Objectives Man is one of the species who inhabit the earth.he is

the only one who has interfered with various natural processes for use of both biological & physical resources to meet his multiple demands,man has polluted all the three realms of the earth-lithosphere,hydrosphere & atmosphere.it is essential for us to know about environment & its pollution.

In this presentation we will be able to know about-

•Environment

•Biosphere

•Ecosystem model

•Atmosphere

•Atmospheric pollution

•Primary & secondary pollutants

•Acid rain

•Ozone depletion

•Green house effect

•Noise pollution

That which surrounds, the total sum of the

condition of the surroundings within which an organism, or group, or an object,exists(including the natural as modified by human activity & the artificial).

Atmosphere

Sea

Abiotic Environment

Biotic Environment

Atmosphere

Hydrosphere Lithosphere

Biosphere

The entire part of earth's land, soil, water & atmosphere in which living organism are found is called biosphere

Or

The combined area lithosphere, hydrosphere of & atmosphere is known as biosphere.

Biosphere Model

Solar Radiation

Climate

Geology

Soil

Veg

eta

ti on A

nim

als

Biotic

Component

Abiotic Component

Sun provides energy for plant photosynthesis

Amount of solar radiation varies with latitude & hence effects climate. solar radiation also power weather systems

Soil [provides habitat including water & air for many invertebrates addition many animals have evolved specialist cope with different soils for example the feet of camel.

Volcanic activity ,mountain, ranges etc. can also affect climate

Climate interacts with geology in soil formation provides water for solar climate.

Plants provides food for animals

Dead plants & animals decomposes & return nutrients to the soil. Nutrients are also returned to the soil through animal excrement.

Vegetation gives off water vapour who helps to stabilize the climate of the earth.Climate restricts the type of plants & animals that can survive in a particular ecosystem. Water & temperature are two main climate controls.

Animals alter vegetation by browsing & grazing. Human have significantly altered vegetation patterns through modification for agriculture.

Soil provides water & nutrients for plants together with a physical base in which plants can root themselves.

• Our current atmosphere is a mixture of many different gases & suspended particles. It is almost same every where up to an altitude of 80 Kms.The atmosphere is divided in to 4 layers-

Name of sphere or layer

Height in Kms.

Temperature

ImportantChemical Species (Gas)

Troposphere 0-8 15 to 45 N2,O2,CO2,

H2

Stratosphere

8-50 -55 to 05 O3,O2

Mesosphere 50-80

-2 to -90 N2+O2

Ionosphere 80-400

O2,O+,NO+

Exosphere 400-1600

H2,He

Constituent Symbol Average concentration

Source Volume

Nitrogen N2 780900 Biotic 7.809× 101

Oxygen O2 209400 Biotic 2-094× 101

Argon Ar 9300 Radioactive 9.3× 10-1

Carbon dioxide CO2 318318 Biotic & industrial 3.18× 10-2

Neon Ne 18 Internal

helium He 5.2 Radioactive 5.2× 10-4

Methane CH4 1.3 Biotic 1.3× 10-4

Krypton Kr 1.0 Internal 1.0× 10-5

Hydrogen H2 0.5 Biotic & photochemical 5.0× 10-5

Water H2O 0.25 Physical 2.5× 10-5

Carbon monoxide CO 0.1 Photochemical & industrial 1.0× 10-5

Ozone O3 0.02 Photochemical 2.0× 10-6

Ammonia NH3 0-01 Photochemical 1.0× 10-6

Nitrogen dioxide NO2 0.001 Biotic & industrial 1.0× 10-7

Sulpher dioxide SO2 0.002 Photochemical 2.0× 10-8

Source Pollution

Transportation

42%

Fuel 21%

Industries 14%

Solid waste disposal

05%

Other 18%

42%

21%

Transportation

Fuel

Is an unwanted change in the quality of earth's earths atmosphere caused by emission of gases caused by emission of gases due to burning of fossil fuel,transportation,industrial institution etc.

Industries

waste Other

21%

14%

05%

18%

Different Pollutants1. Gaseous waste: Oxides of

nitrogen,SO2,CO2,CO.Cl,Br,I,O3 & smog.2. Complex organic chemicals: Benzene, ether.3. Acid prop lets: H2SO4, HNO3

4. Agrochemicals: fertilizers, pesticides,herbicixles,fungicides, rematicides,weedicides,bectrecides etc.

5. Fluorides6. Metals: Mercury,lead,Cd,Zn,Fe,Ni etc.7. Solid wasre:Garbage,plastic etc.8. Radioactive waste: Nuclear

reacters,uranium,nuclear explosion.9. Noise waste

Secondary pollutants :These result from chemical reactions between two or more air components.

Formation of secondary pollutants

2SO2+O2 2SO3

2SO3+H2O H2SO4 (Secondary pollutant)

Natural Pollutants: The pollution which comes out from natural sources such as forest fires volcanic eruption decomposition of organic matter & natural radioactivity. Primary Pollutants: Harmful chemical that directly enters the air as a result of human activity. These are deforestisation burning of fossil fuel industrialization warfare etc.

