of

leaves.

Winters are verycold and summers are mild. There is snow much of

the year.

Animals such as beavers, moose, elk, owl, lynx, bear, wolves,

squirrels, fox and birds live in boreal forests.

T d


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Tundra

The tundra is an extremely dry and cold biome. A tundra is covered with snow

most of, if not all of the year. The ground is permanently frozen. This is called

permafrost.

Few plants grow on the tundra, mostly grass, moss, shrubs and small trees.

Animals such as caribou, musk ox, foxes, wolves. [polar bear and arctic rabbits

live in the tundra. They have to have thick fur to protect them from the cold.

Tundra Biomes:
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Aquatic Ecosystems

Aqua means water. Aquatic ecosystems are water-based

habitats.

There are two types of aquatic ecosystems: freshwater and marine

(salt water) ecosystems.

Aquatic ecosystems, like land ecosystems depend on sunlight,

temperature and oxygen to make life successful. Organisms must

adapt to their surroundings in order to survive.

Freshwater Saltwater
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Freshwater Ecosystems

There is a lot of water on our Earth, but only a smallamount is made

up of fresh water. Therefore it is important to protect our fresh water!

Freshwater ecosystems include lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.
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Marine Ecosystems

An estuary is found where the fresh water of a river meets the salt

water of an ocean.

The Intertidal Zone is the rocky area along the ocean shoreline that

experiences the highs and lows of the tides.

The Neritic Zone is the shallow part of the ocean that covers the

continental shelf. Sunlight is able to reach through the water so this

zone supports a lot of life.

The Open Ocean is made up of the surface zone and the deep zone.

Light from the sun can shine through the surface zone, so life is

plentiful. The deep zone gets little to no sunlight.

Did you know? Our Earth is sometimes

called the Blue Planet? Do you know

why?
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.btinternet.com/~fireballxl5/space/earth/pics/a17_h_148_22725.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.freeimages.co.uk/galleries/space/earth/&h=591&w=576&sz=183&tbnid=4Oakl3P5Mu0GZM:&tbnh=132&tbnw=128&hl=en&start=16&prev=/images%3Fq%3DEarth%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D


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Tide Pools:
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.stjohnbeachguide.com/information%2520photos/starfish.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.stjohnbeachguide.com/Starfish.htm&h=248&w=275&sz=21&tbnid=rDrJ7w7LM1pbRM:&tbnh=98&tbnw=109&hl=en&start=136&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dstarfish%26start%3D120%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://departments.oxy.edu/vrg/images/flaherty%2520and%2520simonson%2520in%2520tidepool-small%2520format.jpg&imgrefurl=http://departments.oxy.edu/vrg/Cabrillo.htm&h=1200&w=1600&sz=155&tbnid=8964VhjOeW8pKM:&tbnh=112&tbnw=150&hl=en&start=11&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dtidepool%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D


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Open Ocean
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/programmes/tv/blueplanet/picpops/images/prog2_2.jpg&imgrefurl=http://andrewlias.blogspot.com/2004_06_01_andrewlias_archive.html&h=400&w=300&sz=28&tbnid=dz_e1PG2MNZriM:&tbnh=120&tbnw=90&hl=en&start=1&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dangler%2Bfish%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3Dhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.photosport.com/scuba/scca0101.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.photosport.com/scuba/&h=432&w=650&sz=93&tbnid=KaYY_EaffdMJFM:&tbnh=89&tbnw=135&hl=en&start=2&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dscuba%2Bdiving%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3Dhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/32/Tuna.jpg&imgrefurl=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chordate&h=207&w=300&sz=24&tbnid=YLSRexjixGAuTM:&tbnh=76&tbnw=111&hl=en&start=5&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dtuna%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3Dhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.exzooberance.com/virtual%2520zoo/they%2520swim/dolphin/Spinner%2520Dolphin%2520314013.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.exzooberance.com/virtual%2520zoo/they%2520swim/dolphin/dolphin.htm&h=512&w=768&sz=99&tbnid=Moms_HZg4UMKVM:&tbnh=94&tbnw=141&hl=en&start=1&prev=/images%3Fq%3Ddolphin%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3Dhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/gallery/descript/TigerShark/juvenile.JPG&imgrefurl=http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Gallery/Descript/Tigershark/tigershark.htm&h=271&w=400&sz=20&tbnid=Ln4sjMl1lideoM:&tbnh=81&tbnw=120&hl=en&start=2&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dshark%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3Dhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.whale-images.com/orca_images_lg/killer-whale_breach.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.whale-images.com/killer_whale_facts.htm&h=357&w=500&sz=64&tbnid=zzNpAVaFbWee0M:&tbnh=90&tbnw=127&hl=en&start=1&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dwhale%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D


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Changes In the Environment

Ecosystems are always changing. Sometimes those changes are

quite fast, like in the case of a natural disaster. A natural disasterlike a

flood, fire, earthquake, mudslide, hurricane or volcanic eruption can

instantly change an environment and kill the communities that live there. If

this happens, a new community will replace the old community over time.