Primary Pollutants Secondary Pollutants

Factory

Volcano

NO2,SO3,HNO3, H2SO4,H2O2,O3, PANs,MostNO3

-- & SO4-

2

CO,CO2,NO,Most Hydrocarbons, Most SPM

Solar radiation

Environmental challenges

• Green house effect: Increasing global temperature. Scientists predicting that earth's temperature will increase by 3-40C by year 2030 if the pollution continues to increase at the same pace.

• Ozone depletion: As ozone layer in the upper

atmosphere absorbs incoming harmful ultraviolet radiation but it is now getting thinner & more UVs are reaching in to earth creating different disease like cancer& eye problems.

• Photochemical smog: In 1952 London was covered by smog for 10 days .This smog was caused by fog, smoke, ash,& SO2 plus NO2.Sunlight played a great role in the formation of this smog .Though deaths occurring at that time were not directly attributed to the smog later statistics confirmed that 6,000 more people.Acid rain: is caused by oxides of nitrogen & sulphur.It

increases acidity of soil & effects the growth of trees & plants. The majestic monument Taj Mahal in India is also affecting by this.

Acid Rain

SO2 & NOX

+water

SEASeaLakeFactories,

Transportation

Solar Radiation

H2SO4 (Sulphuric Acid)

HNO3 (Nitric Acid)

A

Methane

Carbon Dioxide

Nitrous oxide

Ozone

EarthEarth

Carbon Dioxide

50%

Methane 18%

Chlorofluorocarbons

14%

Ozone 12%

Nitrous oxide

06%Green house gases in natural condition insulates the earth against extreme of temperature by limiting both incoming solar radiation & escape of reradiated heat in to space.

This natural balance may be distorted by Green House Effect as gases such as carbon dioxide have built up in the atmosphere trapping more heat

sun

Infra-red radiation

Atmosphere

Surface Temperature normal

Some reradiated heat reflected back to earth

Atmosphere

sun

Surface Temperature increases

More reradiated heat reflected back to earth

Less reradiated heat escapes in to space

Some reradiated heat escapes in to space

sun

Contribution of different gases to cause green house effect

H2O Water

NO2 Nitrogen

dioxide

Hydrocarbons

O2

Molecular Oxygen

HNO3 Nitric Acid

PANs Peroxyacyl nitrates

Aldyhydes (e.g. Formaldehyde)

O3

Ozone

O Atomic Oxygen

NO Nitric Oxide

Ultraviolet Radiation

Photochemical Smog

Ultraviolet rays from Sun

The Ozone layer in stratosphere blocks these harmful UV rays

Chlorofluorocarbons are entering in to atmosphere releasing chlorine. The chlorine than break down the ozone

The chlorine released from CFCs break down the ozone molecule.

chlorine

ozone

More ultraviolet radiations are reaching in to earths surface as there is a whole in ozone layer.

Oxygen

Whole in Ozone layer

Noise pollution This era has rightly been called as the era of noise.because

heavy industrialization we are exposed to a high level of noise all around us. Noise has become a very important stress factor in modern life.it leads many health hazards.Some of the sources of noise pollution are aircraft,automobiles,factories,loudspeakers& pop& Rock-n-Roll music in clubs

. Noise produces following health problems- 1)Auditory fatigue 2)Deafness or impaired vision 3)Rise in blood pressure, pulse rate 4)Headache 5)Nausea 6)Disturbed sleep 7)Emotional disturbances

Space vehicle launch

Loudspeaker

Jet take off

Very High above than

100db

Loud Conversation

Heavy Traffic

High Approximate 80db

Quit Conversation

Ticking Clock

Pleasant below than 80dB

Quit RainingSports car

Noise Source Noise Scale

Noise Source Noise Scale

Breathing 10db Traffic noise 60-90db

Winds in trees 20db Sports car 80-90db

Quit conversation

20-30db Heavy truck 90-100db

Ticking clock 10db Motor cycle 105db

House in quiet street

35db Thunder storm 110db

Radio music 50-60db Beat music (Electrically amplified)

120db

Loud conversation

60db Air craft noise 90-120db

Office noise 60db Jet take off 120db

Children play 60-80db Jet engine 140db

Lawn mower 60-80db Space vehicle launch (From a short distance)

140-170db

Vacuum cleaner 80db

ConclusionWe know that certain environmental conditions like air,water,& food are essential for man,s survival.apart from their availability their quality & quantity must be assured according to man,s natural & acquired capacity for sustenance progress in industrialization has brought environmental hazards such as air water & noise pollution.These have caused many health problems & diseases.

As it has been said-

we do not inherit the environment from our forefathers,we borrow it from future generation.

Stockholm conference of 1972 proclaims that:

The protection & improvement of human environment is a major issue which affects the well being of people & economic development throughout the world&it is duty of all governments & people to common efforts for the preservation & improvement of environment for the benefit of all people & their prosperity