This is called succession. An example of succession is when a field is left

untouched for a long time, it may turn into a forest. If a volcano wipes out a

forest, it will eventually grow back.


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What Else Changes the Environment?

The Greenhouse Effect:

There are gases in the Earths atmosphere that are

known as greenhouse gasses. The gases let sunlight

pass through and trap some of the suns heat so that

the Earth stays warm. This is called the greenhouse

effect. This is great for plants and animals to live, but

too much greenhouse effect is a bad thing.

Worldwide pollution caused by humans is creating more greenhouse

gasses. Some scientists believe that this will increase the temperature of

the planet, resulting in global warming. This warming may cause glaciers

to melt and ocean levels to rise.

Other scientists think that the Earth will become colder because the suns

rays will be blocked by pollution. Either way, people should be more

thoughtful of the Earth because it is our only home!
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.solcomhouse.com/Greenhouse_Effect.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.solcomhouse.com/globalwarming.htm&h=460&w=490&sz=9&tbnid=j-vCwZVb098IrM:&tbnh=119&tbnw=127&hl=en&start=5&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dgreenhouse%2Beffect%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DG


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What Else Changes the Environment?

The Earth is protected by the atmosphere.

The atmosphere is the air that surroundsthe Earth. It protects us from the suns bad

rays. Ozone, a gas, absorbs most of the UV

rays. Ozone protects people when it is high

in the atmosphere, but it can hurt people

when it is near the ground. Smog, is a fog-like substance caused by pollution. It

contains ozone that can harm people. Bad

ozone formed on Earth, rises into the

atmosphere and causes good ozone to

break down. This thinning of the good

ozone layer weakens the part of the

atmosphere that protects animals, plants

and humans from the sun. Again, humans

creating pollution is bad for our planet!

Ozone Depletion


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What Harms Our Environment?

Air Pollution: We pollute our air with

factory pollution and car exhaust.Organisms, including humans need

clean air to survive.

Soil Pollution: We pollute our

ground with chemicals, hazardouswaste and garbage. These

hazardous materials can get into

our drinking water and harm us.

Water pollution destroys life in the

Earths freshwater ecosystems and

oceans.


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What Else Harms our Environment?

Spraying pesticides and insecticides.It kills the bugs we dontwant, but

what does it do to the environment?

Deforestation is the cutting down of

many trees and not replacing them.

We use wood as a resource, but trees

support plant and animal life. We

must think about our future before

cutting down acres of forests, without

making plans to replace them!


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What Else Harms Our Environment?

Construction: Expanding the

places where humans liveharms the natural ecosystems.

Life in those ecosystems must

move elsewhere and some do

not survive.

Waste: People produce so much

waste! Humans should be encouragedto follow the three Rs: reduce, reuse,

and recycle! Many materials like

plastic, glass, metal and paper can be

recycled and re-used without causing

more harm to our environment.
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.tbray.org/ongoing/When/200x/2003/02/04/-big/Construction.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.tbray.org/ongoing/When/200x/2003/02/04/Construction&h=600&w=800&sz=188&tbnid=0qwsW06Hbd7erM:&tbnh=106&tbnw=142&hl=en&start=2&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dconstruction%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D


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Extinction

Extinction means the disappearance of a species. This is a

natural process and throughout history, many organisms have becomeextinct, like the dinosaurs. Organisms that are in danger of becoming

extinct are known as endangered species. Although extinction happens

naturally, humans have a large role in endangering species. Our actions

destroy the ecosystems and endanger the organisms that live in them.

Species are more likely to become extinct if:

They are naturally rare

They are sensitive to changes in the

environment

They have picky food or shelter needs

They have small numbers of offspring

They interfere with people in some way


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A Final Thought:

Our world is full of resources that we need in order to survive.

We must take care of those resources!

Ecosystems contain many resources. We must make certain

not to harm or ruin them.

Plants and animals rely on one another. If one disappears, sodoes the other. Humans rely on both plants and animals.

Clean air, land and water are our most precious resources.

We must do our best to keep them clean!
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environmental science (1).ppt

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